Nhieu ngudi da truyen nhau vi: Ca Mau la miii thuyen ciia To quoc re song tien ra bien Dong; Kim Som tua nhu ngon chan cai khong 16 ciia vi than lan bien md dat, da hang nghin nam nay ma
Trang 1CHUONG TRINH 8AO TON CAC Dl SAN VAN HOA PHI VAT THE
Trang 2CHUaNG TRiNH BAO T 6 N GAG Dl SAN VAN HOA PHI VAT THE
NAM 2001
:(::(:% :)e:): ^ 4^ * * * * * * *
Dl SAN BAO TON
MY N G H E COI L A N G KlfiN THAI
Trang 3TRUYEN THUYET VE CAY COI (3 KIM SON
Truyen ke rang: Ngay xua ngay xua, khong biet each nay bao nhieu nam, tien
vSx thudng xuong coi tran Vao mot buoi chieu thu nam ay, nang dep, gio nhe man
man, song bien ggn nhap nho duoi nhau vao bd Tir tren bau trdi xanh hien ra bay nang tien ao trang bay xuong vung bien Kim Son Phong canh nai cua bien thud con hoang sa nhung that la ky thii Nudc song Can, song Day cuon cupn, do nang phu sa dang boi dap cho vung dat md rong ra bien ca Bay nang tien cu bay luan mai de chiem nguong canh dep Nang tien thu bay (nang tien ut) xiic dong xao xuyen ben cat mai toe dai mau xanh diep ciia minh roi tha xuong bien Cac sg toe tien lenh denh theo song v6, dat vao viing dat sa boi va moc len thanh v6 so nhirng cay coi xanh tot Than coi xanh diep, thon dai, phia ngon tron lan Hoa coi mau nau nhat, nd tren ngon cay, hudng len trdi, huang tham diu, thoang thoang lan xa Giong coi d Kim Son co
tu bay gid, roi khong ngimg sinh soi nay na thanh nhiing canh ruong coi, bai coi rong menh mong bat ngat
Than coi dugc che ra, phai kho roi det thanh nhimg la chieu trai giudng la qua tang v6 gia ciia nang tien thu bay cho loai ngudi, cho nhirng doi lua yeu nhau ciing huang hanh phiic tir ddi nay qua ddi kia
(Ghi theo lai he cua cdc cu nghe nhdn a thdn Kien Thdi,
xa Kim Chinh, huyen Kim Scm)
Trang 4MAY NET VE HUYEN KIM SOOV
VA NGHE CHIEU COI
Kim San la mot huyen d phia cue dong nam tinh Ninh Binh Day la mot viing dong bang ven bien, thuoc luu viing song Hong Dien tich tu nhien « 21.000 ha, dan
su van hoa cap quoc gia
- Ten ggi "Kim Som" co nghia la "Niii vang" do Doanh dien sii Nguyen Cong Trii dat, vi Kim San von la vung dat md, rat mau ma va trii phii, nai day "Tac dat, tac vang"
- Doanh dien sii Nguyen Cong Tni, mot vien quan tai ba, mot nha tha noi tieng, day ban linh, khi phach, da ve viing dat Kim San nam Ky Ty (1829) theo chi du ciia vua Minh Menh, khong ngung chieu dan lam goc, quai de lan bien, khan hoang dao song ngoi va he thong kenh rach tua hinh "6 ban cd" Cho den nay, he thong song ngoi, kenh rach phong phii d vung dat Kim San c6 vai tro, tac dung rat quan trgng, lorn lao trong ddi song ciia ngudi dan, trong san xuat, giao thong va sinh hoat
- Den nay, viing dat Kim Scm da 7 lan dugc lan md ra bien Lugng phii sa ni cac ciia song Vac, song An hang nam do ra rat lorn va kha deu dan, phan phoi vao
Trang 5khap he thong cac muong mang, kenh rach Thuy trieu viing bien nay len xuong nhip nhang Moi nam viing dat ven bien Kim Son boi dap them chung 80- 100m
Nhan dan a quanh viing ciia song Vac (mot nhanh ciia song Day viing ha luu)
con truyen tung nhiing cau tho sau:
"Cua song ndy phii sa nhu mat ong Con gdi nai day doi mdt den nhu nhung
De soi sdng cd miia ddng Soi xanh them mua hg
Viet Nam c6 hai "vung dat md" Idn la viing dat Miii Ca Mau va viing dat Kim Scm Nhieu ngudi da truyen nhau vi: Ca Mau la miii thuyen ciia To quoc re song tien
ra bien Dong; Kim Som tua nhu ngon chan cai khong 16 ciia vi than lan bien md dat,
da hang nghin nam nay ma chua he kho biin van dam That la hiing vT Neu so sanh tien do lan bien ciia Kim Son - Ninh Binh va Tien Hai - Thai Binh thi Kim Son Ian bien nhanh hon nhieu, sau 7 lan "md dat", tuy cong cugc khai khan dat boi ven bien a Kim Son va Tien Hai bat dau cung thdi ky, vao nhirng nam 1980 Do dien tich dat sa boi tang nhanh, lai kip thdi dugc sii dung nen Kim Som da c6 uu the Idn ve san lugng nong nghiep, dac biet la san lugng coi nguyen lieu lam co sd cho phat trien nghe chieu coi
- Kim Son la vua thoc Idn nhat d tinh Ninh Binh (chiem khoang gan 1/3 san lugng) 0 noi day, rugng dat phi nhieu, dong bang trai ra menh mong bat ngat O Kim Son CO nhieu dac san nhu: gao tam xoan, gao du huong, torn rao, cua rem, ca nhech,
ca vugc, rugu nep Lai Thanh
- Vao nhirng nam 1941 - 1949 co khoang 3 van ngudi tir Hai Phong, Ha Ngi, Nam Dinh va mot so tinh khac tan cu vao Kim Som, roi sau nay, mot so Idn cac tinh nay da dinh cu lap nghiep tai day Chi rieng d cac xa: Kim My, Kim Tan, Con Thoi, thi tran Binh Minh da c6 tu 10 tinh (gom 40 huyen, tren 50 xa) den day cong tac, lam
an sinh song va dinh cu lau dai Ngugc lai, sau khi Hiep dinh Giomevo dugc ky ket, hang van ngudi tir Kim Son, phan dong la giao dan da di cu vao Nam de sinh song
Trang 6- Tuy Kim Son la mot "viing cong giao Idn" d tinh Ninh Binh va trong ca nudc, nhung so dong bao theo dao Phat (di lucmg) ciing chiem ty le khong nho Co nhieu thon, x6m, lang xa, dong bao luong giao dinh cu xen ke nhau (dan giao goi do la kieu
"xoi do") Do la do cu dan cac dia phuong d Kim Som co nguon goc tii nhieu noi den djnh cu CJ nhieu lang xa noi day cac den chiia cung toa lac gan cac nha thd Thien chiia giao Ngay ngay tieng chuong nha thd cat len ngan nga hoa am ciing tieng chuong, tieng mo ciia cac chua chien Rieng ve dao Phat, d Kim Son co kha dong ngudi tu hanh va trd thanh cac su sai, da va dang chu tri d nhieu ngoi chua tren dia ban trong va ngoai tinh Dong bao lucmg giao d Kim Son doan ket, gan bo trong ddi song xa hgi, ciing nhau lam an, phat trien kinh te, van hoa, chap hanh mgi chii truong, chinh sach ciia Dang va Nha nudc, xay dimg que huong dat nudc ngay cang giau dep
- Kim Son hien co tong dien tich tu nhien, dat khoang 21.000 ha, trong do dat nong nghiep chiem khoang 13.000ha, dat chua su dung tren 3.000 ha Dien tich coi cii (luu nien) d Kim Son la 350ha: dien tich coi mdi trong va coi bai (coi mgc tu nhien d cac bai sa boi ven bien cua vung dat md) Quanh nam co v6 so nhirng hat coi nho ly ti tir cac noi xa gan dugc gio thoi thay song bien di vao cac vung dat bai boi, roi sau do cac hat coi chim xuong mat dat bai, dan nay mam thanh cac cay coi, tao thanh cac bai
tu nhien
- Neu so sanh vdi truyen thuyet ve cay coi a Kim Son thi su hinh thanh cay coi, bai coi tu nhien c6 hoi khac Truyen thuyet ve cay coi trd thanh cac sgi toe tien do song bien dua vao bai roi mgc len cay coi Song dieu nay ciing khong he phi ly Tren dau nggn cac cay coi c6 chiim hoa coi Than coi c6 hoa coi da kho heo noi tren mat nudc theo song bien dat vao nhirng vung dat mdi roi dau lai It lau sau, hat coi trong cac v6 xop mong nay mam, mgc len thanh cay coi mdi
- Theo tien trinh lan bien d Kim Som da hang tram nam nay (tuy thuoc vao tien
do cac bai sa boi lan bien ra bien Dong) da co mot chu trinh kha deu dan ciia cac loai thuc vat sinh trudng tren viing dat md nay: Sii vet lan bien - coi lan sii vet - liia va hoa mau lan coi Va duong nhien, thon xom, lang mac theo thdi gian ciing lan nhiing dien dch liia, hoa mau Cii the, nhu mot quy luat tiep diin viia "bien dgng", vira "on dinh"
Trang 7Nhiing bai sa boi khi da dugc boi dap ra bien (bien boi) thi tren bai mgc len cac loai cay hoa, chii yeu d day la cac loai cay sii, vet va coi cung sinh trudng (cgng sinh) Cac cu gia d Kim Som khang dinh: cay coi d dat Kim Son c6 tii rat xa xua "Co phu sa
la CO cay coi" Vet va coi mgc hoang thudng chi lua thua, lac dac Vi vay, tren cac bai
sa boi da dugc nang cao d miic nhat dinh khi thuy trieu nit, ngudi dan dia phuong Cling nhau trong sii, vet (trong rung ngap man) de chan song, lay go, nuoi ong lay mat, dong thdi ciing de rira man O nhumg bai boi thich hgp thi trong coi rat tot Coi dugc trong d bai boi dugc ggi la "coi bai" Coi bai tuy nang suat chua cao bang coi
rugng nhumg lai de trong, da ton cong a khau lam dat - day la khau nang nhgc nhat
trong qua trinh canh tac coi
- Trong dia ban Kim Som, co 25 xa va 2 thi tran thi trong do nghe chieu coi hien van dugc duy tri pho bien d 20 xa va ca 2 thi tran (Thu nhap tu nghe chieu coi chiem
ty le dang ke trong tong thu nhap kinh te d cac dia phuong nay)
Doi vdi cac viing bai sa boi thi co the khai thac coi tu nhien (neu cham soc tot thi nang suat cao), hoac trong coi bai (canh tac coi true tiep tren cac bai sa boi) Doi vdi nhumg viing dat "cii hon" (sa boi tu lau ddi boi dap), ngudi ta canh tac coi d cac chan rugng
0 viing bai boi ven bien, thudng thi "liia lan coi" Song d nhieu dia phuang dat
boi cii thi coi va liia c6 the "hoan vi" cho nhau: co the pha coi di de trong liia va ngugc lai Dac biet tu nam 2000 - 2001, khi coi nguyen heu len gia cao do cung khong dii cau, nhieu hg gia dinh d Kim Som da 'thay" liia bang coi Coi nguyen lieu len gia nhieu la do nhirng nguyen nhan:
1 Thi tnrdng xuat khau coi md rgng, vdi nhirng nhu cau can dap iing ngay mot tang
2 6 trong nudc, cac mat hang bang coi (dac biet la chieu coi) da thirc sir kh^ng dinh lai gia tri va uu diem hon cac mat bang nhua (chieu nhua) so vdi trudc day
3 Tinh trang dien tich canh tac d nhieu lang xa bi thu hep trong nhumg nam hang coi e dgng, giam gia
Trang 8Cac san pham chieu coi, my nghe coi a Kim Son noi rieng va trong ca nudc noi chung da va dang dugc "phuc hoi lai" va dugc nang cao ve gia tri su dung, gia tri tham my va "tinh van hoa" O Kim Son - Ninh Binh va hang trieu ngudi lai gan bo, tinh nghia thuy chung hon bao gid het trong cugc hanh trinh vao the ky mdi, thien nien ky mdi, ky nguyen mdi dudng nhu bat tan theo xu hudng rat pho bien ciia nhan loai: hoa nhap vdi thien nhien
Chi vdi cay coi, nhirng thiia rugng coi, nhiing bai coi bao la, nhumg ngudi dan Kim Son - Ninh Binh xua kia, ngay nay va mai sau van luon chiing to rang hg da, dang va se kien tao nen "Niii vang - Kim Son)
NHUNG NGirdi GHI CHEP, KHAO TA
- Nguyen Quang Hai
- Nguyen Dire Long
6
Trang 9N H I T N G S O LIEU VE SAN X U A T CHIEU COI
O HUYEN KIM SON - 200L
+ Gia tri san xuat tieu thii cong nghiep ciia huyen theo ke hoach: 144 ty dong, tinh den thang 10/2001 dat 117,6 ty dong, da nop ngan sach 1,6 ty dong
+ Gia tri cac san pham coi: 75% tong gia tri san xuat tieu thii cong nghiep, trong do gia tri cac mat hang coi chiem 65%
+ Tong san lugng cac san pham coi nam 2001 theo ke hoach cac dia phuong huyen, cac co so san xuat, cac doanh nghiep san xuat
- Tham coi: hon 600 nghin m
- Lan coi: 1,5 trieu chiec
- Dem lot ghe: 550 nghin chiec
- Hop coi: 1,2 trieu bg
+ Nam 2001, toan huyen co tren 600 ha coi, trong do dien tich coi cii khoang
350 ha, con lai dien tich coi mdi
- Khac phuc tinh trang thieu coi nguyen lieu, dien ra dac biet nhirng nam tu
1998 den 2001 (Gia coi nguyen lieu san lugng coi nguyen lieu kho 7.500)
+ Cac doanh nghiep chieu va mi nghe coi tieu bieu d Kim Som
- Xi nghiep Quang Minh - doanh thu 15,7 ty dong, da nop ngan sach Nha nudc
+ Thi trudng xuat khau cac mat hang coi chu yeu:
- Tir nam 1985 trd ve trudc: Lien X6, cac nudc Dong Au, Cu Ba
- Sau 1995 den nay: Nhat Ban, Diic, Dai Loan, Nga, Hong Kong, Cu Ba
+ Ten cac san pham bang coi pho bien: Chieu trai giudng, chieu cac loai, tham coi cac loai, lan coi, hop coi cac loai, bi coi, tiii khoac coi, dem coi (lot ghe cac loai), mil coi, dep coi, khay coi
Trang 10LANG MY NGHE COI KIEN THAI
I- MAY NET VE LANG K I £ N T H A I
Lang (thon) Kien Thai xa Kim Chinh nam ngay canh thi tran Phat Diem- huyen
ly Kim Son
- Phia dong, giap thon Thii Trung (ciing xa)
- Phia tay, giap thon Tri Chinh (cung xa)
- Phia nam, giap song An (viing ha luu) do vao song Day ben kia song Day la dat huyen NghTa Hung (Nam Dinh)
- Phai bac, giap thon Yen Tho, xa Yen Mat
Thon Kien Thai co chieu dai 1,2 km, rgng 0,4 km Dien tich dat tu nhien kha
"vuong van" Kien Thai la mot dja danh, mot viing dat kha "co" so vdi nhieu thon lang khac tren dia ban huyen Kim Son - mot viing dat sa boi, dat md
Dong bao luong va giao d Kien Thai dinh cu xen ke lan vdi nhau, dan dia phuong ggi la dinh cu kieu "xoi do" Bdi tu thdi tan khan (mdi khan hoang) dan tu nhieu viing que khac nhau da den ndi day lam an, sinh co lap nghiep Do vay, dan thon Kien Thai mang nhieu hg Tuy nhien, so dan di luong (theo dao Phat) d Kien Thai tdi nay (2001) chiem ty le co phan nhieu hon so vdi so dan theo dao Thien chiia Kien Thai each khu Nha thd Idn Phat Diem chung hon mot cay so (ve phia dong bac), each den thd Doanh dien sii Nguyen Cong Tni (thuoc xa Quang Thien) khoang mot cay so Kien Thai co mot nha thd hg dao Thien chiia dugc xay dimg tir lau vao vi tri giira thon, kha dep; co ngoi den thd thanh hoang la Trieu Viet Vuong (tlic Trieu Quang Phuc, mot vi tudng gioi noi tieng thdi Tran) Thanh hoang lang d Kien Thai xua kia da dugc trieu dinh phong nhieu dao sac
Dgc theo phia tay thon Kien Thai ben con dudng true lien thon da dugc be tong hoa CO con kenh kha dai va rgng lam tang them ve trii tinh cho canh quan thon xom
va rat hiiu ich, tien lgi cho san xuat nong nghiep, giao thong van tai va sinh hoat ciia nhan dan dia phuong Ngudi dan Kien Thai von hien lanh, chat phac, cham chi va c6 truyen thong hieu khach Hau het cac dudng thon, ngo xom d Kien Thai vai nam gan
Trang 11day da dugc rai be tong, di lai thuan tien Dudng lang Kien Thai (dudng lien thon, lien xa) noi lien vdi con dudng quoc 16 10 (tir thj xa Ninh Binh chay qua trung tam thi tran Phat Diem, vao Nga Son - Thanh Hoa) Dai da s6 cac hg gia dinh 6 Kien Thai deu sdm quy hoach m6 hinh VAC (vudn - ao - chu6ng) d quy m6 vira de 6n dinh va tiing budc phat trien nang cao ddi s6ng kinh te
Cac cap chinh quyen va nhan dan cac dia phuong da c6ng nhan Kien Thai dat cac tieu chuan lang van hoa sau:
- Co ddi s6ng kinh te 6n dinh va timg budc phat trien
- Co ddi s6ng van hoa tinh than phong phii, lanh manh
- C6 canh quan m6i trudng sach, dep
- Chap hanh tot chinh sach, phap luat ciia Dang va Nha nudc
Nam 2000, th6n Kien Thai da dugc cap bang cong nhan "Lang van hoa" cap huyen
Tren vung dat canh tac cua th6n Kien Thai cac canh rugng liia va hoa mau xen
ke lan vdi cac canh rugng coi chiem, coi miia Dien tich dat canh tac noi day thdi mdi khai khan chii yeu la trong c6i
Cung theo ldi hai ong va mot cu gia ngudi dia phuong, nghe coi d Kien Thai va
a huyen Kim Son noi chung da co tu lau ddi, kh6ng ro chinh xac la tir nam nao, nhung udc tinh each nay khoang vai tram nam tnrdc khi ma Doanh dien sii Nguyen Cong Tni ve Kim Som Nhieu eu gia cho biet khi hg Idn len "co tri khon" thi 6 que huong da pho bien nghe chieu coi roi Cac cu khang dinh "a dau co phii sa bien boi la noi ay c6 c6i, c6i mgc hoang hoac c6i tr6ng" Kien Thai thuoc xa Kim Chinh - mot dia phuong o khoang "giiia" viing dat mo Kim Son Kim Son la viing dat bai 6 giiia mgt "duyen hai c6i" (Tien Hai - Kim Son - Nga Som) thuoc dia phan ba tinh: Thai Binh, Ninh Binh - Thanh Hoa Cay coi tr6ng d dat thon Kien Thai "thuan chiing" (khong to th6 nhu c6i 6 Nga Son) Cac nghe nhan giai thich: than c6i to nhu 6 Nga Scm la do c6i dugc tr6ng tren vung dat phu sa con dang do phi nhieu, lam mau Mat khac do ciing la tinh trang chay dua ve s6 lugng, nang suat coi ma con it chii y tdi pham chat, chat lugng c6i Cac nghe nhan con cho rang: cau ca dao "Chieu Nga Son -gaeh Bat Trang - vai to Nam Dinh - lua Ha D6ng" den thdi nay chi con "diing mot
phan" va chi mang y nghla lich sii la chinh Hang coi Kim Son ngay nay da hon han
Trang 12hang c6i Nga Son ve nhieu mat, nhieu khau Chiing cur la s6 lugng cac don dat hang
tu nudc ngoai, s6 lugng cac san pham xuat khau va sir da dang, phong phii hon ve chung loai, mau ma san pham coi Sir uu viet ciia hang c6i Kim Son, dac biet la nhiing hang c6i 6 nhumg dia phuong nhu Kien Thai la: do ben cao, kha nang chiu am udt tot lau xu6ng mau Neu do ben ciia sgi coi kh6ng cao, cac san pham coi se nhanh bi xo, tudp, gap am udt thi chong bi nhiin, rao Chieu dau Kim Som co the diing
de che mua roi sau do dem phoi, say kho thi chong kh6 rao, ciing cap va deo dai trd lai Than cay coi qua to thi thudng khong thon deu, qua chenh lech ve to nho giiia phan goc va phan nggn nen kho det, dan thanh san pham dep nhu y muon va lai nhanh
"xuong mau", kem do min bdng Theo tir diing chuyen m6n d dia phuong, c6i d Kien Thai van thudng det dugc chieu trai giudng tdi 33 "diim", trong khi c6i a viing Nga Scm hien chi det chieu 25-27 "diim" (vi sgi c6i to)
Hien nay, (cu6i nam 2001), gia thanh mot d6i chieu "dau" Kim Son tren thi truomg phia Bac khoang 70.000 d6ng den 100.000 d6ng Ben canh do, mot doi chieu
"tot" Nga Son tri gia khoang 30.000 dong den 50.000 dong
Chu trinh "liia mau lan coi" la chu trinh ph6 bien chung 6 dia ban Kim Son Song CO mot thdi ky dien tich liia mau lan dien tich coi qua 6 at tuong chimg nhu nghe chieu coi 6 dia phuong bi mai mot han, khd c6 be ciiu van D6 la thdi ky kha dai, each nay khoang vai chuc nam ve trudc trong "thdi bao cap" vdi tinh trang thieu doi luong thuc kha tram trgng Mat khac, cac mat hang c6i viia it ve so lugng, don di?u ve mau sac, chung loai kh6ng tim dugc "dau ra" nen bap benh, tr6i n6i, bi ha gia,
e dgng trien mien Lang ml nghe coi Kien Thai noi rieng, nghe coi Kim Son va trong
ca nudc ciing da kh6ng nam ngoai thuc trang ay
Hien nay, trong thdi ky doi mdi cua dat nudc, phat trien kinh te theo co che thi truomg, CO sir dieu tiet cua Nha nudc vdi su chuyen d6i co cau trong san xuat kinh te hang hoa tich cue va phii hgp, cac nghe, lang nghe truyen th6ng da va dang dugc phuc h6i kha nhanh, trong d6 c6 lang nghe my nghe coi
Kien Thai tu nhirng nam gan day da tro lai thanh lang liia, lang c6i Ben canh cac dong liia, mau co nang suat cao a Kien Thai van la cac canh rugng coi truyen thong quen thuoc, thuy chung, dem lai hang tram tan c6i kho nguyen lieu hang nam Tuy vay, nhieu hg dan o Kien Thai lam nghe det, dan coi vdn phai mua c6i tren thi trudng (tu cac lang, xa khac) de c6 dii nguyen lieu che tac cac san pham c6i de xuat
10
Trang 13khau va tieu thu tren thi trudng ngi dia Co nhirng thiia ruong liia tuy nang suat liia kha cao nhung da dugc thay the bang rugng coi, tuy cong viec canh tac coi rugng d Kien Thai vat va, cue nhgc hon nhieu so vdi canh tae liia, mau
Hau het mgi ngudi dan Kien Thai, tu cac cu gia den cac em nho (8 - 9 tuoi) deu biet nghe dan, det coi Boi vi d6i vdi mot lang nghe my nghe c6i co truyen thong lau ddi nhu Kien Thai, c6ng viec nay dugc hang ngay ph6 cap toan dan d mgi gia dinh Thu nhap tu nghe coi o Kien Thai hien nay chiem mot ty le rat dang ke trong t6ng thu nhap hang nam ciia m6i hg gia dinh Ca biet c6 nhumg hg thu nhap kinh te tu nghe c6i la ngu6n kinh te chii yeu
Da s6 nhiing ngudi lam nghe dan, det coi a Kien Thai hien nay la phu nir va cac cu gia Tuy nhien, mgi ngudi dan dia phuong da den tu6i truomg thanh deu co the thanh thao cac khau trong qua trinh canh tac coi va che tac san pham coi cac loai theo mpi mau ma
Kien Thai la mot lang my nghe coi tieu bieu, vi vay la mot lang nghe "hoan chinh" tat ca cac khau trong nghe coi (canh tac va che tac) Noi theo mot each noi kha pho bien gan day thi Kien Thai "lam coi tir A den Z"
Cac cu gia va cac nghe nhan lang my nghe coi Kien Thai da dien trinh mot each thanh thao, kha ti mi, day kinh nghiem theo trinh tu cac khau canh tac coi va che tac coi
CANH TAC COI 1- Lam dat trong coi
• * a) Doi vdi dat sa boi mdi & ven bien (sau khi da co de bien hoac co rung sii
vet chin song) thi khau lam dat co don gian hon so vdi lam dat c6i rugng, vi d6 la noi dat phu sa mau mo, rat thuan lgi cho cay coi sinh truomg
Trudc het la viec dgn sach bai (dgn sach nhirng cay c6i, co hoang) Sau do la viec san bai b6i cho phang de tien chii dgng tudi tieu nuoc, cham soc coi, r6i khoi nhiing lach, ranh cho tien thoat nudc, tao thanh nhiing chan luong coi tu nhien
Khi mat dat bai da se, dat da co do chae nhat dinh, tien hanh cay c6i
b) Doi vdi dat, rugng m&i (tiic khu rugng hoang hoa hoac rugng da cay liia,
tr6ng hoa mau) thi lam coi g6m cac c6ng viec sau:
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Trang 14- Dgn sach co rac tren mat mgng
- Cay bua (nhu lam dat cay liia), de cho diing biin
- Khoi ranh (dong) thoat nudc de tao thanh cac lu6ng c6i (Ranh cang sau, rgng thi cang tien khau tieu nudc, chieu sau khoang 30 - 40, rgng 0,5 - Im; chieu ngang m6i lu6ng c6i, trung binh 5 - 10m, tuy theo dien tich va do cao thap ciia thiia rugng coi sao cho phu hgp khau tudi tieu)
c) Doi v&i ruong cU (Rugng trudc do da canh tac coi nhieu nam, lam dat de
canh tac coi moi), gom cac c6ng viec:
- Dgn sach g6c coi cii: lay m6ng c6i xong, lam quang, sach rugng
- Dao dat: day la c6ng viec nang nhgc nhat trong qua trinh canh tac coi Viec dao dat t6n nhieu c6ng siic, nhu dao muong lam thuy lgi
C6ng cu lao dgng diing de dao dat c6i la mai (co noi ggi la mong) Chiec mai diing de dao dat coi gi6ng nhu loai mai dao dat lam thuy lgi 6 cac noi khac
Thao tac dat coi: Mot ngudi diing mai dao (san) dat ngap den thanh mai, san thanh nhumg hon dat vu6ng viic, dai theo do ngap sau ciia ludi mai (den thanh mai) chimg 40cm, chieu rgng bang luoi mai, roi diing mai bay dat ra Mot ngudi khac be dat dao phan dudi len tren r6i dimg diing tung hon ep sat vdi nhau Nhu vay, ldp dat 6
do sau khoang 40cm da dugc dao len mat mong, tao thanh mat rugng mdi Co cau tuc
ngCr o nhirng dja phuong tr6ng coi: "Coi ua la, ma ua quen" thay vi cau "Khoai ua la,
ma ua quen" 6 nhieu dja phuong (Tuy nhien d nhiing vung dong bang chau tho hay ven bien, n6ng dan van thudng dao dat tr6ng khi thay ldp dat be mat da bac mau de cai tao dat)
- San phang rugng bang cu6c chim, cu6c luoi to (trong qua trinh san phang dat, giam nen chae mat ruong de sao cho coi cay xuong dugc chae chan)
Cii khoang 5 nam (ch6 dat xau), 8-10 nam (ch6 dat t6t) thi tien hanh dao dat mgt lan de tr6ng ldp coi mdi Khi nao thay cay coi da coi thi phai dao dat
- Khoi ranh thoat nudc (nhu tren)
Trang 15- Chgn m6ng c6i: m6ng coi t6t la cac cum coi c6 than cay con sung siic (map
khoe) va co nhumg nhanh, mam c6i map Cac cum coi nay thudng co cii coi to, map khoe Cay c6i cung hg cay nan, cay lac (van mgc hoang d nhiing viing dat thjt pha set d nhiing vung d6ng chiem)
- Danh m6ng c6i: C6ng cu la liem c6i - mgt loai dung cu liem rieng, dac trung (luoi liem dai khoang 40cm, hinh ban nguyet va hoi venh xu6ng Phan ludi liem gan chuoi dugc ren cong hon, so vdi liem cat liia, cat co th6ng thudng Phan chuoi liem va nam liem dai chung 35cm) Ngudi danh mong coi diing liem c6i cat khoet dudi dat de lay toan bg cum coi m6ng, sao cho khoet ca mang dat dugc ca phan cii coi, roi xen cat
bo phan nggn tua nhu xen liia, giii lai phan g6c coi dai khoang 35 - 40cm Sau d6 diing liem dap chat phia phia song liem de te (che) cum m6ng coi ra thanh nhung hom coi gi6ng M6i hom coi gi6ng g6m 2 - 3 danh c6i giong co chung phan cii coi Cac hom coi dugc b6 lai (to nhu dom ma) de dua tdi mgng cay coi mdi
Khoang each giiia cac hom coi mdi cay khoang 10 - 15cm (tuong tu nhu khoang each giira cac khom liia) Cach cay tr6ng coi ciing it can thang hang nhu each cay Ilia giong mdi vi khau lam co con thii c6ng, co truyen
M6i "mieng" rugng coi day m6ng thi e6 the danh m6ng dem cay dugc mot sao BSe Bg
Ve giong coi: O Kien Thai noi rieng va ca vung duyen hai Bac Bg deu co chung mgt gi6ng coi va ngu6n goc coi hoang, hau nhu chua dugc lai ghep
c) Cham soc coL
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Trang 16Thu hoach coi sau mgt nam ke tu khi cay coi la t6t nhat, vi khi do cay coi da qua mgt chu trinh sinh truong, phat trien va than c6i da dii do deo dai, ben chae, dam bao dugc chat lugng coi nguyen lieu cho cac san pham coi
Gi6ng nhu d6i vdi cac loai cay liia, hoa mau va mgt s6 loai cay c6ng nghiep, coi dugc chia thanh hai miia vu: coi chiem, coi miia
Nhung coi chiem, coi miia khac nhau kh6ng han 6 thdi gian cay trong ma chii yeu la khac nhau d thoi vu thu hoach Cac each tinh coi "luu nien" co the cho thu hoach edi vu chiem hay coi vu miia tuy thuoc vao quy trinh canh tac (xu ly - cham soc
- thu hoach) Cu the la:
- Doi vdi coi chiem (thu hoach vao thang 4 - 5 am ljch) thi trong thang gieng
ta lam sach co cho rugng c6i (luu nien) r6i b6n phan cho c6i (2 dgt g6m phan chu6ng, phan dam, kali) Kh6i lugng bon tuong tu nhu phan bon cho liia, nhung chia lam 2 dgt: dgt mgt bon kh6i lugng phan tu 2/3 den 3/4, con lai la dgt hai Nang suat coi chiem 6 Kien Thai dat tdi 500kg/sao
- Doi vdi coi miia: thu hoach trong thdi gian tu cu6i thang 6 den cu6i thang 8
am ljch
Vao thang Gieng am ljch, dau mua xuan, trudc het ngudi ta phat than coi di,
de chua lai phan goc chimg 10-15cm, thu dgn het xac coi va lam sach co Vao niia cuoi thang tu (am lich) thi b6n phan dam cho edi vdi s6 lugng 10-15kg/sao, 15-30 ngay sau thi bon thiic them 5kg phan dam/sao Tu cu6i thang 6 den cu6i thang 8, khi nao thay nggn coi da "bu" tron lai, gap tiet trdi nang gio thi thu hoach c6i la tot nhat,
vi coi tuoi sau khi thu hoach rat can dugc phoi nang cho kh6 de tranh nhiin, rao hoac xu6ng mau
Coi mua cho nang suat kh6ng cao bang c6i chiem (tinh nang suat coi kh6) , song CO pham chat t6t hon han ve do deo dai, ben mau, ciing tua nhu ram liia miia tot hom ram liia chiem
Canh tac coi la cong viec met nhgc hom so vdi canh tac liia, lai rat phu thuoc vao thiet tiet nang mua Neu nam nao it mua, it nang hoac nang mua khong thuan hoa thi nang suat c6i kem han di Neu lugng mua nhieu, mua dai thi than coi ngoai rugng tich nhieu nudc, de bj gion, bj mem ludt, than c6i da cat r6i, kh6ng gap nang cang
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Trang 17ch6ng bj ling, khi d6 chi eon each la "vdt vat" coi de lam coi b6i vi coi da bj mat pham chat
Nhumg nam gan day, coi bj nan chugt quay pha kha nhieu Loai chugt can pha than coi tren bai rugng pho bien o khap noi Chugt con dao khoet tran lan nhung g6c coi de an cu coi Viec diet chugt de bao ve coi da va dang ngay mgt kh6 khan, phirc tap chang kem gi so vdi canh tac liia mau
d Thu hoach coi
Coi dvcac thu hoach vao hai vu chiem- miia, gan tuong iing vdi hai vu liia
tmyen thong Tuy nhien, coi va liia c6 khac nhau ve dieu kien gat hai
- Coi c6 the giii tai rugng hang thang sau khi den do thu hoach, con liia da chin thi kho giir lai d rugng dugc
- Liia gat ve c6 the chi phoi hong cho rao r6i phoi say, sau do, con coi tuoi cat
ve de lau kh6ng co nang se nhanh bj mat pham chat
+ Cat coi, van chuyen:
Dung eu cat coi la liem coi, mgt kieu liem "dac trung" (da m6 ta so bo 6 phan 2.a) Kieu liem nay cho tdi nay van ehua the thay the dugc
Viec cat coi nang nhgc hom nhieu so vdi cat, gat liia, vi cay coi dai va rat nang
Vi vay, d mgt s6 dja phuang, nhat la tnroc kia c6ng viec nay thudng ehi do nam gidi dam nhan
Mgt "kien tudng" cat coi (cat va bo coi) o Kien Thai trong mgt gid co the thu hoach 350kg c6i tuoi, dap iing cac yeu cau: nhanh, ggn, bo coi chat che, phang phiu phan g6c Mu6n vay, thi ngudi kien tudng cat coi phai co siic khoe tot va thuan thuc trong mgi thao tac lao dgng
Khi c6i dugc cat ra, xep ggn thanh timg d6ng phang phiiu tren mat rugng, m6i
dong coi Axxac tinh bang cac "tay" (nam coi) de sao cho moi bo coi co kh6i lugng deu
nhau, thich hgp cho ngudi vanchuyen vi cir hia bo coi la mgt ganh coi, tranh cae bo coi to nh6 chenh nhau, kho van chuyen (ganh)
Ngudi ta dung nhirng sgi coi kh6, n6i hai do (n6i phan ngon vao nhau) thanh cum day de bo coi tuoi mdi cat
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