Tóm tắt LA TS trịnh đức toàn tiếng anh

` MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES * TRINH DUC TOAN A STUDY ON SOME TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS TO INCREASE THE MAIZE P[.]

`

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

AND TRAINING

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

-* -

TRINH DUC TOAN

A STUDY ON SOME TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS TO

INCREASE THE MAIZE PRODUCTION EFFECTIVENESS

ON SLOPING-LAND IN NORTHERN CENTRE REGION

The study is published at:

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Scientific supervisors:

1 Dr Luong Van Vang

2 Assoc Prof Dr Ho Quang Duc

The thesis can be found at:

1 National Library of Vietnam

2 Library of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences

1 INTRODUCTION

In Vietnam, maize is the second cereal crop after rice The area, yield and quantity of maize increased year by year, from cultivated area of more than 200 thousand hectares and a yield of 10 quintals/ha in 1960, increased to 1,170.3 thousand ha and 5 million tons, respectively, in 2019 However, compared to average maize yield globally, it of Vietnam is still low, reaching only 80.7% of the world average (57.6 quintals/ha) Although the increase in cultivated area of maize is quite fast, the maize yield is still not enough to meet human demand In recent years, the maize quanlity of Viet Nam has reached 4.5-5 million tons/year, we still need to import 10-12 million tons per year

Northern Central is a region which has a complex topography, more than 70% of the area is mountainous Therefore, sloping land occupies an important position in agricultural production development According to statistics, the North Central Coast and the South Central Coast have the second largest corn area

in the country, the total corn area in 2019 of the whole region reached 182,600 hectares, accounting for 15.5% of the whole country's maize area In which, the average maize yield is 47.1 quintals/ha The area is mainly located in Nghe An (47,700 ha) and Thanh Hoa (46,100 ha) provinces Practical production of maize in recent years has indicated that it faces with a lot of difficulties, such

as, nutrient degradation, drought, floods, hot strong wind, etc, therefore, the maize production effectiveness has not really effective

In agricultural prouction, a new cultivated practices must be formed and exist based on a natural conditions (soil, water, climate), production culture, locally knowledge, possible investment, and consumption target Cultivated practices will also determines the sustainable of production, environment, economic, and social Therefore, it is necessary to have further studies on new maize varieties and cultivated practices on sloping-land to improve the productivity and efficiency of maize production, protect and improve soil fertility, while limiting the erosion and protecting the ecology balance in the Northern Central region

From such above issues, to contribute for a maize production more effective in Northern central region of Vietnam, we conducted

"A study on some technical solutions to increase the maize production effectiveness on sloping-land in Northern Central region"

- To set up an experimental model in which some appropriate technical solutions are used for new hybrid maize varieties in the North Central region

3 SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL MEANING

3.1 Scientific meaning

- The obtained results of this study provide a scientific database

on technical solutions (variety selection and cultivated practices) for mid-duration hybrid maize varieties for the North Central provinces

or similar ecological conditions region

This study provides scientific envidents for improving the maize production effectiveness on sloping-land, contributing to the restructuring of the agricultural schedule and adaptation to climate change in the North Central provinces

3.2 Practical meaning

- New technical practices for high yield, good quality, and good effectiveness are convincing evidence that can change people's awareness Since, they change the traditional farming to the new one, which applies new and/or mordern technologies, maintaining soil fertility, preventing soil from erosion, and protecting of the

environment

- New varieties together with new farming techniques contribute to increase productivity, quality and efficiency of maize production This is the basis for increasing farming value, improving

life and income for people in the North Central region

4 NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF STUDY

4.1 The current status of maize production on sloping-land

in the North Central region (Thanh Hoa and Nghe An) has been evaluated The main reason for limiting the efficiency of maize production on slopin- land is the lack of suitable varieties, farming techniques are not proper;

4.2 Identified CS71 has good growth and development ability, good resistance to hard conditions of sloping-land in Nghe

An and Thanh Hoa The yield of CS71 in Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces is stable and in a range of 6.03-6.47 tons/ha in Srpring croppings;

4.3 Some appropriate farming techniques have been identified to improve yield and efficiency of CS71 on sloping-land, including: The planting duration is January 5 - February 5; planting density is 6.5 - 7.5 thousand plants/ha; fertilizer regime: 180 kg Nitrogen + 80 kg Phosphorus + 100 kg Potassium; Application of mechanization in the following stages: plowing, harrowing, slitting

and separating corn kernels; Using chemical compound: Acetochlor,

Nicosulfuron to control weeds, compounds having active ingredients

of Emamectin Benzoate to control stem borers or Difenoconazole and Propiconazole to prevent diseases from maize

4.4 A applied synchronous technical practices model has been built on sloping-land in Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces achieved a yield of over 65 quintals/ha, the economic efficiency

increased by 22-30% compared to that of control

CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW AND SCIENTIFIC BASE OF THE

STUDY

In summary, the synthesis of research results in Vietnam and abroad related to the main contents of this study indicated that: the selection of suitable maize varieties, planting density and balanced application of fertilizers based on the maize demand as well as some other technical impacts for an effective maize production In the current practical maize production in the North Central region, people often plant with wide spacing between maize rows and a low planting density This significantly reduces maize yield per unit area

as well as per the region Besides, the unbalanced inorganic fertilizers utilization also negatively affects maize yield This are limitations in the current maize production in the North Central region On the other hand, author of this study found that there has not been any research on the above issues in the sloping land of the North Central provinces Especially, research on the selection of suitable maize varieties and planting time to avoid natural disasters, droughts, floods and pest control measures for maize on sloping land

in the North Central region Therefore, it is necessary to have depth studies in this field to solve the above issues and to contribute

in-to increase productivity and economic efficiency of maize production, since to limit soil erosion, and ensure ecological balance

in the North Central region

CHAPTER 2 MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Material of study

2.1.1 Maize variety

- The material source includes 12 hybrid maize varieties

from Maize Research Institute and foreigner companies; variety PC999 is the variety being grown locally as a control The sources

of materials for maize varieties used in the study are presented in Table 2.1

Table 2.1 Experimental maize varieties

- Fertilizers: River Gianh microbial organic fertilizers, Urea

fertilizer (N: 46%); Superphosphate fertilizer (P2O5 content: 16%), Potassium chloride fertilizer (K2O content: 60%) were used in this experiment

- Herbicides: MIZIN (with Atrazine active ingredient), Atamex

800WP (with Atrazine 800g/kg active ingredient), Luxdan 75WP (with Nicosulfuron active ingredient (min 94%): 750 g/kg), Dibstar 50EC (with Acetochlor active ingredient (min 93.3%) : 500g/l)

- Pesticides: Proclaim 1.9 EC (with 19g/LEmamectin benzoate,

Ofatox 400EC (with Fenitrothion 200gr/l; trichlorfon 200gr/l), Sutin 5EC (with Acetamiprid 30g/l + Imidacloprid 20g/l)

Pesticides: Kasumin 2L (with Kasugamycin 2%), PRO-Thiram (with PRO-Thiram 800g/Kg), Vicarben 50SC with (Carbendazim… 500g/liter)

These chemical components are used to control stem borers, maize borers and other main diseases of maize They are and in the list of permitted use of the Department of Plant Protection

2.1 Study conditions

2.2.1 Meteorology data

In general, during the time of experiment in spring crop of

2013 - 2017, the weather conditions were quite favorable for the growth and development of maize However, in 2014 and 2015 there was less rainfall, thus affecting the growth and yield of maize

2.2.2 Experimental soil

The experiments were arranged on a sloping land, the slope level ≤ 15⁰ , without active irrigation, sowing could only be done in the Spring crop:

2.3 Place and time of study

2.3.1 Study location

Experiments and models are conducted on sloping land ≤ 15⁰ in Hoa Son commune, Anh Son district, Nghe An province and Hoa Quy commune, Nhu Xuan district, Thanh Hoa province

- The experiments on suitable planting time for maize variety CS71

on sloping land of Nghe An and Thanh Hoa were carried out in 2 seasons: Spring 2015 and Spring 2016

- Research experiments on mechanization were carried out in 2 crops: Spring 2015 and Spring 2016

- Research experiments on pesticides were carried out in 2 crops: Spring 2015 and Spring 2016

- Building the maize models applying appropriate planting density and fertilizer dosage for new selected hybrid maize varieties on sloping land

2.4 Study content

2.4.1 Content 1: To survey and evaluate the current status of maize production in Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces;

2.4.2 Content2: Study on some technical solutions to improve the

efficiency of maize production on sloping-land of Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces:

a Experiment 1: Study on the suitable maize varieties for production

on sloping-land in Nghe An and Thanh Hoa pr ovinces

b Experiment 2: Study on the suitable planting time for selected maize varieties on sloping-land of Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces

c Experiment 3: Study on the suitable planting density and fertilizer dosage for selected maize varieties on sloping-land of Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces

d Experiment 4: Study on the mechanization for selected maize varieties on sloping-land of Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces

e Experiment 5: Study on the treatment for pests and diseases of selected maize varieties on sloping-land of Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces

f Proposing a technical process for maize cultivation with high efficiency on sloping land in Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces;

2.4.3 Content 3: Building-up a demonstration model which applied

the integrated cutivated practies solutions on sloping-land of Nghe

An and Thanh Hoa provinces

2.5 Methodology

2.5.1 Methodology of maize production survey

Collecting information on productivity, area, output, variety structure by the rural rapid survey (PRA) method Each district surveyed 2 communes Each commune randomly selected 20 households

2.5.2 Content2: Study on some technical solutions to improve the efficiency of maize production on sloping-land of Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces

a) Experiment 1: Determining suitable maize varieties to grow on sloping-land of Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces

from 12 maize varieties

- There were 12 varieties in this experiment, each variety presented for each treatment The experiment was designed as Random Complete Block Dezign – RCBD, 3 replications, the área for each plot was 14.0 m2, each plot contained 4 maize rows with a length of 5m, the sowing space was 60 x 25 cm/plant

b) Experiment 2: Determining the suitable planting time for CS71

variety on sloping-land in Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces factor experiment in 3 seasons, designed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with 3 replicates

One-c) Experiment 3: Determination of cultivated density and fertilizer

dose for selected maize varieties (variety CS71) The experiment consisted of 2 factors, designed as split plot design with 3 replicates, the large plot is the density (4 levels: M1, M2, M3, M4), the small plot is fertilizer (5 levels: P1, P2, P3, P4, P5); Each large plot consists of 20 rows, each row is 5 m length The monitoring and evaluation indicators are performed with plants of 2 midle rows of the plot

d) Experiment 4: Study on testing mechanization in maize

production on sloping-land on hybrid maize varieties CP999 and CS71 The experiment was applied by the large plot of 6000 m2 field; control according to the local traditional tillage method

- Experiment period: Spring 2015 and Spring 2016

- Experimental location: Hoa Quy commune, Nhu Xuan district, Thanh Hoa province and Hoa Son commune, Anh Son district, Nghe

An province

e) Experiment 5: Study on pest and weeds management in maize

cultivation The experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with 3 replicates The control was the no-spray chemical component

2.5.3 Content 3 Building a model of applying appropriate technical management (season, density, fertilizer, ) on selected maize varieties (CS71)

2.6 Evaluated characteristics and methodology

- Evaluated characteristics, methodologies, and data collection are implemented according to: "National technical regulation on testing value of maize cultivation and use", QCVN 01-56: 2011/BNNPTNT (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2011b)

2.7 Data analysis

- Evaluation of the stability of maize varieties based on maize yield through the model of Eberhart and Russell (1966) with regression coefficient bi (interaction between environment and genotype) and mean square deviation ( S2di) compared to the regression line:

- Statistical data processing in the situation evaluation, experiments

on farming techniques through statistical parameters, based on the program of MS EXCEL 2010, IRRISTAT 5.0 software and STATISTIX 8.2 software on computers (Nguyen Huy Hoang et al., 2014; 2017)

CHAPTER 3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Survey results on maize production in Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces

In the period 2012-2017, the maize area in the North Central region was relatively stable, averaging 127.8 thousand hectares, accounting for 11% of the whole country's maize area and 62.12% of the whole Central region's maize area (Northern and South Central regions) However, maize production has not yet developed as its potential, and it is difficult for maize to compete with other crops in terms of efficiency The average maize yield in the North Central region in the period 2012-2017 reached 39 quintals/ha, lower than the national average yield of 6.65 quintals/ha and 4.4 quintals lower than the average maize yield in the whole Central region This also shows that the development of maize production in the North Central region is currently facing many difficulties Therefore, in order to develop maize production in the North Central region, the solutions are focused on: supporting farming techniques, encouraging the construction of a maize preservation system, linking production with consumption; The State needs to plan production areas and have preferential policies for the development of maize production

3.2 Results of maize varieties identification for good growing on sloping-land of Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces

3.2.1 Research results to identify maize varieties suitable for growing on sloping land in the North Central region (Nghe An and Thanh Hoa)

3.2.1.1 Some characteristics of growth, development, morphology and physiology of maize varieties in the experiment

a) Time to complete the growth and development stages

In Anh Son and Nhu Xuan districts, if the spring crop is planted from January 20 to February 20, the period of flag raising and spraying the beard of the experimental varieties will avoid the

“Lao” wind, affecting the granulation ability If planted in the summer-autumn crop, the sprouting period will experience prolonged drought while the flag-blooming and pollination period is right in the

rainy season, often encountering flash floods, affecting seed formation and reducing yield Therefore, with the growing time in the middle-growth group (105 - 120 days), the experimental varieties are suitable for the Spring crop structure in Anh Son district, Nghe

An province and Nhu Xuan district, Thanh Hoa province

b) Plant height, cob height of maize varieties

Plant height of all varieties ranged from 164.4 to 224.6 cm in Nghe An crop and from 190 to 217.1 cm in Thanh Hoa In which, the varieties with the highest height are P4199 and NK4300, respectively 217.1cm Varieties LVN61 and LVN66 have the lowest height, ranging from 164.4 to 190 cm These two varieties are lower than the control variety in height CP999

Through the experimental monitoring in the Spring 2013 and Spring 2014 crops in Nghe An and Thanh Hoa, it was found that: The experimental variety with the highest cob height was NK4300, P4199 with 21.5-39.9 cm higher than the control CP999 All other varieties have a cob height ranging from 54.5-103.6 cm In which, the variety with the lowest cob height is LVN61 (54.5 cm in Nghe An)

c) Plant status and the coverness of corn

Through monitoring and evaluation of experimental varieties

in the Spring 2013 and Spring 2014 crops at 2 experimental sites, it was found that all varieties had plant status ranging from points 2 to

3 (good and average) Varieties with better plant status than control (variety CP999) in 2 crops at two locations are CS71, NK4300 and P4199 (point 2)

Corn coverness: is an important parameter related to resistance to pests and diseases as well as adverse conditions, because the coverness play a role in protecting corn, and also play a part in photosynthesis to create a source of nutrients for corn, the coverness of corn depends on the genetic characteristics of the variety In general, the hybrid maize varieties with a good corn coverness (scores 1-2), better than the control variety CP999, there were 3 varieties with similar corn coverness compared to the control LVN146, LVN152, LVN102