Quan hệ chính trị an ninh, kinh tế giữa Nhật Bản và Mỹ từ năm 1951 đến năm 1960.Quan hệ chính trị an ninh, kinh tế giữa Nhật Bản và Mỹ từ năm 1951 đến năm 1960.Quan hệ chính trị an ninh, kinh tế giữa Nhật Bản và Mỹ từ năm 1951 đến năm 1960.Quan hệ chính trị an ninh, kinh tế giữa Nhật Bản và Mỹ từ năm 1951 đến năm 1960.Quan hệ chính trị an ninh, kinh tế giữa Nhật Bản và Mỹ từ năm 1951 đến năm 1960.Quan hệ chính trị an ninh, kinh tế giữa Nhật Bản và Mỹ từ năm 1951 đến năm 1960.Quan hệ chính trị an ninh, kinh tế giữa Nhật Bản và Mỹ từ năm 1951 đến năm 1960.Quan hệ chính trị an ninh, kinh tế giữa Nhật Bản và Mỹ từ năm 1951 đến năm 1960.Quan hệ chính trị an ninh, kinh tế giữa Nhật Bản và Mỹ từ năm 1951 đến năm 1960.Quan hệ chính trị an ninh, kinh tế giữa Nhật Bản và Mỹ từ năm 1951 đến năm 1960.Quan hệ chính trị an ninh, kinh tế giữa Nhật Bản và Mỹ từ năm 1951 đến năm 1960.
Trang 1MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
VINH UNIVERSITY
HOANG THI MAI HUONG
POLITICAL, SECURITY AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN
JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES FROM 1951 TO 1960
Major: World History Code: 9229011
ABSTRACT OF PhD THESIS IN HISTORY
NGHE AN - 2022
Trang 2THE WORK IS COMPLETED AT VINH UNIVERSITY
Thesis Advisor:
1 Assoc Prof PhD PHAM NGOC TAN
2 Assoc Prof PhD VAN NGOC THANH
The thesis was defended in front of the University-level Doctoral Thesis Examination
Board at Vinh University
At on ………, 2023
The thesis can be found at:
- National Library of Vietnam
- Information Center - Nguyen Thuc Hao Library, Vinh University
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PREFACE
1 Reasons for choosing the topic:
The relationship between Japan and the United States has a long history and has experienced many ups and downs Since the mid-nineteenth century, the United States has
"opened up" Japan and forced it to sign unequal treaties Since then, Japan has become an important stopover for the United States in Asia Japan gradually struggled and gained more equal rights in its relations with the United States during the Meiji era During the first half of the twentieth century, Japan and the United States were essentially rivals in terms of finding markets and expanding influence in Asia-Pacific During World War II, the two countries became direct rivals on the battlefield After the war ended, Japan was defeated and the United States was entitled to occupy Japan on behalf of the Allies
On September 08, 1951, the San Francisco Peace Treaty was signed, opening a new page in Japanese history Accordingly, the state of war between Japan and the Allies ceased from the date of entry into force of the Treaty On the same day, the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was also signed, marking a turning point in the relationship between Japan and the United States With these two treaties, the relationship between the two countries has entered a new stage On January 19, 1960, the two countries continued to sign the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, marking the consolidation of the alliance relationship
The alliance relationship between Japan and the United States was formed in the context of the Cold War entering a tense period, the United States - Soviet Union relationship has turned into a confrontational relationship, the international and regional situation is very complicated Therefore, this relationship is deeply influenced
by the international situation, and at the same time, it clearly shows the calculation of the national interests of each country
The relationship between Japan and the United States in the 1951-1960 period holds a very special position in the history of the two countries' relationship This is the period that opens a new page in Japanese history when the country ends its occupation and is treated equally in international relations This is also a period of complicated and tense international developments Therefore, the establishment of an alliance relationship between Japan and the United States is considered an inevitable result of the impact of subjective and objective factors The establishment, strengthening and consolidation of the alliance between the two countries not only serves the goals and interests of each country, but also lays a solid foundation for the bilateral relationship in the following period During the 1951-1960 period, the U.S - Japan relations were fully developed, but political-security and economic relations were the most prominent and important areas
Therefore, the study and clarification of the political - security and economic
Trang 42 relations between Japan and the United States in the 1951 - 1960 period is necessary work, has scientific and practical significance:
In terms of a scientific point of view: A study of political-security and economic
relations between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960 will clarify the influencing factors, the current situation of the bilateral relationship, evaluate its results, limitations, impacts and characteristics Through studying the issue, it is possible to see the movement of the relationship between the two countries in the context of the Cold War and the calculations
of each country
The study of the U.S - Japan relations in the 1951 - 1960 period will contribute
to explaining the success of Japan, and at the same time better understand the US global strategy in the complex international context at that time
In terms of practice: On the basis of the relationship established in 1951, the
Japan-US alliance has basically always been consolidated and developed although facing many difficulties and challenges Up to now, has been one of the solid alliances, and both countries still play an important role in each other's policies and is a typical international relation
With the above reasons, we selected the topic: " Political-security and economic relations between Japan and the United States from 1951 to 1960" as the topic of my
PhD thesis in World History
2 Object and scope of study
Object of study
The study object of the thesis is the political - security and economic relations between Japan and the United States from 1951 to 1960
Scope of study
In terms of time: The time that the thesis focuses on study is from 1951 to 1960
The author identifies the opening milestone as September 8, 1951 - the date of signing the San Francisco Peace Treaty and the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, creating a fundamental change in the relationship between Japan and the United States The closing milestone is January 19, 1960 - the date of signing the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan This event represents the consolidation of bilateral relations between the two countries, Japan and the United States
However, in order to ensure the continuity and system, the thesis also mentions the U.S - Japan relations in general in the period before 1951 as well as makes assessments and comments on the relationship between the two countries in the later period
In terms of space: The main study space of the thesis is Japan and the United
States However, because the political-security and economic relations between the two countries in the 1951 - 1960 period took place in a very complex international
Trang 53 context, under the great influence of many factors in the region, the thesis has mentioned the Asia - Pacific region at different times
In terms of content: The thesis focuses on studying the bilateral political - security
and economic relations between Japan and the United States in the 1951 – 1960 period Because these are the most important and prominent fields, expressing the nature of the relationship between the two countries in this period The political-security relations mainly revolve around the formation and deployment of the alliance relationship between the two countries The economic relations focus on the field of trade and investment In the thesis, the author does not study the political - security and economic relations between the two countries in multilateral forums but the multilateral forum is only approached from the perspective of reference, supporting the clarification of bilateral relations between the two countries
In addition to the limitations of time, space and content mentioned above, other issues are not within the scope of study of the thesis
3 Study objectives and tasks
3.1 Study objectives
The objective of the thesis is to restore the relationship between Japan and the United States in the field of politics - security and economy in the 1951-1960 period From there, evaluate the achieved results, limitations and impacts of the relationship for each country and region; and at the same time, draw the characteristics of the political, security and economic relationship between the two countries in the 1951-1960 period
3.2 Study tasks
The study tasks of the thesis are defined as:
- Firstly, analyze factors affecting the political-security and economic relations
between Japan and the United States in the 1951 – 1960 period
- Secondly, analyze process and main contents in the political-security and
economic relations between Japan and the United States in the 1951 – 1960 period
- Thirdly, evaluate and comment on the political-security relationship between
Japan and the United States in the 1951 – 1960 period In which, focus on clarifying the achieved results, limitations and impacts on each country and region; characteristics of the relationship
4 Material sources
Original documents: Including treaties, agreements, cooperation agreements;
joint declaration between the two countries; statistical reports on relations between the two countries of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and the United States; Speeches and addresses of the leaders of the two countries are collected in documents
or published in newspapers, official websites
References: Including monographs, reference books in English, Japanese and
Vietnamese on the U.S - Japan relations and related issues; doctoral theses, master theses
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at home and abroad related to the U.S - Japan relations; scientific articles in Vietnamese and English published in domestic and international journals; proceedings of scientific conferences with contents related to the topic; news pages of official websites of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and the United States, articles published on highly reliable websites at home and abroad
5 Methodology and research methods
5.1 Methodology
The topic applies and masters the viewpoints of dialectical materialism, historical materialism of Marxism - Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought; applies the perspective of the Communist Party of Vietnam on international relations issues to study the U.S - Japan relations
5.2 Research Methods
The thesis mainly uses specialized research methods, which are historical methods and logical methods The historical method aims to reproduce the political - security and economic relations between Japan and the United States in the 1951 – 1960 period from a historical perspective The logical method helps the author to analyze, view and objectively evaluate the relationship
The object of the thesis is in the field of international relations, so the author applies many specialized research methods in international relations such as synthesis, comparison, analysis, interpretation, etc With these methods, the political-security and economic relations between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960 are placed in the context of international relations and are reproduced objectively and evaluated in a multidimensional, scientific way
Moreover, the object of the thesis is also in the field of economics Therefore, the author has used a number of research methods specialized in economics such as statistics, comparison tables, charts, qualitative, quantitative, deductive, inductive to clarify the content of economic relations between the two countries Japan and USA
6 Contributions of the thesis
This is the first work in Vietnam focusing on the study of the political - security and economic relations between Japan and the United States from 1951 to 1960 Therefore, the contributions of the thesis are:
- Systematically, honestly and objectively restore the political - security and economic relations between Japan and the United States in the 1951 – 1960 period
- Focus on analyzing and clarifying the influencing factors (under three levels of the world, region, country and individual), the process and specific content in the relationship between Japan and the United States in the political - security and economic field in the 1951 – 1960 period On that basis, draw assessments and comments on the relationship
- The Japan- the United States relations in general, the political - security and
Trang 75 economic relations between the two countries in the 1951 – 1960 period in particular is
a typical relationship in international relations after World War II, associated with an extremely complex world context Up to now, the alliance between the two countries has been constantly strengthened and is considered one of the most sustainable alliances
in the world The content of the thesis will contribute to clarifying the nature of the relationship
- The thesis systematizes and supplements new documents on the political - security and economic relations between Japan and the United States from 1951 to 1960;
is a useful reference for researching, teaching and studying Japanese history, American history, two countries' relations and international relations in modern times
7 Structure of the thesis
In addition to the preamble, conclusion, references, the content of the thesis includes 4 chapters:
Chapter 1 Overview of the research situation
Chapter 2 Factors impacting on politics - security and economics relations between Japan and the United States from 1951 to 1960
Chapter 3 Status of political, security and economic relations between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960
Chapter 4 Commentary on political, security and economic relations between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960
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Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION 1.1 Research works related to the topic
After approaching and studying the research works related to the thesis topic of both foreign and Vietnamese scholars, we pointed out the specific content that the typical works mentioned, from which we drew the following observations:
- Overseas, the relationship between the two countries Japan and the US has drawn the attention of many researchers and achieved certain results However, most
of these works had a scope of research which is too long in terms of time, mainly focusing on the period during and after the Cold War Political - security and economic relations between Japan and the US in the period 1951 - 1960 were little studied, or just a content in the overall work of the authors According to the documents accessible
to the author, it can be affirmed that there has been no systematic study on security and economic relations between Japan and the United States from 1951 to 1960"
"Political In Vietnam, there have been a number of studies on Japan"Political US relations However, those works mainly refer to the Japan-US relationship in a general way, integrated in works on international relations in the region and the world In addition, there is also a work that selects a very long research period, during the Cold War period
It can be affirmed that, so far in Vietnam, there has not been any in-depth and comprehensive research on the political, security and economic relationship between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960
- Summarizing the research results of foreign and Vietnamese scholars, we find that most of the research works on Japan-US relations have a very long time range, mainly during the entire Cold War period or after the Cold War There has not been so many research works on the period 1951 - 1960 Some works focus on specific political, security or economic content but lack in-depth and systematic works on political - security and economic relations between the two countries in the period 1951
- 1960 It can be said that the political-security and economic relations between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960 as a separate research object have not been thoroughly studied In terms of content, the published works have not solved the following problems:
+ The factors affecting the political-security and economic relations between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960 have not been deeply and comprehensively deepened and comprehensively Those factors have not been fully evaluated at all levels: world, region; national and individual At the same time, there has not been an adequate analysis of the impact of important regional and global events occurring at the same time That affects the perception and evaluation of the relationship between Japan and the US within the time period that the thesis researches
+ The current situation of political, security and economic relations between Japan and the US in the period 1951 - 1960 has not been clarified because this period
is only a short period of time within the scope of research of most of the published works Moreover, most researchers have not taken a multi-dimensional approach (both
Trang 97 clarifying the process and delving into specific issues) in the bilateral relationship between Japan and the US (1951 - 1960)
+ The works that we have access to are of researchers from many different countries, published at different times so there are different perspectives, ways of seeing and evaluating the problem Some authors are still heavy on ideological issues; some overemphasize the approach from the Cold War perspective while others are more inclined to see it from the Japanese or American side That leads to unbiased and unscientific judgments In particular, the nature of the relationship between the two countries in this historical period has not been clearly defined
- The results of studies abroad and in Vietnam on the relationship between Japan and the US are an important reference source for us to develop the thesis At the same time, they help us develop ideas, content and choose appropriate research methods In terms of content, it is the basis for restoring the current situation of political, security and economic relations between Japan and the US (1951 - 1960) On the other hand, these results contribute to helping us have a multi-dimensional perspective when evaluating research subjects; make objective and scientific judgments about the results and limitations, the impact of the Japan - US economic and political relations (1951 - 1960) as well as draw out the characteristics point of this relationship
1.2 Dissertation issues to focus on solving
On the basis of selectively inheriting the research results of domestic and foreign scholars, supplementing new sources of material, the thesis poses the following problems to focus on solving:
Firstly, present and analyze deeply and fully the factors affecting the
political-security and economic relations between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960 The factors mentioned in the thesis includes: international and regional situation; Japan-US relations before 1951; Japan's situation and Japan's foreign policy towards the US; the
US situation and US foreign policy towards Japan; the role of individual Japanese and American leaders
Second, systematically and comprehensively present the status of
political-security and economic relations between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960; clarify the progress as well as the core contents of the relationship between the two countries
in the above fields
Third, on the basis of research results on the current situation of political,
security and economic relations between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960, some comments are drawn about this bilateral relationship The comments focused on the following aspects: achieved results, limitations; impact on each country, region and internation; characteristics of the relationship between the two countries in the above fields
Fourth, absorbing research results on the political-security and economic
relationship between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960 that have been published, the thesis will analyze and evaluate objectively to determine the true nature of the relationship between the two countries The cross-cutting scientific issue that the thesis wants to clarify is: the Japan-US relationship is a close allied relationship on the basis
of mutual exploitation, in which the US takes advantage of Japan to implement its
Trang 108 global strategy whereas Japan took advantage of the US to focus on economic development
Chapter 2
FACTORS IMPACTING ON POLITICS - SECURITY AND ECONOMICS RELATIONS BETWEEN JAPAN AND UNITED STATES FROM 1951 TO
1960 2.1 International situation and Asia-Pacific region
2.1.1 The formation of Bipolar World Order and Cold War
World War II ended, “Yalta Bipolar Order” was formed Before the alliance of the Soviet Union and the United States, Japan could not avoid great impacts That is the condition for Japan-US relations to change rapidly In 1947, the Cold War was born and was quickly pushed to the climax with the rapidly increasing level of confrontation The Cold War not only changed the US policy towards Japan, but it also changed the nature
of the Japan-US relationship, from an occupation relationship quickly to an alliance relationship
2.1.2 The development of the Soviet Union, the socialist system and the national liberation movement in the world
The development of the Soviet Union and the formation and development of the world socialist system were one of the reasons for the establishment of the Japan-US alliance, and the more socialism developed, the tighter the relationship between the two countries The development of the national liberation movement in the world caused the influence of the US, in particular, and the capitalist faction, in general, at risk of gradually narrowing Therefore, the US wanted to turn Japan into an “outpost” to prevent communism and national liberation movements in the Asia-Pacific region
2.1.3 The birth and development of the People’s Republic of China
The birth of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 marked the expansion of socialism from Europe to Asia, becoming the world system This event dealt a strong blow to the US policy of “containment” and had a great influence on Japan-US relations
In the 1950s, the People’s Republic of China implemented the policy of “Nhất biên đảo (being prone to one side)”, leaning heavily towards the Soviet Union to oppose the US The birth and development of the People’s Republic of China with an increasingly important role in the international arena turned this country into a force that competes with the US and has a direct impact on Japan Therefore, the US used Japan as a tool to restrain the People’s Republic of China
2.1.4 Korean War and Vietnam War
During the Korean War, Japan played an important role as a rear of the US, effectively becoming the US’ bastion in the Asia-Pacific to directly prevent the Communism from spreading from North Korea to South Korea This war made Japan’s
Trang 119 already important place in the US’s global strategy become more important It is also part
of the reason why the Japan-US alliance was born and developed soon Besides, the Vietnam War was also a factor affecting Japan-US relations In particular, when the “red wave” spread in Asia and the People’s Republic of China was born, Vietnam had a special position in preventing communism influence in the Asia-Pacific that the US implemented
2.2 Japan-US relations before 1951
2.2.1 Japan-US relations before 1945
Japan-US relations before World War II experienced many ups and downs, from inequality at the end of the Tokugawa period, to a period of cooperation for mutual benefit in the Meiji period, then to a tense relationship since Japan’s rise to power, becoming a regional power, finally ending with confrontation in World War II Japan’s defeat in World War II has created a new turning point in Japan-US relations The relationship between the two countries in this period is the historical basis for Japan and the US to establish bilateral relations in the next period
2.2.2 Japan-US relations from 1945 to 1951
After the Second World War, the two parties ended the relationship of confrontation and war, and replaced it with the relationship of occupation and being occupied Simultaneously with the occupation of Japan, before the changes of the world situation and the calculation of interests, the US completely changed its target towards Japan, helped and supported Japan more for Japan’s economic recovery and development The change in US policy towards Japan has made rapid changes in the Japan - US relations, laying the premise for the development of Japan - US relations in the following period, firstly in 1951 - 1960
2.3 Japan’s situation and Japan’s foreign policy towards the US (1951 - 1960)
2.3.1 Political, economic and social situation of Japan (1951-1960)
After signing the treaty with the US, Japan had many changes In terms of politics, Japan’s political scene varied with constant cabinet changes, only relatively stable during the rule of Yoshida Shigeru and Kishi Nobusuke Meanwhile, political forces and the masses were constantly struggling, mainly opposing the signing of the Japan-US Security Treaty Regarding economics, Japan had a very rapid development, gross national product increased higher than Western capitalist countries Socially, people’s living standards are improved due to the impact of economic development
2.3.2 Japan’s foreign policy towards the US (1951 - 1960)
Due to the profound impact of the Cold War, and the relationship between the two countries in the period 1945-1951, Japan sided with the US Choosing and developing relations with the US was the most “suitable” for Japan at that time From 1951 to 1960,
in general, Japan relied and depended on the US Japan’s policies had a profound impact
on the comprehensive relations of the two countries, including political, security and economic relations
2.4 US situation and US foreign policy towards Japan (1951 - 1960)
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2.4.1 Political, economic and social situation of the US (1951-1960)
In terms of politics, in the period 1951-1960 in particular, the US political situation had little change compared to before In the United States, there was still a two-party system in power Economically, the United States was the world’s most powerful superpower in all aspects In terms of society, in general, the American people’s democratic freedoms were limited The life of a large number of working people in the United States faced many difficulties, the rich-poor divide became very serious Conflict
in the the US society was acute
2.4.2 US foreign policy towards Japan (1951 - 1960)
In the period 1951-1960, the policy that the US implemented towards Japan was
an alliance policy, a part of the US global strategy In order to implement that policy, the US contributed Japan’s economic recovery and development These policies had a great impact on the relationship between the two countries, which was an important condition for the relationship between the two countries to become closer
2.5 Roles of Japanese and American leaders
2.5.1 Nobusuke Japanese Prime Ministers Yoshida Shigeru and Kishi Nobusuke
During the period from September 8, 1951 to January 19, 1960, prime ministers Yoshida Shigeru, Hato Yama Ichino, Ishibashi Tanzan, and Kishi Nobusuke took turns assuming power in Japan Among those prime ministers, Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru and Prime Minister Kishi Nobusuke played prominent roles in leading the
country and in Japan-US relations
Yoshida Shigeru (1878-1967) was a member of the Libertarian
Party, serving as Prime Minister of Japan for two periods: From May 1946 to May 1947 and from October 1948 to December 1954 Yoshida had a great influence
on Japan-US relations in the period 1951 - 1960 It was the stable rule and appropriate policy that helped Japan overcome the difficult period, creating the foundation to bring the country to the stage of “miraculous” development It is worth noting that Yoshida received the trust of the US Government
Kishi Nobusuke (1896-1987) served as Prime Minister of Japan from February
1957 to July 1960 He was considered “the one who established and consolidated the post-war political institution that Prime Minister Yoshida initially built” and influenced Japan-US relations During more than 3 years as Prime minister, Kishi always strived
to improve relations with the US in a more equal way, Kishi carefully prepared policies
to enhance Japan’s position in the international arena, including even with the US
2.5.2 US Presidents Harry Truman and Dwight David Eisenhower
H Truman was the 33rd president of the US, ruling from 1945 to 1953 The highlight that had a profound impact on the United States and Japan-US relations was the
“Truman Doctrine” based on the foundation of “Containment Policy” Truman was the
Trang 1311 one who changed the policy towards Japan after World War II from “defeating” to
“recovering”, from enemy to ally During the period 1951 - 1953, at the end of his second term, Truman actively promoted the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty, the Japan-
US Security Treaty, etc., to establish an alliance between the two countries, increase Japan’s dependence on the United States It can be said that the development of relations between the two countries at that time bears the imprint of Truman
Dwight David Eisenhower was the 34th president in American history, ruling from 1953 to 1961 Japan-US relations in the period 1951-1960 took place almost entirely during Eisenhower’s rule, therefore, Eisenhower had a great influence on the practice as well as the development direction of the relationship between the two sides Eisenhower inherited and developed Truman’s U.S policy toward Japan Under the direction of Eisenhower, the US signed a series of agreements on security, defense, administration, finance, and trade, etc with Japan Especially, under President D Eisenhower, the two countries signed the Security Treaty in 1960, marked the consolidation and development of relations between the two countries, laying the foundation for bilateral relations to continue to develop in the following period