Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status" and a case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L

Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status" and a case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status and a case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L Siriporn Zu[.]

Siriporn Zungsontiporn Weed Science Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office

Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand 10900

Summary

Global invasive plant may invade in some countries, but it is not invasive plant in its native country or in range of distribution Those plants are utilized in some means, such as vegetable, fruit, ornamental plant or medicinal plant in it native country or even it was invasive plant but people learned how to manage with that plant, they can utilize it On the contrary way, an invasive plant of any country may not be invasive in any country else Most

of the invasive plants are intentionally introduced to a country for some purpose especially

for ornamental plant Hydrocotyle umbrellata L was introduced to Thailand as ornamental

plant, the plant can grow well and with some habit of invasive plant of this plant, nowadays the plant was found in many natural areas as weed.

1 Introduction

Most of invasive plant in an area is alien plant which was introduced from different habitat within a country or other country across geographic barrier Well development of transportation stimulates traveling and international trading which cause of increasing

introduction of alien species Some of introduced alien plants can establish and spread out if

it can adapt itself to survive in the new habitat well If the environment of new habitat is suitable for it growth, the plant may express it invasiveness and compete for space and nutrient with native plant which it may complete over native plants due to lack of it natural enemy in new habitat If the invasive plant invades to new area widely it may become

noxious weed in that area In the past there were many invasive plants become noxious

weeds out side it native range such as Water hyacinth, Giant sensitive plant, Pennisetum

grasses They were introduced to many countries intentionally for some purposes such as ornamental plant, erosion control, soil improvement, forage fodder.

2 Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status

The Global Invasive Species Database which developed by Invasive Species

Specialist Group (ISSG) of the World Conservation Union / Species Survival Committee (IUCN/SSC) under the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) had listed 388 species as invasive species Among these, there are 205 plant species which are 8 algae/seaweed, 33aquatic plants, 1 fern, 26 grass, 35 herb, 2 palm, 1 sedge, 50 shrub, 27 tree, and 22

vine/climber

Among those 205 of global invasive plants 71 are exist in Thailand They are 15 aquatic plants, 10 grasses, 6 herbs, 2 palms, 23 shrubs/trees, 13 vine/climbers and 2

shrubs/climbers About 29 species are known as introduced plants, other are uncertain or no

donax, Lygodium microphyllum, Neyraudia reynaudiana, Polygonum perfoliatum

Pennisetum polystachyon, P clandestinum etc (Table 1)

Since agriculture is one of the main task of Thai population The plants invaded in agricultural area and becomes troublesome or weed for farmer are shown in Table 2

3 Case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L.

H umbellata, common name as dollar weed, a member of Apiaceae, was introduced

to Thailand as ornamental plant or aquarium plant more than 10 year ago The plant is attractive for it shiny green round leaf (Fig 1) Since the plant can propagate easily with stem New shoot can grow from maxillary bud and seem to be no natural enemy in Thailand

It might be weed in near future Experiments to evaluate weed potential on this plant were conduced in 2002 They are growth of Dollar weed and competition of Dollar weed and a

native plant, Centella asiaitca

The result shown that Dollar weed can grow well not only in aquatic condition but also in dry condition (Fig.2) The plant can produce new shoot from stem with young leaf if the stem was cut out from the mother plant by the cut part produce root and then can survive

in the water and new branch germinate from the bud between stem and petiole (Fig 3) From

1 leaf at beginning of the experiment, the plant can grow up to 174 leaves within 141 day

period (Fig.4) The plant can compete over the native plant, C asiatica, a member of same

family (Fig.5 and Fig.6) These mean the plant has potential of weed

Fig.1 Hydrocotyle umbrellata L.

Plant name Common name Thai name I Plant habit status

Reference

H S T V / C A O TH V M O W OTH

Ablmoschus moschatus aute toga, algalia, almizcle vegetal, almizcle vegetal, ambretta semi,

aukiki, bisameibisch, fau ingo, fau tagaloa, fautia, fou ingo, gombo musqué, gongul, kamang, kamwayang, karereon, metei, musk, musk mallow, o'e'e, okeoke, okra, vakeke, wakeke, wakewake, wakiwaki

chamod ton, Thian chamot, Fai phi

Acacia confusa - acacia petit feuille, boiffuring, boiffuring, formosa acacia, formosa

koa, ianangi, ianángi, mimosa, pilampwoia, shoshigi, shoshigi, small Philippine acacia, soschghi, sosigi, sosigi, sosugi, sosugi, yanangi

Krathin Taiwan

Acacia farnesiana acacia jaune, aroma, aroma, aromo, aweet acadia, ban baburi,

carambuco, cashia, cassie, debena, Ellington curse, Ellington curse, espino blanco, espino ruco, esponja, esponjeira, huisache, huisache dulce, kandaroma, kandaroma, klu, klu, klu bush, kolu, kolu, mimosa, mimosa bush, needle bush, oki, opoponax, popinac, popinac, rayo, Small's acacia, sweet acacia, tekaibakoa, titima, vaivai vakavotona,

Westindische akazie

Kra thin thet

Adenanthera pavonina bead tree, bois de condori, carolina, colales, coral bean tree, culalis,

false wili wili, falso-sândalo, kaikes, kolales, kulales, kulalis, la'aulopa, lera, lerendamu, lopa, metekam, metkam, metkem, mwetkwem, olho-de-pavão, paina, peacock flower-fence, peacock tree, pitipitio, pomea, red sandalwood tree, redbeadtree, segavé, telengtúngd, telentundalel, vaivai, vaivainivavalangi

Maklamton , Ma klam

ta chang, Mahua daeng

Alternanthera

philoxeroides

alligator weed, alligatorweed, pig weed, xi han lian zi cao phak ped     

Anredera cordifloia 'uala hupe, anredera, enredadera del mosquito, filikafa, Gulf

madeiravine, heartleaf madeiravine, lamb's tails, Madeira vine,

mignonette vine, parra de Madeira, tapau

Antigonon leptopus chain-of-love, confederate vine, coral bells, coral vine, corallita,

dilngau, flores ka'dena, hearts on a chain, kadena de amor, love-vine,

Chompu phuang,

Mexican creeper, mountain rose, queen's jewels, rohsapoak, Sandwich

Island creeper chomphuphuang

Ardisia elliptica - ati popa'a, shoebutton ardisia Ram yai,

Thulang kasa

Arundo donax arundo grass, bamboo reed, cana, cane, canne de Provence, carrizo

grande, cow cane, donax cane, giant cane, giant reed, narkhat, ngasau

ni vavalangi, Pfahlrohr, reedgrass, river cane, Spanisches Rohr,

Spanish cane, Spanish reed

O, O luang,

Buddleja davidii arbre aux papillons, buddleia, butterfly bush, orange eye, summer lilac Racha wadi

muang

Cabomba caroliniana cabomba, Carolina fanwort, Carolina water-shield, fanwort, fish-grass,

Washington-grass, Washington-plant Bua Sarai 

Caesalpinia decaptetala bois sappan, cat's claw, kraaldoring, liane croc chien, Mauritius thorn,

mauritiusdoring, Mysore thorn, puakelekino, shoofly, ubobo-encane,

ufenisi, ulozisi, wait-a-bit

Krachai, Kamchai, Nam khong, Nam chai

Canna indica achira, African arrowroot, ali‘ipoe, li‘ipoe, apeellap, bakalele, bakare

kare, Balisier comestible, balisier rouge, calenda, canna, canna lily, chupa flor, English shot, fa‘i masoa, fagafaga, fagamanu, Fanamanu, gasau ni ga, gwangwa, gwangwaama, Indian shot, luiuenwai, mongos halum-tano, nuaenga, oruuru, pia renga, pia-raroto‘a, poloka, poloke, Queensland arrowroot, riti, te misimisi, tiare papa‘a, toolima,

tous-les-mois

Phut tharaksa, Bua lawong, Phutthason

Casurina equisetifolia chardon penché, musk thistle, nodding plumeless thistle, nodding Son thale     25, 2,

thistle, plumeless thistle

Ceratophyllum

demersom common hornwort, coon's tail, coon's-tail, coontail, hornwort, rigidhornwort sarai hangma, sarai

khwai, sarai phungchad o

Chromolaena odorata agonoi, bitter bush, chromolaena, hagonoy, herbe du Laos,

huluhagonoi, jack in the bush, kesengesil, mahsrihsrihk, masigsig, ngesngesil, otuot, rumput belalang, rumput golkar, rumput putih, Siam

weed, Siam-Kraut, triffid weed, wisolmatenrehwei

Cinnamomum

camphora alcanfor, alcanforero, arvore da camphora, campher, camphor laurel,camphor tree, camphre, camphrier, canfora, Japanese camphor,

kampferbaum, kuso-no-ki

Karabun,

Op choei yuan

Coccinia grandis , ivy gourd, kiuri awia, kundru, scarlet-fruited gourd Phak

tamlueng

    25, 20,

10, 14

Colubrina asiatica Asian snakewood, hoop with, Indian snakewood, latherleaf, wild

Cryptostegia

grandiflora India rubber vine, liane de gatope, palay rubbervine, purpleallamanda, rubber vine Pradap,Dao

banburi muang

Dichrostachys cinerea el marabu, Kalahari-Weihnachtsbaum Krathin

hang kra rok

  25, 12

Eichhornia crassipes aguapé, bung el ralm, jacinthe d'eau, jacinto de agua, jacinto-aquatico,

jal kumbhi, lechuguilla, lila de agua, mbekambekairanga, Phak tob  

    H 25, 4, 9

wasserhyazinthe, water hyacinth

Elaeis guineensis African oil palm, apwiraiasi, dendê, nu tamara, palmeira-dendê,

palmier à huile d'Afrique nammanPam

Eugenia uniflora Barbados cherry, Brazilian cherry, cayenne cherry, Cayennekirsche,

cerese à côtes, cereza quadrada, cerezo de Cayena, cerise carée, cerise

de Cayenne, cerise de pays, cerises-cotes, cerisier carré, cerisier de Cayenne, Florida cherry, French cherry, guinda, kafika, kafika palangi, kafika papalangi, menemene, monkie monkie kersie, nagapiry, ñanga-piré, pendanga, pitanga, pitanga-da-praia, red Brazil cherry, Surinaamsche kersh, Surinam cherry, Surinamkirsche, venevene, zoete

kers

Mayom farang

Gymnocoronis

spilanthoides Senegal teaplant, temple plant Phak bung  

Hiptage benghalensis adimurtte, adirganti, atimukta, benghalen-Liane, chandravalli,

haldavel, hiptage, kampti, kamuka, liane de cerf, madhalata, madhavi, Madhavi, Madhavi, madhumalati, madmalati, ragotpiti, vasantduti

Houttuynia cordata ch'I, chameleon-plant, chu ts'ai, doku-dami, dokudami, houttuynia,

vap ca, yu hsing ts'ao, yu xing cao, zyuyaku Phak khaothong

Hydrilla verticillata Florida elodea, hydrilla, oxygen weed, water thyme, water weed Sarai hang

krarok

  15, 27, 17

Hygrophila polysperma East Indian hygrophila, hygro, Indian swampweed, Miramar weed    15

Imperata cylindrica alang-alang, blady grass, Blutgras, carrizo, cogon grass, gi, impérata

cylindrique, japgrass, kunai, lalang, ngi, paille de dys, paillotte,

satintail, speargrass

Ya kha G   R 10, 27, 17,

7

Ipomoea aquatica akankong, aquatic morning glory, aseri, cancon, Chinese

waterspinach, kang kong, kangking, kangkong, kangkun, kangum, Phak bung

      2, 27, 17,

4

kankan, kankum, kongkong, lili vai, liseron d’eau, lorenzo, luve ne tombithi, ndrinikava, ota karisa, seeri, seri, swamp cabbage, swamp morning glory, te kang kong, ung-choi, wa kumala, water bindweed,

water spinach

Lantana camara ach man, angel lips, ayam, big sage, blacksage, bunga tayi, cambara

de espinto, cuasquito, flowered sage, lantana, lantana wildtype, largeleaf lantana, latora moa, prickly lantana, shrub verbean, supirrosa, Wandelroeschen, white sage, wild sage

Phaka Krong

     25, 1, 26,

Leucaena leucocephala acacia palida, aroma blanca, balori, bo chet, cassis, false koa, faux

mimosa, faux-acacia, fua pepe, ganitnityuwan tangantan, graines de lin, guaje, guaslim, guaxin, huaxin, horse/wild tamarind, huaxin, ipil-ipil, jumbie bean, kan thin, kanthum thect, koa haole, koa-haole, lamtoro, lead tree, Leucaena, leucaena, liliak, lino criollo, lopa samoa, lusina, nito, pepe, rohbohtin, schemu, siale mohemohe, subabul, tamarindo silvestre, tangan-tangan, tangantangan, te kaitetua, telentund, tuhngantuhngan, uaxim, vaivai, vaivai dina, vaivai ni vavalangi, wild mimosa, wild tamarind, zarcilla

Kra thin     F/S 25, 22, 1,4

Ligustrum sinensis - Chinese ligustrum, Chinese privet, xiao la Khao tok

phra ruang

Limnocharis flava cebolla de chucho, cu neo, kalmi, kengkong, keo neo, limnocharis,

manja payal, paku rawan, sawah-flower rush, sawah-lettuce,

velvetleaf, yellow bur-hea

talapad ruesi, Bon chin

     4, 27, 17

Limnophila sessiliflora ambulia, Asian marshweed, limnophila, shi long wei Nang om 

Lonicera japonica Chinese honeysuckle, Hall's honeysuckle, Japanese honeysuckle,

Japanisches Geissblatt, madreselva, madressilva phuengSai na

   2, 10, 26

Lygodium microphyllum Old World climbing fern, small leaf climbing fern, small-leaf climbing

Melaleuca

quinquenervia cajeput, Mao-Holzrose, melaleuca, niaouli, paper bark tree, punk tree Samet

Melia azedarach ilinia, ‘inia, alelaila, amargoseira-do-Himalaio, arbre à chapelets,

bakain, chinaberry, chuan liang zi, dake, Indian lilac, indischer Zedrachbaum, jazmin, lelah, lilas des Indes, margosa tree, melia, para‘isu, paraíso, Persian lilac, persischer Flieder, prais, pride-of-India, sendan, Sichuan pagoda-tree, sili, sita, syringa berrytree, tili,

tira, umbrella tree, white cedar

Lian       6, 26,

Merremia peltata abui, agon, arosumou, big leaf, big lif rop, fitau, fitaw, fue, fue kula,

fue lautetele, fue lautetele, fue mea, fue vao, fue vao, fue vao, grobihi, iohl, iol, kebeas, lagun, merremia, Niaouli-Oelbaum, pohue, puhlah, veliyana, viliyawa, wa bula, wa damu, wa mbula, wa ndamu,

wachathal, wiliao, wiliviwa

Microstegium vimineum annual jewgrass, Asian stilt grass, bamboograss, Chinese packing

grass, flexible sesagrass, Japanese grass, Japanese stilt grass, Mary's grass, Nepal grass, Nepal microstegium, Nepalese browntop,

Vietnamese stilt grass

G

Mikania micrantha American rope, Chinese creeper, Chinesischer Sommerefeu, fue saina,

liane americaine, mile-a-minute weed, ovaova, usuvanua, wa bosucu,

wa mbosuthu, wa mbosuvu, wa mbutako, wa ndamele

)

(

)

Mimosa pigra bashful plant, catclaw, catclaw mimosa, chi yop, columbi-da-lagoa,

eomrmidera, espino, giant sensitive plant, giant sensitive tree, giant trembling plant, juquiri, juquiri grand, kembang gajah, malicia-de-boi, mimosa, mimosa, mimose, putri malu, semalu gajah, sensitiva, trinh

nu nhon, una de gato, xao ho

Miyarap yak

Neyraudia reynaudiana burma reed, cane grass, false reed, silk reed Phong lao G  7, 13

Paederia foetida Chinese fever vine, skunk vine, stinkvine Phang hom    5, 21

Panicum repens canota, couch panicum, creeping panic, kriechende Hirse, millet

rampant, panic rampant, torpedo grass, torpedograss, Victoria grass,

wainaku grass

Ya channakat

  17, 27

Passiflora foetida bedoca, bombom, dulce, fetid pa, kinahulo' atdao, kudamono, lani wai,

loliloli ni kalavo, love-in-a-mist, mossy passionflower, pasio vao, passiflore, passionflower, pohapoha, pompom, pwomwpwomw, qaranidila, running pop, scarlet fruited passionflower, sou, stinking passionflower, tea biku, tomates, vaine 'ae kuma, vaine 'initia, vine

vao, wild passion fruit, wild water lemon

Kratokrok    5 14, 27,

17

Pennisetum

clandestinum kikuyugras, pasto africano, West African pennisetum, xi fei lang weicapim-quicuio, kikuyo, kikuyu grass, kikuyu pul, kikuyu tana,

cao

Pennisetum

polystachion dipw rais, feathery pennisetum, mechen katu, missiongrass, o tamata,pwokso, queue de chat, thin napier grass, West Indian pennisetu khajonjobYa

Phoenix canariensis Canary date palm, Canary Island date palm, dattier des Canaries,

phoenix palm Palm khonnok

Pistia stratiotes - laitue d'eau, Lechuguilla de agua, lechuguita de agua, pistie, repollo

de agua, salade d’eau, tropical duckweed, water lettuce chok

    19, 17, 27

Polygonum perfoliatum Asiatic tearthumb, devil's-tail tearthumb, ishimikawa,

mile-a-minute-vine, mile-a-minute-weed, minuteweed, tearthumb Sam khomkhiang

Potamogeton crispus curly pondweed, curly-leaved pondweed Naen

Psidium guajava abas, abwas, amarood, amrut, apas, araca, banjiro, bayabas, bayawas,

biyabas, dipajaya jambu, djamboe, djambu, goaibeira, goavier, goeajaaba, goejaba, goiaba, goiabeiro, gouyav, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, guabang, guahva, guava, guave, guavenbaum, guayaba, guayaba silvestre, guayabilla, guayabo, guayave, guayavo, guwafah, guyaaba, guyabas, guyava, jambu batu, jambu batu, jambu berase,

jambu biji, jambu kampuchia, jambu klutuk, jamphal, jamrukh, kautoga, kautoga tane, kautonga, kautonga tane, koejawal, ku'ava, kuabang, kuafa, kuahpa, kuava, kuawa, kuawa ke'oke'o, kuawa lemi,

kuawa mom

Pueraria montana var

lobata

abas, abwas, amarood, amrut, apas, araca, banjiro, bayabas, bayawas, biyabas, dipajaya jambu, djamboe, djambu, farang, goaibeira, goavier, goeajaaba, goejaba, goiaba, goiabeiro, gouyav, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, guabang, guahva, guava, guave, guavenbaum, guayaba, guayaba silvestre, guayabilla, guayabo, guayave, guayavo, guwafah, guyaaba, guyabas, guyava, jambu batu, jambu batu, jambu berase, jambu biji, jambu kampuchia, jambu klutuk, jamphal, jamrukh, kautoga, kautoga tane, kautonga, kautonga tane, koejawal, ku'ava, kuabang, kuafa, kuahpa, kuava, kuawa, kuawa ke'oke'o, kuawa lemi,

kuawa mom

(

)

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Ceylon hill gooseberry, downy myrtle, downy rose myrtle, feijoa, hill

gooseberry, hill guava, Isenberg bush, myrte-groseille, rose myrtle Phruat

 

Rottboellia

cochinchinensis capim-camalote, cebada fina, corn grass, dholu, doekoet kikisian,anguigay, annarai, bandjangan, barsali, bukal, bura, caminadora,

gaho, girum nagei, graminea corredora, guinea-fowl grass, herbe queue-de-rat, itch grass, itchgrass, jointed grass, Kelly grass, kokoma grass, konda panookoo, lisofya, paja peluda, prickle grass, Raoul grass, rice grass, sagisi, sancarana, shamva grass, sugarcane weed,

swooate, tsunoaiashi

Ya prong khai, Yakhayong

Rubus rosifolius akala, akalakala, forest bramble, framboisier, frambueso de Africa,

Mauritius raspberry, native bramble, native raspberry, ola'a, roseleaf

raspberry, thimbleberry

Kulap chan  

-Sagittaria sagittifolia arrowhead, chieh ku, chien tao ts'ao, espadana, flecha de agua, flèche

d'eau, giant arrowhead, Hawaii arrowhead, old world arrowhead, pai ti Tao kiat