a countable event also has to have a clear boundary.. Only a countable event can be repeated: he opens three windows; he kicked the ball twice,etc.. We use both of the terms 'iterative'
Trang 1Sae Y a m a d a Notre Dame S e i s h i n U n i v e r s i t y Ifuku-Ch5 2 - 1 6 - 9
700 Okayama, Japan
A B S T R A C T
We p r e s e n t in this article, as a part
of a s p e c t u a l o p e r a t i o n s y s t e m , a gene-
r a t i o n system of iterative e x p r e s s i o n s
using a set of operators called iterative
operators In order to execute the itera-
tive operations efficiently, we have
c l a s s i f i e d p r e v i o u s l y p r o p o s i t i o n s
d e n o t i n g a single occurrence of a single
event into three groupes The d e f i n i t i o n
of a single event is given recursively
The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n has b e e n carried out
e s p e c i a l l y in c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the d u r a -
tire / n o n - d u r a t i v e c h a r a c t e r of the
denoted events and also in c o n s i d e r a t i o n
of existence / n o n - e x i s t e n c e of a cul-
m i n a t i o n point (or a boundary) in the
events The o p e r a t i o n s c o n c e r n e d w i t h
iteration have e i t h e r the effect of g i v i n g
a b o u n d a r y to a n event ( in the case of
a n o n - b o u n d e d event) or of e x t e n d i n g an
event t h r o u g h repetitions The operators
c o n c e r n e d are: N,F d i r e c t iterative
operators; I,G b o u n d a r y giving opera-
tors; I e x t e n d i n g operator There are
d i r e c t and indirect operations: the d i r e c t
ones change a n o n - r e p e t i t i o u s p r o p o s i t i o n
into a r e p e t i t i o u s one directly, w h e r e a s
the indirect ones change it indirectly
The indirect i t e r a t i o n is indicated w i t h
The scope of each operator is not
u n i q u e l y definable, t h o u g h the m u t u a l
r e l a t i o n of the operators can be given
more or less explicitly
I I N T R O D U C T I O N
The system of the iterative opera-
tions, w h i c h makes a part of a s p e c t u a l
operation system, is based on the assump-
tion that the general m e c h a n i s m of
r e p e t i t i o n is language independent and
can be reduced to a small number of
operations, though language expressions
of r e p e t i t i o n are d i f f e r e n t from language
to language It must be noticed that even
in one language there are u s u a l l y several
means to express r e p e t i t i o u s events We
know that "il lui cognait la t~te contre
l e m u r " and "il lui a cogn~ deux ou trois
fois la t~te contre l e m u r " , the examples
given by W Pollak, express the same event
We have also l i n g u i s t i c means for iterative e x p r e s s i o n s on all lin- guistic levels: morphological, syntactical, semantic, p r a g m a t i c etc
As the general form of r e p e t i t i o n
we use ~ = ( ~ i ~ in w h i c h ~ is the whole event, ~ia single occurrence
of a single event a n d * an iteration indicator For example:
: (a series of) e x p l o s i o n s took place
93: a single e x p l o s i o n took place : indefinit n u m b e r of times
~i d e n o t e s a c t u a l l y a p r o p o s i t i o n
d e s c r i b i n g a single event S i ~ sign w i l l
be r e p l a c e d later b y a singIe or c o m p l e x operator or operators, w h i c h operate(s)
on ~i-
We hope also to be able to give various
e x p r e s s i o n s to the same event and for that purpose we are p l a n n i n g to have
a set of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n rules
The language m a i n l y c o n c e r n e d is Japanese, but in this article examples are given in French, in E n g l i s h or in German
2 BASIC C O N D I T I O N OF THE I T E R A T I O N The iterative aspect is one of
s e n t e n t i a l aspect and d e n o t e s plural occurrence of an event or an action The iterative aspect concerns therefore the p r o p e r t y of countability The itera- tire operations give the iterative a s p e c t
to a p r o p o s i t i o n and are c o n c e r n e d w i t h the p l u r a l i t y of occurrences of the event
As we d i s t i n g u i s h count nouns (count terms) from n o n - c o u n t nouns (mass terms),
we d i s t i n g u i s h countable events from non- countable events, or more precisely, the events of w h i c h the n u m b e r of occur-
r e n c e s is c o u n t a b l e and those of w h i c h the number of occurrences is n o n - c o u n - table
Trang 2a countable event also has to have a
clear boundary Countable events are
for instance: he opens a window; he reads
a book; he kicks a ball etc N o n - c o u n t a b l e
events are for instance: he swims; he
sleeps deeply; he runs fast,etc
Only a countable event can be repeated:
he opens three windows; he kicked the
ball twice,etc A n ~ n - c o u n t a b l e event
can't be repeated: ~he sleeps twice
The d i s t i n c t i o n of two kinds of events
(and of two kinds of propositions),
w h i c h also is called t e l i c - a t e l i c , cyclic-
non-cyclic or b o u n d e d - n o n b o u n d e d dis-
tinction" is therefore n e c e s s a r y for the
execution of the iterative operations
It must be useful to give here some
remarks on the terminology
The terms such as 'iterative', 'repeti-
tive', 'frequentative' and 'multiplica-
tire' are used very often as synonyms
However there are some works w h i c h
d i s t i n g u i s h them one from the other
The term repetitive is used sometimes
to indicate only one r e p e t i t i o n and the
term iterative to indicate more than two
repetitions And sometimes the term
iterative is used for one r e p e t i t i o n and
the term f r e q u e n t a t i v e is used for
several repetitions
We use both of the terms 'iterative' and
'repetitive'~ (hence 'iteration' and
'repetition'~as synonyms In this article
'repetition' means, in most of cases,
two or more occurrences of a same event
But in order to prevent a m i s u n d e r s t a n -
ding, we rather use the term 'iteration'
A 'proposition' denotes an event and it
is a neutral e x p r e s s i o n in the sense that
the tense, aspect and mode operators
operate on it
3 SOME PREVIOUS R E M A R K S ON ITERATION
3.1 Regular and irregular iteration
Two kinds of iterations are distin-
guished: regular and irregular iterations,
i.e the iterations w h i c h correspond to
cardinal count adverbials and the itera-
tions which correspond to frequency
adverbials
A regular iteration is defined either by
a regular f r e q u e n c y of the occurrence of
the event, (called 'fixed frequency' b y
Stump), or by a constant l e n g t h of
intervals between occurrences
(I) We ate supper at six o'clock every
night last week (Frequency)
The busses started at five-minute
I These termes are used by Garey, Bull and
Allen respectively
The extreme case of the r e g u l a r itera- tion is called 'habitude'
(2) En ~t~, elle se levait ~ quatre heure s
A r e g u l a r f r e q u e n c y or a constant inter- val is indicated by the operator F
An irregular iteration is indicated either w i t h a number of occurrences of an event or w i t h irregular lengths of
intervals b e t w e e n occurrences
(3) L i n d a called you several times last
Nous avons e n t e n d u le m~me bruit par
B o t h the n u m e r i c a l indications and the indications of irregular intervals are given w i t h the operator N
3.2 Repeated c o n s t i t u e n t of the event
C o n s i d e r i n g the structure of a repeated event, we can d i s t i n g u i s h several forms of repetitions, a c c o r d i n g
as which constituent is affected If we say,"She changes her dress several times a day", it is the object w h i c h is affected b y the repetition
Using grammatical c a t e g o r y - n a m e s we can indicate the r e p e a t e d c o n s t i t u e n t as the following
Simple r e p e t i t i o n (4) Subj (Pred)~: Mr Wells is p u b l i s h i n g
a novel year b y year; L'une apr~s l'autre le pilote v ~ r i f i a des c h i f f r e a (Subj P r e d ~ : People walked across the lawn; Each boy in the room stood
up and gave his name
Complex r e p e t i t i o n (5)(Subj(Pred)~)*: L o r s q u ' e l l e venait avec sa m~re, souvent celle-ci cares- salt ce vieux pilier central
((Subj Pred) ~ : Les habitants de ce
q u a r t i e r r ~ p ~ t e n t toujours:~Si nous avions un arr~t d'autobus pr%s d'ici.~
On the actual stage we have no such a detailed mechanism to be able to diffe- rentiate the repeated constituent Nor
do we consider the d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n neces- sary We treat all these r e p e t i t i o n s as having the type (Subj P r e d ) ~ , ( i n a more general form ~ ) , and we find no incon- venience doing so
3.3 Repeated phase of the event
An event consists of several phases: the beginning, the middle, the end and
e v e n t u a l l y the result and the imminent phase, i.e the phase d i r e c t l y p r e c e d i n g the b e g i n n i n g point
Trang 3a p h a s e i n c l u d i n g a c u l m i n a t i o n point is
capable of repetition, because the repe-
tition p r e s u p p o s ~ that the event has a
(real or hypothetical) boundary
(6) (Inchoative)~: L o r s q u ' i l a r r i v a i t ,
M~re e t M m e van D a a n se m e t t a i e n t
pleurer ~ chaque fois
~ T e r m i n a t i v e ~ : Une ~ une les villes
talent englouties
(Imminent Phase)*: Trois fois ou
quatre fois au cours de l ' e n t r e t i e n
le commissaire avait ~t~ sur le
point de lui a p p l i q u e r sa main sur
la figure (Hypothetical c u l m i n a t i o n
point)
( R e s u l t a t i v e ~ : Chaque fois que je
vais chez elle, je trouve toute l a
m a i s o n bien nettoy~e
Like the d i s t i n c t i o n of the r e p e a t e d
constituent, the d i s t i n c t i o n of the
r e p e a t e d phase is not e s p e c i a l l y signifi-
cative in the iterative operations
Besides, if necessary, we can treat each
phase as an i n d e p e n d e n t event: the b e g i n -
ning part ~' of the event ~ can be
c o n s i d e r e d as an event Thus, for the
time being, the d i s t i n c t i o n of phases is
also n e g l e c t e d in the iterative opera-
tions
3.4 H o m o g e n e o u s i t e r a t i o n and h e t e r o -
geneous iteration
A h o m o g e n e o u s i t e r a t i o n is an o r d i n a r y
i t e r a t i o n of the type(~)~ and a h e t e r o -
geneous iteration is what is called by
Imbs 'la r ~ p ~ t i t i o n d ' a l t e r n a n c e ' It is
not the iteration of a simple event but
the iteration of two or more m u t u a l l y
related events It has the form:
(~'÷~' ' )~
(7) J'allume et j'~teins une fois par
minute
The most frequent case is the c o m b i n a -
tion of two events, but the c o m b i n a t i o n
of three events is still possible:
(8) Depuis une heure il v a ~ la fen~tre
t o u s l e s trois minutes, s'arr~te un
moment et r e v i e n t encore
The c o m b i n a t i o n of more than three
events is not natural
4 A P P L I C A T I O N ORDER OF TENCE A N D
A S P E C T OPERATOR
In the present article we are e x c l u - sively c o n c e r n e d w i t h aspect operators and tense operators are not treated, t h o u g h past tense sentenses are used as examples
We will b e c o n t e n t e d just to say that tense operators come after aspect opera- tors in the o p e r a t i o n order
(9) I1 travaille - I1 se met enfin travailler (Inchoative) - I1 s'est nis e n f i n ~ travailler (Inchoative + Past)
C L A S S I F I C A T I O N OF BASIC P R O P O S I - TIONS
A sentential a s p e c t is the sythesis
of the a s p e c t u a l meanings of all c o n s t i - tuents of the sentence
For the e f f i c i e n t e x e c u t i o n of iterative
o p e r a t i o n s as well as all a s p e c t u a l
o p e r a t i o n s we have to c l a s s i f y p r e v i o u s l y
p r o p o s i t i o n s ~i d e n o t i n g events S i For this c l a s s i f i c a t i o n we take accoufit of
d u r a t i v e / n o n - d u r a t i v e and b o u n d e d / n o n - bounded c h a r a c t e r s of events
The d i s t i n g u i s h e d p r o p o s i t i o n s are:
~ = d u r a t i v e proposition; ~2 = a c c o m -
p l i s h m e n t proposition; ~ = m o m e n t a n e o u s (or n o n - d u r a t i v e ) proposltion This clas- sication is b a s i c a l l y identical w i t h Verkuyl's The c r i t e r i a we have used and examples of p r o p o s i t i o n s of e a c h groupe are as the following (For pragmatic reason, sentences are given instead of
p r o p o s i t i o n s )
C r i t e r i a
~I: the event is r e p r e s e n t e d with an open interval; satisfies the a d d i t i v i t y (or partitivity) condition; c o - o c c u r r e n c e with durative a d v e r b i a l s such as a yea~
an hour Ok; c o - o c c u r r e n c e w i t h
m o m e n t a n e o u s adverbials such as in five minutes, at that m o m e n t No
~2: the event is r e p r e s e n t e d w i t h a closed interval; a c u l m i n a t i o n point (or a boundary) is included; if the
c u l m i n a t i o n point is excluded, it satisfies the a d d i t i v i t y condition, otherwise ~o
~ : the event can be c o n s i d e r e d as a
~ m o m e n t a n e o u s one; c o - o c c u r r e n c e w i t h
d u r a t i v e a d v e r b i a l s No; c o - o c c u r - rence w i t h m o m e n t a n e o u s a d v e r b i a l s Ok
I Cf V e r k u y l (80) p145 Verkuyl distin- guishes durative VP, terminative VP and
m o m e n t a n e o u s VP
Trang 4~I: he sleeps, he sings, he walks
~2: he swims across the river, he
reaches the top of the hill, he builds
a sandcastle
@3: he hits the ball, a bombe explodes,
-he kicks at a ball
This c l a s s i f i c a t i o n is n e c e s s a r y also
for other aspectual operations In order
to show the v a r i d i t y of the classifi-
cation, we give an example of other
aspectual operations: the inchoative
operation Inch is a b o u n d a r y giving
operator and gives the initial border
to any proposition, but the meaning of
Inch(@ i) is d i f f e r e n t according to @i-
W i t h ~[, which doesn't imply any b o u n d a r z
Inch functions to give the initial boun-
dary
ex ~I it rains; Inch(~l) It
begins to rain
With @o, which implies an end point,
inch fiEes the initial boundary
ex @2 "" Bob builds a sandcastle;
Inch(@2) Bob began to build a sand-
castle
The length of the event is the time
stretch, at the end of which Bob is
supposed to complete the sandcastle
With @3 the condition is quite different
~3, momentaneous proposition, implies no
l e n g t h (or no meaningful length) and the
beginning point and the end point overlap
each other Inch(~3) gives a u t o m a t i c a l ] y
the iteration of the event and the
initial b o u n d a r y becoms the initial
boundary of the prolonged event
ex @3 "" he knocks (one time) on the
door; Inch(@3) He began k n o c k i n g
(repeatedly) on the door
The function of the Inch is the same for
all of three examples, but the meaning
of the b e g i n n i n g is different one from
another The third case (that of ~3) is
an example of the fact that a non-repe-
titious operator can produce certain
repetitions This is the repetitious
effect of a n o n - r e p e t i t i o u s operator, to
which we will return later
6 BASIC OPERATORS
An iterative operation is noted as
Rj(~i), of w h i c h Rj is either a single
operator or operators As it was already
said t a n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n of the itera-
tion is that the event in question has
a clear boundary Thus the operators
c o n c e r n e d w i t h the iterative operations have either the effect of giving a certain boundary, (in the case of n o n - b o u n d e d event): B@i , or the effect of repetition The following operators indicated w i t h capital letters are not individual opera- tors,but group names An individual operator has for instance a form like N 2
or F1/w(eek)
Operators
N: operators indicating directly the num- ber of r e p e t i t i o n s
F: operators indicating a f r e q u e n c y or regular intervals between occurrences I: operators indicating a temporal length; effect of prolonging and
b o r d e r i n g B: b o u n d a r y giving operators G: prolonging operators
Examples of expressions
N: two times, three times, several times F: every day, three times a week,
several times a day I: for an hour, from one to three B: begin to, finish -ing, (teshimau J) G: continue to, used tO, (te iru J)
7 OPERATIONS
7.1 Single operators N~F~I
7.1.1 Direct operations
The operation of N, F, r e p e t i t i o u s operators, on ~2, ~3 give as the output N~2, N~ 3, F~2, F ~ These are direct (ex- plicit) repetitiofis operations, n a m e l y those w h i c h change a n o n - r e p e t i t i o u s proposition into a repetitious one The result of the operations is exactly what the operators indicate
(lO) N ~ : He crossed the road twice
N ~ : He knocked on the door twice F~2: He goes to Tokyo Station once
a week
F~3: It s~arkles every two minutes
7.1.2 Indirect Operations
The operator I gives a temporal limit to a proposition Usually it ope- rates on ~I"
ex ~I he walks; I~I he walks for two hours
Trang 5However, if the operator I operates on 92
or on 9x, a bounded proposition, it turns
the p r o p o s i t i o n into that of r e p e a t e d
event In this case, the i t e r a t i v e opera-
tion is effectuated indirectly We call
this iteration 'implicative iteration'
ex 92 John walks to the door;
I for hours; I92 John walked to
the door for hours
In order to d i f f e r e n t i a t e this I92 from
I91, we use the symbolXfor an implicative
iteration: I ( ~ 9 2 ) ( e x a c t l y ~ i s ~ 1 oral2)
~ a p p e a r s not only w i t h the operator I,
but also w i t h N and F
(11) N ( ~ 93): The top spun three times
(= several times on three occasionsl)
F ( ~ 9 3 ) : The bell rings three times
a day
As we have already seen, other aspectual
operators can also have the effet of
repetition
(12) Inch 93 = I n c h ( ~ 93): It began to
spin
Term 93 = T e r m ( ~ 9 3 ) : It stopped to
beat
As for the strings N91 and F91, they
don't satisfy the basic c o n d i t i o n of the
iteration, i.e 91 has no boundary W i t h
some special i n t e r p r e t a t i o n rules, how-
ever, we can interprete them as N92 and
F92 respectively
ex F91: ?He walks three times a week
@ He walks from the house to the
station three times every week (F92)
7.2 C o m p l e x operators of N,F,I
7.2.1 Direct Operations
The above operators N,F,I can be
applied successively one after the other,
but not every c o m b i n a t i o n nor every
a p p l i c a t i o n order is acceptable F.I,
I.F, F-N and N-I are acceptable, but N.F
is not natural
(13) F(I91): Ii y alla souvent pendant
une quinzaine de jours; I 15 jours,
F souvent, 91 il y alla (pour y
rester)
N(I91): J'~tais ~ Tokyo en tout
trois fols, chaque lois pendant quel-
ques semaines;N trois fois; I
I The d i s t i n c t i o n of the situation and
the occasion is clear in Mourelatos
quelques semaines; 91 J'gtais Tokyo
I(F93): Ii prend le m e d i c a m e n t trois lois par Sour pendant une semaine; I une semaine; F trois fois par jour; 93 - il prend le medi- cament
I~N gives in a certain operational order the same effect as a single opera- tor F, but in other o r d e ~ other effects Using c o m p l e x operators, we get the out- put I(F92), I(F93!, F(N92), F!N93), N(I91), F(I91), I(N92), I(N93)
C o m b i n a t i o n of more than two operators are also possible
(14) II(F(I291)): Es hat heute ab und zu eine Stunde lang geregnet; II heute
F ab und zu; 12 eine Stunde;
91 es regnete
Cf Es hat heute eine Stunde lang ab und zu geregnet
II(F(I291)!: Toutes les fins de semaine en gte, on gtait toujours parti; II en gt~; F chaque semaine; !o pendant le week-end
91 - on @~ait parti I II(F(I291)): Ein Jahr fang hat Peter t~glich 3 Stunden lang trainiert; I1 ein Jahr; F t~glich; I2 d~ei Stunden; 91 P e t e r trainierte
7.3 Operators B and G
7.3.1 Direct Operations
Adding B, b o u n d a r y giving operators, and G, p r o l o n g i n g operators, to the above operators, we can further extend the iterative operations B is by it-self no
r e p e t i t i o u s operator Its proper f u n c t i o n
is to give a b o u n d a r y to a n o n - b o u n d e d proposition One of the B - o p e r a t o r s is Inch: Inch 91 he begins to write Once a event gains a boundary, it can be repeated
(15) N(B91): He began to write three times
Another a p p l i c a t i o n order of N and B gives another kind of output
(16) B(N92): Bob began to build three sandcastles; N 3; B Inch; 92 - Bob built a sandcastle
I Example borrowed from Sankoff/Thibault 'en ~te' can be also interpreted as F
In this case, we have two F - o p e r a t o r s F I and F2: FI (F2(I~I)); FI en ~t~ = chaque ~t~; F2 chaque semaine
Trang 6r e p e t i t i o u s operator either If G performs
on ~I, it has only the effect of prolon-
ging o r e x t e n d i n g the event•
(17) G~I: He is working; G ING; ~I
he works
7.3.2 Indirect Operations
In some cases, the operation of B
brings about repetitions, as we have seen
with the operator Inch It is done in the
c o m b i n a t i o n of B and ~3"
(18) B~ = B ( ~ 3 ) : She began to cough;
it began to sparkle; I stopped his
calling you
B(I~ I) = B(F(I~I)): He began jog-
ging of half an hour (= half an hour
each day)
G gives the effect of iteration too, if
G is associated w i t h a bounded p r o p o s i t i o ~
such as ~2, ~3' I~I"
(19) G~ 2 = ~ 2 : He continues going to
Tokyo Station; G Cont; ~2 - he
goes to Tokyo Station
C o m b i n a t i o n of the operators F,G w i t h
other operators can also give similar
effects•
(20) I ( G ~ ) = I ( ~ ~3): It was sparkling
for an hour
G ( F ( X ~ ) ) = F ( ~ ~3): It continued
to s p a r k ~ ~very two mlnutes
7.4 Multiple Structure of Iteration
A repeated event, (which in fact has
durative character like ~I), can again
be given a boundary And this renewed b o u ~
ded event can again be repeated• T h i s
makes a multiple iteration• The iteration
can be explicit or implicative
(21) G~2: Elle prend des legons de piano
B ( Z ~2): Elle a commenc~ ~ prendre
des le$ons de piano
N ( B ( X ~2)): A trois reprises elle a
commenc~ ~ prendre des legons de piano
The following examples given by Freed
have also a multiple iterative structure,
'a series of series' according to her ter-
minology
(22) N ( ~ ~3): She sneezes a lot
B ( G ( ~ 3 ) : She began to cough
(after years of smoking)•
7.5 Order of Operations
The scope of each operator is not
u n a m b i g u o u s l y definable However their mutual r e l a t i o n can be indicated more or less like the following•
f • N ~
• F ~
i
• • B ~
G Figure I
The d i r e c t i o n of an arrow in the figure indicates the written order of two ooera- tors in a form The order of a p p l i c a t i o n
in the operation is therefore inverse
8 EVENT AND B A C K G R O U N D
It is often p r o p o s e d t o d i s t i n g u i s h
an event from its b a c k g r o u n d (or its occasion)• The b a c k g r o u n d is a time stretch in w h i c h the event takes place• From a pure theoretical viewpoint, the idea of the double structure of event-
b a c k g r o u n d is very helpful for analysis
of ambiguous structures•
I
ex La toupie a tourn~ trois fois
In this expression, 'trois fois' can be either the number of occurrences of the event (i.e number of spins of the top) or the number of occasions on w h i c h the top spun With the iterative operators the difference can be given clearly: N~3 and N ( ~ 3 ) • In the former case, the top spun three times on one occasion and in the latter case, the top spun several times on three occasions
The operators N,F,I are related w i t h
b o t h the event and the background
G r a p h i c a l l y the difference can be indi- cated as the figure 2 2
I This example is borrowed from Rohrer
2 The first graph (hT~3) is also borrowed from Rohrer
Trang 7La toupie a tourn4 trois fois
La toupie a tourn~ trois foiso
(= ~ trois occasions)
La toupie a tourn~ pendant
une minute
N(Z ~3)
N=3
~ ~ ' I& I minute
Figure 2
Operationally, if we d i f f e r e n t i a t e the
b a c k g r o u n d from the event on the level of
iterative operations, the rules must be
too complicated For the time being
the operators N,F, I are used r e g a r d l e s s
whether they operate on the event or on
the occasion
9 N A G A T I O N OF THE ITERATIVE P R O P O S I T I O N S
As for the negative cases of itera-
tire operations, there are several
possibilities E i t h e r a negeted iterative
p r o p o s i t i o n remains still iterative or it
becomes a non-iterative proposition In
other words, the n e g a t i o n affects
the whole p r o p o s i t i o n in the case of total
negation, and affects just the number of
r e p e t i t i o n s or the f r e q u e n c y in the case
of partial negation In the former case
the scope of the n a g a t i o n is larger than
that of the iteration, and in the latter
case, the scope of the n e g a t i o n is smaller
than that of the iteration
(23) N @ 3 : I 1 est venu d e u x fois
~(N@5) or r a t h e r ~ 3 : I 1 n'est
jamais venu (Total negation)
( ~ N ) @ 3 : I 1 n'est pas venu deux fois
(En effe%, il n'est venu qu'une lois.)
(Partial negation) N(~@3): I1 n'esz pas venu deux fois
D4j~ deux fois il n'est pas venu
F ~ 3 : I 1 sortait trois fois par
semalns
~(F~3) or rather ~ @ 3 : I 1 n'est
( ~ F ) @ 3 : I 1 ne sortait pas trois fois par semaine: en effet il ne sortait que d e u x fois par semaine (partial negation)
F ( ~ 3 ) : Trois jours par semaine, il
ne sortait pas
It depends on w h i c h stage of the opera- tions the n e g a t i o n is applied
10 I N T E R P R E T A T I O N AND C O N C O R D A N C E RULES
Several kinds of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n rules are in view The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n rules of the first c a t e g o r y are those
w h i c h give adequate i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s to N@I, F~ I etc, in c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the context on the pragmatic level N@I gains
u s u a l l y an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of N~2, and F~I that of F@2 For example, "I walked three times this week" can be interpreted as: "I walke@ three times from the house
to the station this week."
The second i n t e r p r e t a t i o n rules are concordance rules, w h i c h connect diverse expressions w i t h one same event
D i f f e r e n t e x p r e s s i o n s in appearence or
d i f f e r e n t means of e x p r e s s i o n s are inter- connected by these rules Eventually, the d i s t i n c t i o n of the b a c k g r o u n d from the event can be e f f e c t u a t e d by certain rules
R E F E R E N C E S
B e n n e t t , M 1981: Of tense and Aspect: One Analysis; Syntax and Semantics vol 14 Tedeschi, Ph & A Z a e n a n (eds) 13-29 Carlson,L 1981: A s p e c t and Q u a n t i f i c a - tion; Syntax and Semantics vol 14,31-64
F r e e d , A F 1972: The S~mantics of E n g l i s h Aspectual C o m p l e m e n t a t i o n , D R e i d e l Imbs,P 1960: L'emploi des temps verbaux
en fran~ais moderns,Paris
Mourelatos,A.P.D 1981: Events, P r o c e s s e s and States; S y n t a x and Semantics vol 14 191-212
Rohrer,Ch 1980: L'analyse logique des temps d u pass~ en f r a n g a i s , c o m m e n t on peut appliquer la d i s t i n c t i o n entre nom
de mati~re et nom comptable aux temps
du verbe; 8th Coling Proceeding
Stump,G.T 1981: The I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Fr
F r e q u e n c y Adjectives; L i n g u i s t i c s and
P h i l o s o p h y 4, 221-257
Verkuyl,H.J 1980: On the proper Classifi cation of Events and Verb Phrases; Theoretical Linguistics 7, 137-153 Yamada,S 1981: Situationen, Begriffe und AusdrGcke des Aspekts; die Deutsche
L i t e r a t u r 66, 115-125
Y a m a d a , S ( t o appear): Aspect
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