Expression of the aspartate/glutamate mitochondrial carriers aralar1 and citrin during development and in adult rat tissues Araceli del Arco1,3, Julia´n Morcillo2, Juan Ramon Martı´nez-M
Trang 1Expression of the aspartate/glutamate mitochondrial carriers aralar1 and citrin during development and in adult rat tissues
Araceli del Arco1,3, Julia´n Morcillo2, Juan Ramon Martı´nez-Morales2, Carmen Galia´n1, Vera Martos1, Paola Bovolenta2and Jorgina Satru´stegui1
1
Departamento de Biologı´a Molecular, Centro de Biologı´a Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Auto´noma de Madrid Spain;
2
Departamento de Neurobiologı´a del Desarrollo, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Madrid, Spain;
3
Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
Aralar1 and citrin are members of the subfamily of
calcium-binding mitochondrial carriers and correspond to two
iso-forms of the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier
(AGC) These proteins are activated by Ca2+acting on the
external side of the inner mitochondrial membrane
Although it is known that aralar1 is expressed mainly in
skeletal muscle, heart and brain, whereas citrin is present in
liver, kidney and heart, the precise tissue distribution of the
two proteins in embryonic and adult tissues is largely
unknown We investigated the pattern of expression of
aralar1 and citrin in murine embryonic and adult tissues at
the mRNA and protein levels I n situ hybridization analysis
indicates that both isoforms are expressed strongly in the
branchial arches, dermomyotome, limb and tail buds at early
embryonic stages However, citrin was more abundant in the
ectodermal components of these structures whereas aralarl
had a predominantly mesenchymal localization The strong
expression of citrin in the liver was acquired postnatally,
whereas the characteristic expression of aralar1 in skeletal
muscle was detected at E18 and that in the heart began early
in development (E11) and was preferentially localized to auricular myocardium in late embryonic stages Aralar1 was also expressed in bone marrow, T-lymphocytes and macrophages, including Kupffer cells in the liver, indicating that this is the major AGC isoform present in the hemato-poietic system Both aralar1 and citrin were expressed in fetal gut and adult stomach, ovary, testis, and pancreas, but only aralar1 is enriched in lung and insulin-secreting b cells These results show that aralar1 is expressed in many more tissues than originally believed and is absent from hepatocytes, where citrin is the only AGC isoform present This explains why citrin deficiency in humans (type II citrullinemia) only affects the liver and suggests that aralar1 may compensate for the lack of citrin in other tissues
Keywords: aspartate/glutamate carrier; calcium; citrulline-mia; development; mitochondria
Metabolites are transported through the inner mitochondrial
membrane by proteins belonging to the mitochondrial carrier
(MC) superfamily [1] The structure of these carriers
(molecular mass 30 kDa) consists of a threefold repetition
of a sequence of about 100 amino acids [2,3] with two putative
transmembrane domains In the last few years, a number of
new MCs have been identified [3–5], including a subfamily of
Ca2+-binding mitochondrial carriers (CaMCs) with new
structural characteristics [6–8] The CaMC subfamily
mem-bers have a bipartite structure Their C-terminal domains
have the features of the MC superfamily and their N-terminal
extensions harbor EF-hand Ca2+-binding motifs [6]
Aralar1 and citrin, two members of the CaMC subfamily,
are nuclear-encoded proteins, with genes in human
chromosome 2 (SLC25A12 [9,10]) and 7 (SLC25A13 [8,11]), respectively As recently demonstrated, aralar1 and citrin are isoforms of the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier (AGC) [12] which catalyzes a 1 : 1 exchange of aspartate for glutamate and plays an important role in the malate/aspartate shuttle, urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis from lactate [13–15] These two AGC isoforms are activated
by Ca2+on the external face of the inner mitochondrial membrane [12]
Mutations in the human gene coding for citrin are responsible for adult-onset type II citrullinemia (CTLN2: 603471) [8,16], an autosomal recessive disease caused by a liver-specific deficiency in argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) In the liver, the AGC plays an important role in the urea cycle by providing aspartate for incorporation into argininosuccinate [17] The mutations in the citrin gene in patients affected by CTLN2 cause either truncation of the protein or deletion of a loop between the transmembrane spans [8,16], impairing the function of citrin as an AGC in mitochondria This impairment would presumably lead to a failure in the supply of aspartate from mitochondria for argininosuccinate synthesis, with consequent alterations in the stability/activity of liver ASS, one of the symptoms of CTLN2
Citrin is strongly expressed in both liver and kidney [6–8,18] However, CTLN2 is a liver-specific metabolic
Correspondence to J Satru´stegui, Departamento de Biologı´a
Molecular, Centro de Biologı´a Molecular Severo Ochoa,
Universidad Auto´noma de Madrid, 28049-Madrid, Spain.
Fax: 00 34 91 3974799, Tel.: 00 34 91 3974872,
E-mail: jsatrustegui@cbm.uam.es
Abbreviations: AGC, aspartate/glutamate carrier; MC, mitochondrial
carrier; CaMC, calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier; CTLN2,
adult-onset type II citrullinemia; ASS, argininosuccinate synthetase.
(Received 14 February 2002, revised 19 April 2002,
accepted 23 May 2002)
Trang 2deficiency, and ASS levels are normal in other tissues such
as kidney [8,19] This difference can be explained by the
observation that aralar1, the second human AGC isoform,
is also expressed in kidney [6,18] and human kidney cell lines
[12,18], therefore it may compensate for the loss of citrin in
the kidney of patients with CTLN2 This raises a general
question of whether the two isoforms are expressed in the
same tissues and cell types and whether these isoforms play
the same role
To address the first of these questions, we have now
studied the expression of aralar1 and citrin throughout
mouse development and in tissues of the adult rat with the
use of isoform-specific probes and antibodies Our results
indicate that the two isoforms are widely expressed
throughout embryogenesis with a dynamic expression
pattern The characteristic expression of aralar1 in skeletal
muscle and citrin in liver is only manifested at E18 or after
birth, respectively Aralar1, but not citrin, is expressed early
(E11) in heart and it is preferentially localized to auricular
myocardium in late embryonic stages Whereas citrin is
preferentially expressed in liver and kidney, the classical
gluconeogenic organs, a number of adult tissues and cell
types were found to express aralar1 preferentially over
citrin, including the adult lung and hematopoietic cells
M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S
Animals and tissues
mRNA expression was examined in Balb/c mice and Wistar
rats Animals were kept in climate-controlled quarters under
a 12-h light cycle with free access to water and standard
chow diet The animal facilities fulfilled the requirements of
the European laws, and the highest standards of animal care
were met in all experimental protocols
Mouse embryos were collected from timed pregnant
Balb/c mice The day of vaginal plug appearance was
considered embryonic day 0.5 (E0.5) The following tissues
and organs were dissected from 3-month-old rats: liver,
forebrain, cerebellum, heart, small intestine, stomach, lung,
kidney, testis, ovary, white adipose tissue, pancreas, bone
marrow, spleen and muscle Bone marrow was obtained
from the tibia bone Rat pancreatic b islets were isolated by
collagenase digestion and standard procedures [20] Brown
adipose tissue was collected from 1-day-old pups Rat
fetuses staged at embryonic day 18 (E18) delivered by
cesarian section and newborn pups (1–6 h after
sponta-neous delivery) were used to study postnatal development of
the liver
Cell lines
HEK-293Tcells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified
Eagle’s medium containing 5% fetal bovine serum
(Gibco-BRL) at 37C in a 7% CO2 atmosphere RAW 264 and
Jurkat cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium with 5%
fetal bovine serum under identical conditions
Probes
The mouse aralar1 probe used was a 381-bp PstI fragment
obtained from the mouse ESTclone W82002 (ATCC) A
probe specific for mouse citrin was generated by RT-PCR
using 2 lg total RNA obtained from adult mouse liver as template The oligonucleotides used, ara2-rat5 (5¢-AT
(5¢-TCCATGGGTGTAACCTGACC-3¢), were designed from mouse citrin cDNA sequence [11] The amplified fragment was subcloned into the blunted pSTBlue-1 (Novagen) and verified by sequencing
In situ hybridization The 381-bp and 557-bp fragments of aralar1 and citrin cDNA were transcribed to generate digoxigenin-labeled antisense and sense cRNA probes Whole-mount in situ hybridizations were performed as described [21] Briefly, hybridizations were carried out at 65C in 50% formamide Post-hybridization washes were performed at the same temperature and in the same buffer Embryos staged at embryonic day 11 (E11) were hybridized in toto After hybridization, embryos were photographed, dehydrated, embedded in Paraplast, and sectioned with a microtome at
18 lm For older embryos, E18.5, hybridizations were carried out on tissue sections Embryos were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.3, at
4C overnight and then cryoprotected by immersion in 30% sucrose solution in phosphate buffer Cryostat sections 16–20 lm thick were mounted on 2% 3-aminopropyltri-ethoxysilane-coated slides, air-dried, and permeabilized with proteinase K (10 lgÆmL)1 in NaCl/Pi containing 0.1% Tween) for 5–10 min at room temperature Sections were then postfixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffer, prehybridized for 1 h at 65C in 50% formamide, and incubated with probes for 16 h at 65C All the staining patterns described below were obtained only with antisense riboprobes and not with control sense riboprobes RNA analysis
Total RNA was extracted from rat tissues using the guanidine isothiocyanate method Northern blot analysis was carried out using 20 lg total RNA from different rat tissues as previously described [7] As human and rat nucleotide sequences are highly homologous ( 90% identity), we used fragments of human citrin and aralar1 cDNAs as probes
100C for 30 min, and reprobed under identical conditions Antibodies
An antibody to the N-terminal half of aralar1 (amino acids 12–343) was described previously [6] A citrin-specific antibody was generated to amino acids 9–278 of the N-terminal half of citrin expressed in bacteria The construct for bacterial expression has been previously described [7] In addition, selected regions of human citrin (amino acids 305– 319) and human aralar1 (amino acids 507–520), with Jameson and Wolf antigenic indexes of 1.7, as predicted
by the peptidestructure program from the CGC (Genetic Computer Group, Madison, WI, USA) package, were used
to generate epitope-specific antibodies These regions of human aralar1 and citrin are conserved in the mouse proteins The citrin 305–319 peptide was conjugated with mcKLH (mariculture keyhole limpet hemocyanin) using an Imject Immunogen EDC conjugation kit (Pierce) The
Trang 3aralar1 507–520 peptide was conjugated with
maleimide-activated mcKLH (Pierce) through a cysteine added at the
N-terminus of the peptide, as recommended by the supplier
The purified citrin protein (amino acids 9–278) and
mcKLH-conjugated peptides were injected into rabbits
using standard immunization procedures
Westerns blots
Rat tissues were homogenized in 250 mM sucrose/10 mM
Tris/HCl (pH 7.4)/protease inhibitors (1 mMiodoacetamide
and 1 mMphenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride) and centrifuged
at 750 g (10 min) The supernatant was then centrifuged at
10 000 g (15 min), and the pellets were collected to obtain
the crude mitochondrial fractions Cells were scraped into
250 mMsucrose/20 mMHepes/10 mMKCl/1.5 mMMgCl2/
1 mM EDTA/1 mM EGTA/1 mM dithiothreitol/protease
inhibitors, pH 7.4, homogenized and subjected to
differen-tial centrifugations as described above
Mitochondrial fractions were analysed by Western
blot-ting using an Enhanced Chemiluminiscence (ECL) kit
(Amersham) Antibody to the N-terminus of aralar1 was
used at a dilution of 1 : 5000, and antibodies to the
N-terminus of citrin, citrin 305–319 and aralar1 507–520
were used at a dilution of 1 : 2000 To control for the amount
of mitochondrial protein loaded, blots were stripped and
incubated with an antibody to the mitochondrial protein
b-F1ATPase (a gift from J M Cuezva, Centro de Biologia
Molecular devero Ochoa, JAM, Spain)
1 : 5000 The densities of the bands were evaluated with a
Bio-Rad GS-710 calibrated imaging densitometer
Immunocytochemistry
The animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital,
and perfused through the cardiac ventricle, first with 50 mL
0.9% NaCl followed by 250 mL fixative solution containing
4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1Mphosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at
room temperature The tissues were removed, postfixed at
4C for 24 h, and cryoprotected by immersion in 30%
sucrose Free-floating cryostat 40-lm-thick sections were
first quenched with 3% H2O2in 10% methanol for 20 min in
potassium phosphate-buffered saline (NaCl/Pi) After this
treatment, the sections were preincubated for 2–3 h in NaCl/
Picontaining 5% horse serum and 0.25% Triton X-100 and
incubated overnight with antiaralar1 antibody at a dilution
of 1 : 100 in 1% horse serum and 0.25% Triton X-100 in
NaCl/Pi Secondary biotinylated antibody (goat anti-rabbit;
Vector; 1 : 150 dilution) was then incubated for 1–2 h,
followed by a 1-h reaction with avidin–biotin–peroxidase
complexes (regular ABC kit Vectastain; Vector) Sections
were developed using 0.05% 3,3-diaminobenzidine (Sigma)
in the presence of 0.03% H2O2 in NaCl/Pi for 1–2 min
Sections were mounted on to polylysine-coated slides,
dehydrated, delipidated, and mounted in DPX (BDH)
R E S U L T S
Expression ofaralar1 and citrin during embryonic
mouse development
The expression of aralar1 and citrin was studied by using
in situhybridizations in toto or on cryostat tissue sections,
depending on the stage of the embryos The data obtained partially confirmed and further extended those reported by Sinasac et al [11] on embryonic expression of citrin in mouse
At E11, the earliest stage analyzed, both aralar1 and citrin were expressed throughout the developing embryo, with stronger expression in the branchial arches, the developing dermomyotome, the limb and the tail buds (Fig 1A–E,a–e)
In spite of the apparent similarities in distribution, citrin expression was predominantly, although not uniquely, associated with the ectodermal, whereas aralar1 expression was more abundant in the mesenchymal components of these structures (Fig 1B–E,b–e) In particular, citrin but not aralar1 was strongly expressed in the apical ectodermal ridge of the limb and on the tip of the tail bud (Fig 1A,B)
As an additional difference between the two genes, aralar1 but not citrin transcripts were found in the heart (Fig 1C,c)
At later stages of development (E13–E15), the mRNAs of the two genes were also detected in neural tissue A few days later (E18), the expression of aralar1 and, to a lesser extent, citrinbecame clearly localized to selected brain regions such
as the cortex and hippocampus, the ventromedial thalamus, the mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb (Fig 1L–M,l–m), and the developing striatum (not shown) In the peripheral nervous system, aralar1 and citrin mRNAs were detected, at similar levels, in the trigeminal ganglia (Fig 1L,l)
At E18, when organogenesis becomes a predominant event in embryonic development, the mRNAs of the two genes became differentially localized to particular organs and tissues Skeletal muscle showed high levels of aralar1 expression, whereas the detection of citrin was negligible in this tissue (compare Fig 1K with 1k) Similarly, aralar1 but not citrin transcripts were present in the heart, mainly confined to the auricular myocardium (compare Fig 1I with 1i) The gut endothelium expressed both citrin and aralar1(Fig 1f–g,F–G), aralar1 transcripts being localized
to the basolateral region of the enterocytes (Fig 1g) Gut endothelium is a site where arginine biosynthesis occurs in the suckling rat [22] and where the AGCs probably function
to provide aspartate for argininosuccinate synthesis Both genes were also expressed in the kidney but with a differential distribution (Fig 1H,h) In particular, only high levels of citrin transcripts were found in the epithelium of the tubules, whereas the expression of aralar1 was associated with mesenchymal components (Fig 1H,h)
In summary, the two AGC isoforms have a partially overlapping expression pattern at early stages of embryo-genesis At later stages, the expression domain of the two genes diverges, and aralar1 distribution becomes predom-inant in brain, heart and skeletal muscle, whereas citrin expression only predominates in kidney
Distribution of AGC isoforms in tissues from the adult rat
In adult rat tissues, the distribution of aralar1 and citrin transcripts was analysed by Northern blot Two aralar1 transcripts of 2.7 and 3.8 kb were detected in all positive tissues (Fig 2A) as in humans [6] The hybridization signal was higher for the 2.7-kb than the 3.8-kb mRNA Expres-sion was stronger in heart and skeletal muscle, followed by brain, and lower in kidney No aralar1 mRNA was detected
in liver On the other hand, the rat citrin gene presented a
Trang 4single transcript of about 3 kb, consistent with the size of
the mouse citrin cDNA and with the data reported for
human [7,11,18] Citrin mRNA was abundant in liver,
kidney and heart but was notably absent from brain or
skeletal muscle Therefore, the expression pattern of both
citrinand aralar1 in rat is consistent with that described for
human and mouse tissues [6,8,18]
The data on the mRNA distribution of the AGC
isoforms were complemented by the analysis of the content
of the respective proteins in mitochondria-enriched extracts using Western blots with isoform-specific antibodies As shown in Fig 2B, aralar1 levels were highest in heart, forebrain, cerebellum and skeletal muscle, in agreement with its mRNA distribution Mitochondrial extracts from two types of skeletal muscles, the fast-twitch glycolytic extensor digitorum longus and the slow-twitch oxidative soleus, showed similar levels of aralar1 protein In heart, aralar1 levels were higher in auricular than ventricular
Fig 1 Comparison of expression pattern of citrin and aralar1 during murine embryonic development Whole embryos from embryonic day (E) 11 (A–E, a–e), in toto E18 isolated organs (H–I, h–i), or transverse E18 cryostat tissue sections (F, G, L, M; f, g, l, m) were hybridized with digoxigenin-labeled probes specific for the citrin or aralar1 genes Images in (A–E) and (a–e) show E11 embryos, in toto (A, a) and in transverse paraffin sections (B–E, b–e) taken from the embryos in (A and a) at the axial levels indicated by the dotted lines Note the strong expression in the limb (B) and tail buds (arrowhead in A), in the branchial arches (D) and dermomyotome (E), more strongly localized in the ectodermal component for citrin (A–E), while to the mesenchyme for aralar1 (a–e) At E11, aralar1 (c) but not citrin (C) was expressed in the heart Images in (F–M; f–m) illustrate the comparative expression of citrin and aralar1 in the gut (F–G; f–g), kidney (H, h), heart (I, i), skeletal muscle (K, k), cortex (L, l), olfactory bulbs (M, m) from E18 embryos Note the stronger expression of aralar1 in skeletal muscle, heart and neural tissue Note also the basolateral localization of the in situ hybridization signal in the cells of the gut Abbreviations: aer, apical ectodermal ridge; am, auricular myocardium; ba, branchial arch; cx, cortex; dm, dermomyotome; h, heart, hc, hippocampus; lb, limb bud; mcl, mitral cell layer; smf, skeletal muscle fiber; tg, trigeminal ganglia; vmt; ventromedial thalamus Scale bars ¼ 500 lm (B, b; D, d; F, f; H, h; I, i; L, i); 250 lm (C, c; E, e; M, m); 100 lm (K, k); 50 lm (G, g).
Trang 5myocardium (Fig 2C) Lower levels of aralar1 were also
present in a wide range of tissues, including lung, kidney,
ovary, spleen, pancreas (particularly in b islets) and stomach
and to an even lower extent in mitochondrial extracts of
testis, intestine and liver
Citrin was absent from the central nervous system,
skeletal muscle and lung but abundant in liver, kidney and
heart, in agreement with its mRNA distribution Weaker
expression was also observed in ovary, testis, spleen,
stomach and pancreas, but not in b islets (Fig 2B) Citrin
and aralar1 were hardly observed at all in the adult intestine
(Fig 2B), where their expression was instead high at
embryonic day 18–19 (Fig 1F–G,f–g and [18]) Neither
aralar1 nor citrin were detectable in either brown or white
adipose tissue (Fig 2B) It is interesting to note that aralar1
protein is present in lung, where aralar1 mRNA was not
detectable [6,8,18] Similarly, citrin and aralar1 proteins, but
not their corresponding mRNAs [18], were detected in
spleen and testis Altogether, these results show that mRNA
levels are poor indicators of the levels of the AGC proteins
To assess the relative expression of aralar1 and citrin,
mitochondrial fractions from a few representative tissues
were processed in parallel with either known amounts of recombinant citrin [7] and aralar1 [6] or mitochondrial fractions from HEK-293Tcells overexpressing either aralar1 or citrin, or control HEK-293Tcells, which have citrin/aralar1 ratios of about 0.5, 12, and 2.4, respectively [12] Serial dilution of the recombinant proteins (Fig 2D) or mitochondrial extracts from HEK-293Tcells overexpress-ing aralar1 or citrin (not shown) revealed a linear relation between the amounts of the protein and the densities of the immunoreactive bands The analysis indicated that spleen, heart (particularly the ventricle), ovary, and stomach have similar levels of citrin and aralar1 Liver, kidney, whole pancreas and testis clearly have higher levels of citrin than aralar1 In contrast, central nervous system tissue, skeletal muscle, lung and possibly auricular myocardium (Fig 2C) predominantly have aralar1
Expression ofaralar1 in cells from the hematopoietic system
Citrin is expressed at high levels in the liver This molecule is the liver-specific AGC isoform, as citrin deficiency causes
Fig 2 Pattern of expression of aralar1 and citrin in adult rat tissues (A) Northern blot analysis of tissue-specific expression patterns of AGC isoforms Northern blots with 20 lg total RNA from adult rat heart, kidney, brain, liver and skeletal muscle were hybridized with a 32 P-labeled DNA probe of human aralar1 under high-stringency conditions The blot was subsequently stripped and reprobed under identical conditions with a human citrin probe The size of the specific transcripts is indicated Staining with ethidium bromide was carried out to verify the amount of RNA loaded (lower panel) (B) Distribution of AGC isoforms in rat tissues; 20–30 lg mitochondrial protein was used for all tissues except for b islets where 20 lg total protein extract obtained from 500 pancreatic islets was used Blots for citrin and aralar1 were performed in parallel and reincubated with anti-(b-F 1 ATPase) Aralar1 was detected with an antibody directed against its N-terminus, or against Aralar1 amino acids 507–
520 (results not shown) Citrin antibodies were against its N-terminus (upper panels) or against citrin amino acids 305–319 (lower panels), both at
1 : 2000 dilution Bands correspond to 70 kDa (aralar1 and citrin) and 52 kDa for b-F 1 ATPase (C) Western blot analysis of aralar1 and citrin in auricular and ventricular myocardium 20 lg of atria (A) and ventricle (V) mitochondrial extracts from two different animals were analysed The blot was incubated with anti-(aralar N-terminus) (1 : 5000) and anti-(b-F 1 ATPase) (1 : 5000), stripped and probed again with anti-(citrin N-terminus) (1 : 2000) The amount of aralar1 (standardized to that of b-F 1 ATPase) was 1.5 and 0.9 in atria and ventricles, respectively No significant changes between atria and ventricle are observed for citrin levels (0.86 and 0.64 standardized values, in atria and ventricles, respectively) (D) Immunoblotting of increasing amounts of recombinant citrin and aralar1 Known amounts (as indicated) of bacterially expressed aralar1 and citrin N-terminal regions were loaded on to gels and blotted and processed in parallel with an identical dilution (1 : 2000) of their respective specific antiserum antibodies Note the different amounts of recombinant aralar1 and citrin used.
Trang 6CTLN2 [8,23], indicating that aralar1 does not compensate
for the loss of citrin in liver Surprisingly, however, we
detected a low but unequivocal presence of aralar1 protein
in the adult liver (Fig 2B, see also Fig 3C) Furthermore,
even though aralar1 mRNA was not detected by Northern
blots of whole liver (Fig 2A), similarly to that reported by
Iijima et al [18] for different liver cell types (hepatocytes,
stellate, endothelial and Kupffer cells), rat aralar1 cDNA
was readily amplified by RT-PCR from liver mRNA (A del
Arco et al., unpublished data), indicating that aralar1
transcripts are present in this tissue, albeit at very low levels
To determine the cellular source of aralar1, sections from
adult rat liver were immunostained with specific antibodies
As observed in Fig 3A, aralar1 was not localized to the
parenchymal hepatocytes, but to sparse spindle-shaped cells
which, by morphological criteria and position, probably
correspond to Kupffer cells, the liver resident macrophages
[24] The fact that Iijima et al [18] did not detect aralar1
mRNA in isolated Kupffer cells in Northern blots probably
reflects either changes in aralar1 mRNA during isolation
and plating of the cells or the lack of correspondence
between the AGC mRNA and protein levels, a situation
also found for both aralar1 and citrin in lung, spleen and
testis, as mentioned above The presence of aralar1 in
Kupffer cells is further supported by the observation that
aralar1 is expressed by other cells of the hematopoietic
system Thus, it is present in mitochondrial extracts
obtained from a murine macrophage-like cell line, the
RAW 264 cells (Fig 3B) Aralar1 mRNA and protein were
also detected in Jurkat cells and human T-lymphocytes,
respectively (Fig 3B and data not shown) and in bone
marrow (Fig 3B) In contrast, citrin was not detected in
RAW 264 cells (Fig 3B), and citrin mRNA and protein
were absent from human T-lymphocytes and Jurkat cells [7]
(Fig 3B)
Fetal liver together with the yolk sac are the
hemato-poietic organs in prenatal mammalian development [25] We
detected by Western blotting aralar1 and citrin in liver
mitochondrial extracts from rat embryos (E18), neonates
(1–6 h after birth, P0) and adult animals (3 months old, A)
Figure 3C shows that aralar1 levels decreased dramatically
after birth, from about 3.9 at E18 to 2.3 in P0 and 0.9 in
adults (numbers correspond to the aralar1 signal
standard-ized to that of b-F1ATPase; mean of two experiments) This decrease matches the gradual loss of liver hematopoiesis at the end of fetal life, when spleen and bone marrow become the major hematopoietic organs [24] In contrast, citrin levels in liver mitochondrial extracts increased markedly during postnatal development (Fig 3C) Indeed, Iijima
et al [18] found that citrin expression increases in liver just before birth, in parallel to that of ASS and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, to provide full development of the urea cycle early in postnatal life [26]
D I S C U S S I O N
This study shows the mitochondrial expression levels of aralar1 and citrin proteins in a large number of tissues and organs The distribution of aralar1 and citrin mRNAs has been previously compared in different tissues and during postnatal development [8,18] Although the protein levels in some tissues are consistent with their mRNA data, we have obtained new information on the tissue distribution of the AGCs which is of great interest in the search for specific functions for these proteins In particular, aralar1 is present
in many more tissues than suggested by its mRNA distribution [6–8,18] Thus, although aralar1 mRNA is highly represented in brain, skeletal muscle and heart, aralar1 protein is not restricted to these excitable tissues but
it is also found in lung, stomach, pancreas (particularly
b cells), kidney, and ovary, and it is the main isoform present in hematopoietic tissues On the other hand, citrin was expressed not only in kidney and liver, the classic gluconeogenic organs, but was present at significant levels in heart, stomach, pancreas and testis The absence of detectable aralar1 mRNA in tissues where aralar1 protein
is readily observed suggests that its expression may be regulated at post-transcriptional levels, as is known for other mitochondrial proteins involved in bioenergetic func-tions [27]
The distribution of citrin mRNA in mouse embryos has been studied previously [11] However, this is the first time that aralar1 expression has been studied in mouse embryos
by in situ hybridization and compared with that of citrin In contrast with the situation in the adult animal, this study shows that there is a wide overlap in the expression of the
Fig 3 Expression of aralar1 in cells of the immune system (A) Immunohistochemical detection of aralar1 in liver rat sections Aralar1 positive cells are indicated by arrows No signal is observed in hepatocytes Those sections in which either the primary or secondary antibodies or the ABC reagent were omitted were negative Scale bar ¼ 75 lm (B) Western blot analysis of aralar1 and citrin in cells from the immune system and hematopoietic tissues Mitochondrial extracts (20 lg) obtained from human Jurkat cells (a T-cell leukemia cell line) and the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264, as well as the hematopoietic tissues, bone marrow and spleen, were loaded on to gels Mitochondrial extracts from HEK-293Tcells with a known aralar1/citrin ratio were included as an internal control [12] The membranes were processed as described in Fig 2B
aralar1 N-terminus (1 : 5000) and citrin N-terminus (1 : 2000) (C) Western blot analysis of AGC isoforms during rat liver development The mitochondrial extracts (20 lg per lane) were obtained from fetuses at embryonic day 18 (E18), from pups 1–6 h after birth (P0), and from 3-month-old rats (A) The blots were processed as described in the legend to Fig 2B
Trang 7two isoforms during early embryogenesis At early stages of
embryonic development, the mRNAs of both isoforms were
localized particularly in actively growing structures (limb
and tail buds, apical ectodermal ridge, etc.) but with
different tissue distributions Later, the two isoforms show a
widespread and dynamic expression pattern that does not
always reflect their final distribution in adult tissues For
example, both aralar1 and citrin mRNAs are expressed in
the dermamyotome, from which skeletal muscle will
originate, but there is progressive loss of citrin expression
throughout embryogenesis (compare Fig 1K with 1k), and
it is finally absent from adult skeletal muscle Similarly, both
aralar1and citrin are expressed in the central and peripheral
nervous system at E18, but only aralar1 is observed in the
adult brain In contrast, only aralar1 was expressed in
the developing heart, but both AGC isoforms are present in
the adult rat tissue (Fig 2) Interestingly, however, the two
isoforms are differentially distributed, and aralar1 is more
abundant in the atrial myocardium
Overall, the substantial overlap in the distribution of the
two AGC isoforms in early embryos suggests a redundancy
of function and may explain why CTLN2 patients with
non-functional citrin protein do not suffer from major
develop-mental symptoms The finding that most adult tissues
express aralar1, with the notable exception of liver
hepato-cytes, contrasts with previous indications that aralar1
distribution was restricted to excitable tissues [6–8] and
may explain why citrin deficiency only affects the liver
Indeed, CTLN2 patients have normal levels of ASS in
tissues other than the liver [8,18,19,28], suggesting that
the function provided by citrin, i.e, the efflux of aspartate
from mitochondria as substrate of ASS, can also be
accomplished by aralar1, a protein more widely expressed
than previously believed This argues against major
func-tional differences between the two isoforms, and is
consis-tent with the results obtained with the recombinant proteins
reconstituted in proteoliposomes, and expressed in human
cells [12] On the other hand, the presence of a single major
AGC isoform, aralar1, in skeletal muscle, central nervous
system, and cells from the hematopoietic system suggests
that mutations in aralar1 would have a preferential impact
in these tissues
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Direccion
General de Investigacio´n Cientı´fica y T e´cnica, Comunidad Auto´noma
de Madrid, Quı´mica Farmace´utica Bayer, S.A., and by an institutional
grant from the Fundacio´n Ramo´n Areces to the Centro de Biologı´a
Molecular Severo Ochoa We thank Dr Isabel Valverde for providing
the extracts of b islets and Professor J M Cuezva for the gift of
antibodies to b-F 1 ATPase We also thank Dr Alberto
Martı´nez-Serrano for critical reading of the manuscript.
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