Articles about east africas second swarm of locusts on CNN com, the guardian com, CBN com on august 2020

Word formation in article articles about East Africa's second swarm of locusts 2020 .... Limitation of the study Among various kinds of literary works, the researcher uses 20 English art

ACADEMY OF JOURNALISM AND

COMMUNICATION Faculty of Foreign Languages

Articles about East Africa's second swarm of locusts on CNN.com, the guardian.com, CBN.Com on August

2020 (An Assignment on Translate Practice)

By: La Chi Cuong – ETE 39 Supervisor: Assoc Prof, Dr Nguyen Thanh Huong

HANOI, 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION: 5

1.1 Rationale 5

1.2 Aim of the study 5

1.3 Limitation of the study 6

1.4 Method of the study 6

1.5 Design of the study 6

2 TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF AN ARTICLE ON THE GUARDIAN, BBC AND CBN 7

2.1 Headlines 7

2.2 Leads 8

2.3 Bodies 9

2.4 Endings 9

2.5 Conclusion 10

3 LEXICAL FEATURES OF SELECTED ARTICLES ABOUT EAST AFRICA'S SECOND SWARM OF LOCUSTS ON THE GUARDIAN AND CBN, CNN 10

3.1 Word formation in article articles about East Africa's second swarm of locusts 2020 10

3.1.1 Affixes 10

3.1.2 Compound 13

3.1.3 Shortening 16

3.1.4 Back formation 17

3.1.5 Conversion or functional shift 19

3.1.6 Borrowed words 20

3.2 Types of relationships between words in selected articles 20

3.2.1 Hyponymy 20

3.2.2 Part/ whole relationships 22

3.2.3 Synonymy 23

3.2.4 Antonymy 24

3.2.5 Converseness 25

3.2.6 Polysemy and homonymy 25

3.2.7 Metaphorical extension 26

3.3 Syntactical features of selected articles about East Africa's second swarm of locusts 2020 on theguardian, CBN, CNN 26

3.3.1 Typical sentence patterns of selected articles 26

3.3.2 Noun phrases in articles selected articles and Vietnamese equivalent 33

3.3.3 Nominalization in selected articles and their Vietnamese equivalents 38

3.3.4 Headline interpreting 39

3.4 Terms and expressions about locust plague in Africa and their Vietnamese equivalents 42

4 TRANSLATION OF SELECTED ARTICLES 43

4.1 Article 1 43

4.2 Article 2 46

4.3 Article 3 47

4.4 Article 5 49

4.5 Article 7 51

4.6 Article 9 52

4.7 Article 13 54

4.8 Article 15 59

4.9 Article 16 61

4.10 Article 18 63

5 CONCLUSION 66

6 APENDIX 67

7 REFERENCES 93

ABBREVIATION

Proper Noun N.prop

Common Noun + -ed N-ed2

Abbreviation of Noun N.abbr

Verb to infinitive V.to.inf Bare Infinitive V.bare Past Participle V.ed2

Present Participle -ing

1 INTRODUCTION:

1.1 Rationale

In the process of globalization, the frequent contact demands required global citizens to be able to deliver their message adequately, thus, the importance of language is put to the front Language and culture are mutual support of each other The culture engaged in the message that people in one culture convey to others in another culture One of the common representations of language and culture is literature or in journalism papers such as articles Therefore to achieve the target, most

of linguistic aspects and their implementation would finally be well mastered

This was due to the fact that each language has some differences and similarities dealing with linguistic aspects Then, later on the language competence of the learners would finally be getting better and better because they find it easier to learn the new language if there are similarities of linguistic aspects between the source language and the target language being learnt Hence finally, a translator would find it easier also to translate a text if the the source text being translated had similarities of linguistic aspects with those of the target one

1.2 Aim of the study

This study aims at describing the relationship between contrastive analysis and translation study between English and Vietnamese equivalent

The first sematic elemnt referred to the language study which is analyzed in

accordance with the rule and structure of the language itself Meanwhile the second one is concerned with the relationship between the language and some other related factors, such as in analyzing the text

1.3 Limitation of the study

Among various kinds of literary works, the researcher uses 20 English articles about second wave of locust swarms in East Africa 2020 on the guardian.com, CNN.com, CBN.com The reason to choose material: CBN, CNN, The guardian that one of the world‟s leading online news sectors – in the form of successful global champions is CNN, CBN and the guardian The research is based on the corpus of 2 newspapers drawn from online British newspaper BBC in mid – September, 2019 and

in 2020 Next are 12 online newspapers on the guardian and 4 feature-story forms CBN

1.4 Method of the study

This study is based on the method of aggregating, analyzing available materials

to conclude and to bring the most thorough understanding of Articles about second wave of locust swarms in East Africa 2020, bring new knowledge and hone existing knowledge to the researchers

1.5 Design of the study

This study is designed as an academic study, aiming to understand News articles

in English language; lexical, syntactical features of how to correctly use them, and analyzing example as well as exercises to further consolidate the knowledge of researchers

2 TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF AN ARTICLE ON THE GUARDIAN, CNN AND CBN

2.1 Headlines

Headlines are regarded as one of the most eye-catching aspects of newspaper stories, and they are frequently read first, along with graphics Headlines are important elements that draw readers' attention immediately after they purchase a newspaper Only eye-grabbing headlines can capture the reader's attention and persuade him or her

to read They are similar to tale leads, but with fewer words and in larger print

Headlines have two main purposes;

 To grab the reader‟s attention

 To tell the reader what the story is about

 Almost articles‟s headlines The guardian and CNN.com are in form of brief sentences:

“Locust crisis poses a danger to millions, forecasters warn”

-The guardian.com-

 Headlines grab the reader‟s attention

”Huge locust swarms raise fears of food shortages in South Sudan”

 In general, the headline must tell the news What they say is the single most urgent news point, accurately, intelligibly and impartially

2.2 Leads

A lead paragraph (shortened lead) is the introductory paragraph of an article that outlines its key points The emphasis of article leads is on capturing the reader's attention It provides readers with the most important information in a clear, succinct, and fascinating manner

Most conventional news leads feature quick answers to the 5WH questions

"What, where, when, who, why, and how" the important event in the article occurred

Experienced reporters always ask these questions:

 The “who”, noun, can refer to a person, a group, a building, an institution, a concept anything about which a story can be written

 What is the action taking places It is a verb that tells what the who is doing Reporters should always use active voices and action verbs for the what because they make the wording direct and lively When tells the time the action is happening It is an adverb or an adverb phrase

 Where is the place the action is happening Again, it is an adverb or adverb or adverb phrase

 Why, another adverb, explains the action in the lead

 How usually describes the manner in which action occurs

 The Leads in CNN , CBN and The guardian are the first sentences or the first paragraphs in the articles

For example, in the guardian news the leads is bolded

UN warns of „alarming and unprecedented threat‟ to food security and

livelihoods in the region

 “Who” in the lead above? It‟s said UN is take action in warning

 “What” is the alarming and unpreceden threat? “What” is UN‟s warning? The lead said that food security and livelihoods in the region

 “Where”? – In the region/UN

 “Why?” Because It‟s threat to food security and livelihoods

[Art.11] There are many ways to begin a feature story: The descriptive lead, the narrative, summary lead, the contrast/ comparison lead, the shocking statement lead, the suspense or teaser lead, the literary of historical allusion lead

2.3 Bodies

The primary news piece is written from the bottom up In other words, the most relevant information is presented first, and each paragraph provides fewer and fewer details In news story writing, putting the most important information first The author begins with the six questions that have already been answered in the leads

The inverted pyramid is used commonly on 20 articles about East Africa's second swarm of locusts in 2020 on the guardian.com, CNN.com, CBN Inverted pyramid serves readers who want the high-lights right away For those who want to know more, additional details follow later

2.4 Endings

The closing paragraphs of the articles are crucial as lead paragraphs The most important material is placed at the beginning of the story and the less important information follows, It is effective because it tells the reader quickly what they want to know, but can make the ending boring, with no suspens

Ending or conclusion is the paragraph of the article The purpose of the ending

is to sums up everything within the article It might include a final quote, a descriptive

scene, a play on the title or lead, a summary statement, or some of the writer's personal opinions

Example of an ending:

“The World Bank has said the insects could cost East Africa and Yemen $8.5 billion this year, and the FAO's Ethiopia representative Fatouma Seid fears the pattern of destruction will be repeated next year

"Infestation will continue into 2021 We are being re-invaded and the swarms will then

go to Kenya," she said.”

2.5 Conclusion

After analyzing the typical structure of 20 articles about second wave of locust swarms in East Africa 2020 on the guardian and CBN, CNN These articles both have four main sections: Headline, lead, body and ending Beside these parts, articles include other illustrated parts such as: Photo for illustration, subtitle, caption, highlighted idea, etc

3 LEXICAL FEATURES OF SELECTED ARTICLES ABOUT EAST AFRICA'S SECOND SWARM OF LOCUSTS ON THE GUARDIAN AND CBN, CNN

3.1 Word formation in article articles about East Africa's second swarm of locusts 2020

3.1.1 Affixes

As a bound morpheme that connects to bases, 'affix' although this appears to be

a straightforward concept, there are at least two fundamental issues First, it is not always clear if something is a bound morpheme or a free morpheme, and it is not always clear whether something is a root or an affix

3.1.1.1 Suffixes

A suffix is a group of letters placed after the root of a word For example, the word flavorless consists of the root word “flavor” combined with the suffix “-less” (which means “without”) the word “flavorless” means “having no flavor.”

Types of suffixes and How Word

-ish (N - Adj) Sluttish

-ed (verb - Adj) Linked, allowed, expected, confirmed, warned,

-y, ful (Adj - N) Hopeful, successfully, powerful, grateful,…

-ment (V - N) Department, development, government,

-er (N – N - Adj) Eaters, eaters, , banker, broker, owner,

-al, -ial (N – Adj) Officials, initial, material, torrential, crucial

3.1.1.2 Preffixes

A prefix is a letter or a group of letters that attaches to the beginning of a word and helps to indicate or modify its meaning An easy example would be the word

„prefix‟ itself! It begins with the prefix pre-, which means „before‟

de- opposite Defeated, describing, deprecating, defend,

deploys…

dis- not, opposite of Distribution, displaced, disruption

impassable

pre- before Predicting, prevent, prepared

sub- under sub-category, subtitle

inter- between Interior, International, Intergovernmental,

3.1.2.2 Compound in Vietnamese

Like English, Vietnamese compounds are words that consist of two or more words which have relationship of meaning and has different meaning from that of individual words

There are three types of compounds in Vietnamese:

Compound Types of

need to pay for food, a place to live, clothing,

an emergency situation in which people are not allowed to freely enter, leave,

or move around in a building or area because

of danger:

a situation in which someone starts

to deal with bad or illegal behaviour in a more

severe way:

mankind N.com – N.com human beings considered collectively;

the human race breakdown V.bare – Prep a mechanical failure

outbreaks Prep – N.com

a time when something suddenly begins, especially a disease or

something else dangerous or unpleasant:

used

to describe an employee who deals directly with customers, or who is directly involved in making a product:

underfunded Prep – V.ed2 If an organization is underfunded, it does

not receive a large enough income:

rainfall, N.com – N.com rain, or the amount of rain that falls:

widespread Adj – N.com existing or happening in many places and/or

among many people:

Shortfall Adj – N.com an amount that is less than the level that

was expected or needed:

a situation in which you balance two opposing situations or qualities:

worst-case Adj – N.com involving the worst situation that is possible:

widespread Adj – N.com found or distributed over a large area or

number of people

A lifetime experience or opportunity is very special because you will probably only have it once:

once-in-a-Manpower N.com -N.com the supply of people who are able to work:

Livestock Adj – N.com animals and birds that are kept on a farm, such as cows, sheep, or chickens

a device that produces a stream of burning liquid and is used for military purposes or for removing plants from an area of wild land

longterm Adj – N.com continuing a long time into the future:

second-most Num - Num as good as the best and therefore not wanted as much:

Basing on the table above, there are 3 main types of compound words used in articles: compound noun, compound adjective and compound verb According to accurate statistics, it is obviously seen that the writer has rich and abundance sources of vocabulary to make the information livelier for the reader

3.1.3 Shortening

Shortening is a comparatively new way of word building and it is now becoming popular with a high degree of productivity, especially in American English One way of shortening is to make a new word from a syllable of the original word in which a part of the stem is retained

3.1.3.1 Acronyms

A Common way of making new short words is acronymy

 Acronyms are the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of

a phrase Words formed in this way can be subdivided into initialisms and acronyms depending on the pronunciation of the words

 According to Bauer L (1983), an acronym is a word coined by taking the initial letters of the words in a title or phrase and using them as a new word

 NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty organization) AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) BASIC (Beginner‟s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) laser (lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) sonar (sound navigation and ranging)

In all the news that I selceted, I haven‟t found any Acronyms

3.1.3.2 Initialims

Initialism is a word made from the first letters of each word in a phrase Unlike acronyms, initialisms cannot be spoken as words: they are spoken letter by letter Examples of initialisms are:

 DVD - Digital Versatile Disc

 ATM - Automated (or Automatic) Teller Machine

Initialisms in articles about Locust crisis spread in India in 2020

 FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization

“The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization has warned that an imminent

second hatch of the insects could threaten the food security of 25 million people

across the region as it enters the cropping season”

 WFP: World Food Programme

3.1.3.3 Blending

Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word, such as smog (smoke + fog) It is a relatively complex form of compounding

3.1.4 Back formation

According to Hogg, R.M (1999), Back information is a form of shortening in which the omitted material is perceived to be a formative, typically an affix It has been

a surprisingly productive source of new words

Generally, Back-information involves the use of analogy to create forms that are similar to ones already in existence in the language It can be also defined as the process of creating new forms by removing affixes from the existing words In other words, back information is the opposite of derivation For example:

As exasperated farmers look for more help

in fighting one of history‟s most persistent

pests, the FAO‟s Locust Watch offers little

consolation

Farmer is back information of farming

1

The locust crisis that has now reached 10

countries could carry on to endanger

millions more people, forecasters have

said

Forecasternis back information

of forecast

2

Kenya is experiencing its worst infestation

for 70 years, with pastoralists

complaining that the vegetation on which

their livestock feeds is being wiped out

Infestation is back information

of infest Pastoralist is back information

of pastroral

5

Although in some areas the floods have

actually revitalised grazing land, according

to Fewsnet‟s decision support adviser

3.1.5 Conversion or functional shift

Functional shift (conversion or zero derivation) is the process by which new words are created by using a word in new functions by shifting, changing or converting its original grammatical class to another class, without any change in its form, according to Byrne, 1978; Pei, 1966

For example, when the word water is used in the following sentence:

 “Give me some water, please! “

It is used as a noun, which is probably its original (and more common) use

 “The children water the plants every morning”

It is used in a new syntactic function, namely, as a verb

13

Transport is a problem,” one says,

describing the cramped trucks they are

moved around in, too packed to sleep

Some of their backpacks leak, dripping

pesticide down the legs of soldiers as

they spray

Transport in Art 13 is a Noun with the meaning with the act

of transporting

12

They have flooded roads, making it

difficult to transport surviving crops, and

forced many farmers to abandon their

homes and fields

Transport in Art 11 has function as a verb means to move from on place to another

Usually, the pronunciation and morphology of the borrowings (borrowed terms

or loanwords) are adapted to the phonology and morphology of the host a native term

or may live along with the native term

3.2 Types of relationships between words in selected articles

3.2.1 Hyponymy

The data are analyzed by classifying the category of each word groups and then they are tabulated according to each classification Upon classifying each category, the total words or phrases on each category coloumn are then calculated in total so as to get the number of the dominant hyponymy category and the least dominant category of hyponymy

Findings and Discussions Upon identifying the data, the researcher analyzed the categories of hyponymy found in 2 short storíe and discovered that there are 16 types

of hyponymy category

These include Tranportation, Number, Animal, Color, Drink, Sex, Clothes, Feather, Occupation, Size, Distance, sense, Age, Part of body, Appearance, Expereinces, Place, Direction,…

Hyponymy category and its definition that found in 20 articles

Transportation

A system or method for carrying passengers or goods from one place to another

When people, goods etc are moved from one place to another

Sense One of the five physical abilities of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell

Animal

Any living creature, like a cow or dog, that is not a bird, insect, fish, or person

Any living creature that can move around

Sex Whether someone is male of female

Clothes Things such as shirts, skirts, or trousers that people wear

Feather One of the light soft things that cover a bird‟s body

Size How big or small something is, a measurement for clothes, shoes, etc Age The number of years someone or something has existed

Place A area with define or indefinite boundaries

Part of body Physical structure of a person or animal

Appearance The way that someone or something looks or seems

Distance The amount space between two places or things

Expereinces A thought or an emotion through the senses or mìnd

Direction The act or function of directing

Based on the above definitions, we then can classify the words that belong to each hyponymy category as listed above

Underline words is Hyponymy of region

3.2.2 Part/ whole relationships

The whole-part lexical relation is an association between a lexical unit representing a part and a lexical unit representing its corresponding whole

Another name for the whole-part lexical relation is meronymy A meronymy is a non-hierarchical relationship between lexical units that deals with the significant parts

of a whole Meronymy may be represented by the following frame: Y has X(s) An X

is a part of Y

For example, in the headline of an articles

 Locusts is a part of insects

Part/ Whole relationships in Articles about second wave of locusts in Africa In

2020

1 “They are aggressive feeders and as such

can cause a lot of damage to crops and

Ten of those countries already have more

than 1 million people on the verge of

starvation, he said

Famine

3

Aerial spraying is the only effective

means of controlling locusts but there

have been complaints that the pesticides

are affecting livestock

Animal in farm

3.2.3 Synonymy

A synonym is a word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word When words or phrases have the same meaning, we say that they are synonymous of each other

They come in all parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and so on

“The current crisis is considered the worst in decades, and there are fears it could last

longer than previous locust outbreaks”

“It is part of a once-in-a-lifetime succession of swarms that have plagued East Africa and the Red Sea region since late 2019, with the coronavirus pandemic exacerbating

the cisis this year”

 Outbreak/ pandemic/ plagued means a time when something suddenly begins, especially a disease or something else dangerous or unpleasant

3.2.4 Antonymy

Definitions: An antonym is a word having a meaning opposite to that of another word, such as hot and cold, short and tall Another word for antonym is counterterm Antonymy is the sense relation that exists between words which are opposite in meaning In Language: Its Structure and Use, Edward Finnegan defines antonymy as "a binary relationship between terms with complementary meanings." The semantic qualities or sense relations that exist between words with opposite meanings in certain contexts Contrast with synonymy

Antonymy is a key feature of everyday life Should further evidence be required, try visiting a public lavatory without checking which is the 'gents' and which

is the 'ladies.' On your way out, ignore the instructions which tell you whether to 'push'

or 'pull' the door And once outside, pay no attention to whether traffic lights are telling you to 'stop' or 'go.' At best, you will end up looking very foolish; at worst, you will end up dead

Antonymy holds a place in society which other sense relations simply do not occupy Whether or not there exists a 'general human tendency to categorize experience

in terms of dichotomous contrast' is not easily gauged, but, either way, our exposure to antonymy is immeasurable: we memorise 'opposites' in childhood, encounter them throughout our daily lives, and possibly even use antonymy as a cognitive device to organise human experience." (Steven Jones, Antonymy: A Corpus-Based Perspective Routledge, 2002)

Examples:

 Big, bulky, full-size, huge / petite, slight, and little

 Smart, clever, canny, bright / stupid, dim, obtuse, foolish, unwise

 Happy, pleased, joyful, ecstatic / sad, gloomy, dejected, miserable

 Healthy, vigorous, fit, strong / sick, unwell, ill, ailing

3.2.5 Converseness

In linguistics, converses or relational antonyms are pairs of words that refer to a relationship from opposite points of view, such as parent/child or borrow/lend The relationship between such words is called a converse relation Converses can be understood as a pair of words where one word implies a relationship between two objects, while the other implies the existence of the same relationship when the objects are reversed Converses are sometimes referred to as complementary antonyms because

an "either/or" relationship is present between them One exists only because the other exists

Examples:

 Above and below

 Employer and employee

 Parent and child

 Teacher and student

 Buy and sell

3.2.6 Polysemy and homonymy

Polysemy refers to words or phrases with different, but related meanings A word becomes polysemous if it can be used to express different meanings The difference between these meanings can be obvious or subtle It is sometimes difficult to determine whether a word is polysemous or not because the relations between words can be vague and unclear But, examining the origins of the words can help to decide whether a word is polysemic or homonymous

Examples:

He drank a glass of milk He forgot to milk the cow

The enraged actor sued the newspaper He read the newspaper

His cottage is near a small wood The statue was made out of a block of

wood

Although the meanings of the underlined word pairs only have a subtle difference The origins of the words are related Such words are generally listed in dictionaries under one entry; numbers may be used to denote the subtle differences

3.2.7 Metaphorical extension

In cognitive linguistics metaphor is regarded as a powerful cognitive instrument for our conceptualization of abstract categories and a natural feature of human language

It compares the unknown to the known, the unfamiliar to the familiar, the simple

to the complicated, the abstract to the concrete, and science to popularity

With the help of metaphor, abstract concepts are specified, complicated meanings are simplified and scientific terms are no longer abstract or boring This has promoted the development and popularization of network technology and computer knowledge to a great extent

3.3 Syntactical features of selected articles about East Africa's second swarm of locusts 2020 on theguardian, CBN, CNN

3.3.1 Typical sentence patterns of selected articles

According to “A university Grammar of English” there are five elements in English sentence, including:

Typical Sentence patterns in in articles about East Africa’s second swarm of

7

“Everyone is talking about” the locusts,

said Yoweri Aboket, a farmer in

Uganda “Once they land in your

garden they do total destruction

S – V (Famer – said)

S – V (Người nông dân nói)

“The current situation in East Africa

remains extremely alarming," a new

UN Food and Agriculture Organization

assessment said "An increasing

number of new swarms are forming in

Kenya, southern Ethiopia and

Somalia.”

S – V (UN assessment – said)

S – V (Đánh giá của liên hợp quốc – cho rằng)

15

In its latest locust watch update, the UN

said the situation was “extremely

alarming” as an increasing number of

new swarms form in north and central

Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia

S – V (UN – said)

S – V (Liên hợp quốc cho rằng)

12

“If it‟s the way we expect, then we

think everything will be OK,” Sakasa

said “But we depend on the rain.”

S – V ( Sakasa – said)

S – V (Sakasa – cho biết)

 SVO

sentences

Vietnamese Equivalent

7

A new wave of locusts is threatening

Africa with devastation and starvation,

even as the COVID-19 pandemic

S – V – O (Waves – is threatening –

S – V – O (Một làn sóng - đang đe dọa - châu

undermines efforts to fight the locust

plague

Afica) Phi – ngay cả khi )

Parts of the continent already

experienced the biggest locust outbreak

in 70 years, just weeks before the

coronavirus hit

S – V – O (continent - experienced – outbreak)

S – V – O (Lục địa – trải qua – đợt bùng phát)

Now a second wave is on its way, with

some locust swarms 20 times the size

of the first

S – V – O (second wave – is – on its way)

S – V (Làn sóng thứ 2 – đang trên đường đến)

Some Africans view the locust swarms

as more destructive than the

coronavirus

S – V – O (Africans - view - locust swarms)

S – V – O (Người dân Châu phi – chứng kiến – trận châu chấu)

Meanwhile, coronavirus-related travel

restrictions around the world are

preventing the importation and delivery

of urgently needed pesticides in some

areas

S – V – O (coronavirus-related – travel - the importation and delivery)

S – V – O (Điều kiện liên quan tới nạn covid – 19 – reo rắt – nạn đói và tính nguy cấp)

 SVA

sentences

Vietnamese Equivalent

1

Gardens with essential crops like

cassava are in grave danger across

Kenya, Ethiopia, South Sudan,

Djibouti, Eritrea, Tanzania and Congo

S – V – A (Gardens – are – in grave danger)

S – V – A (Cánh đồng – hiện đang trong khủng hoảng)

14

This type of prediction analysis means

the UN is on the front foot to know

what‟s coming, and the UN system on

the ground is able to deal with it.”

S – V – A (The UN – is –

on the front foot)

S – V – A (Liên hợp quốc – đang – đi trước)

 SVC

Equivalent

7

The Nairobi-based Climate Prediction

and Application Center said the locusts

are “invading the Eastern Africa region

in exceptionally large swarms like

never seen before."

S – V - C (Application Center – said- (that) the locusts )

S – V – C (Trung tâm ứng dung – nói – rằng, )

And Ethiopia‟s agriculture ministry

says the problem is worsening as the

locust swarms are now appearing in

locations where they had not been

previously sighted

S – V – C (agriculture ministry – says – (that)

S – V – C (Bộ nông nghiệp – cho rằng )

1

He said that in previous decades locust

outbreaks had only lasted roughly two

years but, without preventive systems,

S – V – C (He – said – that)

S – V – C (Ông ấy – nói – rằng)

they will last longer, happen more

frequently and spread further

13

Other soldiers complain that their

masks don‟t work, that the protective

gear is ripped, and that they are

exhausted

S – V – C (Other soldiers – complain – that)

S – V – C (Những người lính khác – than phiền – rằng)

 SVOA

sentences

Vietnamese Equivalent

13

Swarms of locusts – billions in total –

have spread to eight countries in east

Africa, after they crossed the Red Sea

from Yemen at the end of last year

S – V – O – A (Swarms of locusts – have spread – eight countries – in east Africa)

S – V – O – A (Bầy châu chấu –

đã lan ra – 8 thành phố - ở Đông Phi)

4

The finger-length locusts swept into

Kenya from Somalia and Ethiopia after

unusually heavy rains in recent months,

decimating crops in some areas and

threatening millions of vulnerable

people with a hunger crisis

S – V – O – A (Locusts – swept into – Kenya – from Somalia and Ethiopia)

S – V – O – A (Những con châu chấu – tràn vào – Kenya – từ

Ethiopia

 SVOC

Art Paragraph Core sentences Vietnamese

Equivalent

7

This second invasion includes more

developed locusts known as “young

adults,” which are especially voracious

eaters

S – V – O – C (invasion - includes – Locusts - which are)

S – V – O – C (Cuộc xâm chiếm – bao gồm – châu chấu – đó là )

And there are predictions that the locust

plague might cause the coronavirus to

spread even further as people band

together, trying to fight off the swarms

of locusts from eating all their food

S – V – O - C (There – are - predictions - that the locust)

S – V – O - C (Điều đó – là – những dự đoán – rằng nạn châu chấu, )

Some people will even tell you that the

locusts are more destructive than the

coronavirus

S – V – O – C (People - will tell – you – that )

S – V – O – C (Mọi người – sẽ kể

- với bạn – rằng, )

There are even some who don‟t believe

that the virus will reach here.”

S – V – O – C (There – are – even some – who…)

S – V – O – C (Đâu đó – thậm chí

có cả những người – mà họ, )

Because of their tendency of discussing both topic and subject in one phrase and the practice of word-by-word translation, Vietnamese Equivalent frequently repeat

subject and object in their translation, since repeating subject or object helps accentuate

or clarify the statement

3.3.2 Noun phrases in articles selected articles and Vietnamese equivalent

The noun phrase can be defined in many ways; however, most scholar of traditional grammar agree on the following definition which is quoted from A comprehensive grammar of the English language (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1972): “The noun phrase typically functions as subject, object, complement of the sentence and complement of the preposition phrase” It can be inferred from the definition that the functions of noun phrases bring about the recognition of noun phrase

A comlex noun phrase in English often has the following structure:

Premodifier + Head Noun + Postmodifier

Head noun: As in the basic noun phrase, the head noun, first of all is the central element and core component of the complex noun phrase It may be count or mass noun which dictates concord and (for the most part) other kinds of congruence with the rest of the sentence outside the noun phrase

Pre-modifier: The second component of a complex noun phrase is modification, also called pre – modifiers, including modifiers that stand before the head noun Pre-modifiers can be classified into closed – system and open – class items Closed – system pre-modifiers (with Predeterminer, Determiner and Post-determiner) are optional in the complex noun phrases Meanwhile, open – class pre-modifiers (with Adjective, Ving-V-ed, Noun) come after the closed – system ones and precede the head noun

pre-Post-modifier: The third important component of a complex noun phrase is modification, called post-modifiers, comprising all the items placed after the head These post – modifiers are mainly realized by prepositional phrases, finite clause (or

post-relative clauses), non finite clauses, adjective phrases, noun phrases or adverbial phrases

Noun phrases in in articles about East Africa’s second swarm of locusts

[In Art 5]

equivalents

Huge locust swarms raise fears of

food shortages in South Sudan

- Huge locust swarms

- fears of food shortages

- Bầy châu chấu khổng

lồ

- Nỗi lo thiếu lương thực

UN warns 25 million people in east

Africa region could be affected as

war torn country is beset by fresh

wave of insects

- 25 million people in east Africa region

- War torn country

- fresh wave of insects

- 25 triệu người dân tại Đông Châu Phi

- Đất nước bị chiến tranh tàn phá

- Một làn sóng côn trùng mới

Swarms of desert locusts, which

have been ravaging crops and

grazing land across east Africa, have

now crossed the border into South

Sudan, a country already struggling

from widespread hunger and years

of civil war

The UN has warned that an

imminent second hatch of the

- Swarms of desert locusts

- Ravaging crops and grazing land across east Africa

- a country already struggling from widespread hunger and years of civil

- Đàn châu chấu trên

insects could threaten the food

security of 25 million people across

the region

war

- an imminent second hatch of the insects

- the food security

- Kỳ sinh nở thứ hai của côn trùng

- An ninh lương thực According to South Sudan‟s

ministry of agriculture, mature

locusts looking for places to breed

have been confirmed in three

locations after the insects crossed

into southern Magwi county, on the

border with Uganda, and are now

moving west

- South Sudan‟s ministry of agriculture

- Places to breed

- The insects crossed into southern Magwi county

- Bộ nông nghiệp Nam Sudan

- Nơi sinh sản

- Loài côn trùng dọc khắp phía Tây của đất nước Magwi

Confirmation of the presence of the

locusts, part of a once in a

generation event that has produced

swarms the size of cities, came after

a joint team from the South

Sudanese ministry of health and the

UN‟s Food and Agriculture

Organization visited the area

Yesterday we received the report

that desert locusts have entered

South Sudan from Magwi county

and our team and those of [the]

FAO sent people there, and they

have confirmed the presence of

- Confirmation of the presence of the locusts

- a once in a generation event

- a joint team from the South Sudanese ministry of health

- Lời xác nhận sự xuất hiện của giống châu chấu

- Sự kiện chỉ xảy ra một lần trong một thế hệ

- Nhóm hợp tác từ Bộ

y tế Nam sudan

locusts in the area,” said the

country‟s agriculture minister,

Anyoti Adigo Nyikwach

The appearance of the locusts

follows a period of extreme weather,

including devastating floods, that

have further threatened the food

supply Experts are warning that the

main March-to-May cropping

season is now at risk The situation,

however, remains most serious in

Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia amid

evidence that aerial spraying of

pesticides against the swarms has so

far had very limited impact

- a period of extreme weather

- devastating floods

- main March-to-May cropping season

- most serious in Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia

- Thời tiết khắc nghiệt

- Lũ lụt tàn phá

- Mùa vụ chính từ tháng 3 đến tháng 5

- Tình trạng nghiêm trọng nhất ở Kenya, Ethiopia và Somalia

Desert locusts can travel up to 95

miles in a day and can eat their own

body weight in plant material,

meaning even a small swarm can

consume as much food as 35,000

people in a day, according to the UN

- to 95 miles in a day

- plant material

- 95 dặm trong một ngày

- Nguyên liệu sản xuất

Kenya, Somalia, Eritrea and

Djibouti were already battling

the worst locust outbreak in

decades, with swarms also

spreading into Tanzania and

- the worst locust outbreak in decades

- the basis of the next major infestation

- Đợt dịch châu chấu tồi tệ nhất trong nhiều thập kỷ

- Cơ sở của sự xâm nhiễm tiếp theo

Uganda

Meshack Malo, South Sudan‟s

representative for the FAO, said the

locusts were mature and looking for

breeding grounds that would form

the basis of the next major

infestation, which it is feared will

occur later this month

FAO‟s locust watch monitor,

widespread breeding is now

underway across the Horn of Africa

eams planned to mark the place

where they lay eggs and then come

back to kill the young insects in 14

days, Malo said, since poisoning the

eggs in the ground could damage the

soil

At least 2,000 locusts have so far

crossed the border, he said During

each three-month breeding cycle, a

single locust can breed 20 more,

giving rise to the massive swarms

that are now threatening crops on

either side of the Red Sea

- The FAO‟s locust watch monitor

- the place where they lay eggs

- the young insects

- three-month breeding cycle

- the massive swarms that are now

threatening crops

- Màn hình theo dõi châu chấu của tổ chức FAO

- Nơi chúng đẻ trứng

- Loại côn trùng non

- Chu trì sinh sản 3 tháng

- Nạn châu chấu khổng lồ đang đe dọa đến mùa màng

3.3.3 Nominalization in selected articles and their Vietnamese equivalents

In English grammar, nominalization is a type of word formation in which a verb

or an adjective (or another part of speech) is used as (or transformed into) a noun

Nominalization is a natural part of language, but some instances of it are more noticeable than others Writing advice sometimes focuses on avoiding overuse of nominalization

Nominalization in articles about East Africa’s second swarm of locusts 2020 and

their Vietnamese equivalents

[In Art 14]

equivalents

Scientists turn to tech to prevent

second wave of locusts in east Africa

- Prevention of second wave of locusts

- Đợt phòng chống đợt châu chấu thứ hai

Researchers use supercomputer to

predict potential breeding areas as

food security fears grow

Scientists monitoring the movements

of the worst locust outbreak in

Kenya in 70 years are hopeful that a

new tracking programme they will

be able to prevent a second surge of

the crop-ravaging insects

- The prediction of potential breeding areas

- Prevention of a second surge of the crop-ravaging insects

- Lời dự đoán các khu vực chăn nuôi tiềm năng

- Ngăn chặn sự gia tăng lần thứ hai của côn trùng tàn phá cây trồng

The UN has described the locust

outbreak in the Horn of Africa, and

the widespread breeding of the

insects in Kenya, Ethiopia and

Somalia that has followed, as

“extremely alarming”

The UN‟s Food and Agriculture

Organization has warned that an

imminent second hatch of the insects

could threaten the food security of 25

million people across the region as it

enters the cropping season become

sources of new swarms if not

sprayed

- A threat about the food security of 25 million people across the region

- A describing of locust outbreak in the Horn

of Africa,

- Mối đe dọa về an ninh lương thực của 25 triệu người trong khu vực

- Mô tả về ổ dịch châu chấu ở vùng mũi nhọn của Châu Phi

3.3.4 Headline interpreting

1 Locust crisis poses a danger to

millions, forecasters warn

Các nhà dự đoán cảnh báo khủng hoảng nạn châu chấu gây nguy hiểm tới hàng triệu người

2

„Rolling emergency‟ of locust

swarms decimating Africa, Asia and

Middle East

Làn sóng khẩn cấp về nạn châu chấu tàn phá Châu Phi, Châu Á và Trung Đông

infestation in 70 years as millions of

Nạn châu chấu tàn phá khủng khiếp trên khắp đất nông nghệp là đợt châu chấu

insects swarm farmland bùng phát tệ nhất tại Kenya trong 70 năm

trờ lại đây

4

Billions of Locusts Descend on East

Africa, and the Outbreak Could

Grow 500 Times Bigger

Hàng tỷ người chết ở Đông Phi, và đợt bùng phát có thể tăng gấp 500 lần

5 Huge locust swarms raise fears of

food shortages in South Sudan

Nạn châu chấu nâng cao nỗi lo về tình trạng thiếu lương thực ở Nam Sudan

6 Swarms of Devastating Locusts Still

Threaten Kenya's Food Supplies

Bầy châu chấu tàn phá vẫn đe dọa nguồn cung cấp lương thực của Kenya

7

Billions of Locusts Invade in New,

Larger Wave as Second Swarm

Threatens Africa: 'Extremely

Alarming'

Hàng tỷ con châu chấu xâm nhập vào làn sóng mới, lớn hơn khi đàn thứ hai đe dọa châu Phi: 'Cực kỳ đáng báo động'

8 „Make noise and don‟t panic‟: India

tries to ward off locust invasion

Lên tiếng nhưng không hoảng sợ: “ Ấn

Độ cố gắng ngăn chặn sự tàn phá của nạn châu chấu”

9

A humanitarian crisis looms in

Africa unless we act fast to stop the

desert locust

Một cuộc khủng hoảng nhân đạo bùng phát ở châu Phi trừ khi chúng ta hành động nhanh chóng để ngăn chặn châu chấu sa mạc

10

East Africa is suffering its worst

invasion of desert locusts in 25

years

Đông Phi đang hứng chịu cuộc xâm lược tồi tệ nhất của châu chấu sa mạc trong 25 năm

11 Locusts swarm into Kenya as UN Đàn châu chấu tràn vào Kenya khi Liên