Realizing the importance of business letters and the difficulties writers usually meet, I have decided to choose business letters whose title is “An analysis on the influence of Vietname
Rationale
Global political and economic development has accelerated, expanding commercial relations among nations and cementing English as the international language of business In Vietnam, membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) opens broader access to global markets, attracting foreign investment as investors see Vietnam’s significant potential for growth and opportunity.
In many countries, business transactions are conducted in English, the international language of commerce As more agreements and contracts are drafted in English, understanding the core components of business communication becomes increasingly important to ensure clarity, accuracy, and successful negotiations.
English is the language of global business, used for transactions in goods and services, technical specifications, financial reports, and other purposes among native and non-native speakers around the world As international transactions grow with economic expansion, English communication links markets, strengthens international cooperation, and drives efficient, cross-border business.
English-language business letters remain a fundamental form of business communication and contribute to a company's success Even as communication technology evolves rapidly in modern society, these letters continue to serve as a primary channel for business correspondence.
Writing a polished English business letter is not easy, but acknowledging its importance helps frame the research To address the common difficulties writers face, I have chosen to study "An analysis on the influence of Vietnamese style on writing English business correspondence – Situation and Solutions." The study investigates how Vietnamese writing conventions influence English business communication and identifies practical situations and solutions to bridge gaps Through this research, I aim to offer actionable recommendations for students so they can write effective, professional business letters at work.
Aims of the study
The main aims of the study are as follows:
- To point out some difficulties in writing business correspondence
- To figure out the similarities and differences between Vietnamese style and English style when transferring the commercial correspondence from one language to another
- To make the matter of business letters less complicated and upgrade the style of English business letters for the learners
- To give some implications for learning and teaching business letters
The research questions of the study
In order to achieve the aforementioned aims, the study is intended to find out the answer to four following research questions:
1 What are the influences of mother tongue on the writing of business correspondence?
2 What are common errors on word choices and writing styles which English majors often make in the process of transferring Vietnamese texts into English?
3 Which causes lead to the mistakes?
4 What should be done to avoid the errors in order to make Vietnamese-English business correspondence be smoother and more fluent?
Scope of the study
There are large numbers of letters written in business, we cannot include all in this study, but only 5 kinds of business letters are mentioned in this research paper:
As clearly stated above, the focus of the study works towards the influence of Vietnamese style on writing business correspondence in English.
Significance of the study
This thesis helps students recognize the similarities and differences between Vietnamese and English, notes key considerations when writing business correspondence, and identifies the influence of Vietnamese-to-English transfer as well as common errors It provides a practical reference with targeted solutions to empower learners to self-correct typical mistakes and discover effective self-learning strategies to improve their writing skills Furthermore, the study enhances general language learning and gives students a meaningful edge for their future careers.
Methods of the study
This study adopts a mixed-methods design, integrating qualitative and quantitative techniques to examine language use in a specific professional context The researcher conducts a literature review of theoretical publications in the field and collects authentic business letters from Business English classes at Thuongmai University The collected letters are subjected to content and statistical analysis to identify patterns in English usage shaped by Vietnamese linguistic styles The aim is to quantify how Vietnamese language conventions influence English in the process of acquiring language for specific professional purposes Findings illuminate the specific impact of Vietnamese style on English expression and can inform targeted instruction for business English learners.
Design of the study
The study comprises of three main parts:
Part A – INTRODUCTION specifies the background of the study which covers a wide range of information such as rationale, aims, research questions, scope, methods, and design of the study
Part B – DEVELOPMENT is broken into three chapters
Chapter 2: The research method of the study
Chapter 3: The findings and discussion of the study
Part C, the Conclusion, synthesizes the study’s central issues, acknowledges its limitations, and proposes directions for future research, while also exploring practical implications for language teaching, learning, and translation in classroom settings when business correspondence is taught, offering guidance for curriculum design, instructional strategies, and assessment that align with real-world professional communication.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The importance of business letters in doing business
Mill (1993, p.1) suggests that business letters act as small ambassadors traveling through every corner of today’s commercial world, forming the most important channel of active liaison that underpins business activity In the tight, highly competitive arena often described as a battlefield, businesspeople must deploy a range of remedies to achieve results, with strategies that vary by industry, context, and the individual applying them These remedies can be difficult or easy, time-consuming or swift, may require training or not, and can be affordable or expensive Understanding how to select and apply the right approach across different fields and situations is a hallmark of effective business communication.
Business letters remain one of the most cost‑effective tools for any company: the dollars and time spent drafting and mailing a letter are typically lower than many other efforts, yet the rewards can be substantial A well-crafted letter can sell products, win new customers, win back lost accounts, enhance the sales force, and provide incentives for dealers It also builds confidence among suppliers and buyers, aids in debt collection, helps settle disputes, and can attract financing while opening new markets From saving time and arranging meetings with VIPs to shaping a favorable corporate image, the strategic use of business letters can drive growth and even contribute to the broader economy In short, the modern business landscape often hinges on how effectively letters are used.
Definition of a business letter
In the modern commercial world, business letters have become increasingly important, prompting economists and trade specialists to devote extensive study to their background and the best ways to write them Their findings offer readers worldwide clear guidance on how to compose effective business letters, covering purpose, structure, tone, and language to ensure professional and persuasive communication.
Nguyen Trong Dan, in The Language of Business Correspondence in English (1997, p.9), notes that the business letter is the primary vehicle for a company to stay in contact with customers, often the sole point of contact; as a result, customers form their impression of the firm based on the tone and quality of its letters.
Business letters may be addressed to a specific individual, but it is likely that many people within the company and possible outside the company will read the letter
Business letters are prepared on standard-size paper with a matching envelope, and they are typed or printed, then formatted and folded for convenient handling The content should focus on professional matters, not personal ones, delivering a clear and necessary exchange of information between people in business.
Kinds of business letters
If your job is a businessperson, request letters are always necessary because of your need for information or special favors, services or products You write an inquiry since you need to get information of prices or technical data; to receive printed matter (such as
13 booklets, catalogues etc.) or sample products; to order merchandise; to make reservations at hotel, restaurants, theaters and so on
Your inquiries should be specific, brief and reasonable and provide complete, accurate information so that your requests can be acted promptly (see sample letter in Appendices)
After receiving enquiries for prices, you usually send quotations in which there is an expression of thank for the enquiry; details of prices, discounts and terms of payment; a statement of clear indication of what the prices cover (e.g packing, F.O.B etc.); an undertaking as to date of delivery; the period for which the quotation is valid; an expression of hope that the quotation will be accepted (see sample letter in Appendices) b Offers
An offer informs the customer whether we can supply the requested goods or services and should clearly state the essential terms: the name of the goods or services, their quality and specifications, the price, packing and marking requirements, delivery time, and payment terms Clear articulation of these elements helps the customer assess the proposal and provides a solid basis for finalizing the sale.
Once you accept a quotation or place an order, issue a complete and accurate purchase order to avoid delivery delays and incorrect shipments Each order should include full details—description, quantities, prices, and catalogue numbers—plus the delivery location and target date, the preferred mode of transport, and the payment terms agreed during preliminary negotiations; see the sample letter in the Appendices for guidance.
Sometimes the exchange of money, merchandise, or service will not occur as expected
In that case, the customer needs to inform the company or the organization of the problem by letter, which is called a complaint The letter should be as follows:
+ Begin by regretting the need to complain
+ Mention the number, the date of the order, the date of delivery and the goods complained about
+ State your reasons for being dissatisfied and ask for an explanation
+ Refer to the inconvenience caused
+ Suggest how the matter should be put right
(See sample letter in Appendices)
Features of a goof business letter
Business letters play an important part in commercial activities, and a well-crafted business letter is always necessary However, many people wonder what defines a good business letter As the saying goes, "A good business letter is one that obtains the results the letter hoped for" (Poe) A strong business letter communicates clearly, remains concise, and aligns the message with the reader’s needs, guiding them toward the desired action while preserving a professional tone and relevance to the recipient.
The definition of a good business letter may seem simple at first glance, but writing one that truly works requires careful alignment with essential standards While it appears easy, a business letter must meet criteria such as clarity, conciseness, courtesy, accuracy, correct formatting, and a clear purpose Achieving these standards can be challenging because the letter needs to convey its message with the right tone, logical structure, appropriate salutation and closing, and a precise call to action that guides the reader In short, a good business letter is effective when it communicates clearly, professionally, and persuasively within the expected conventions.
- Having no repetition or wordiness
- Using a formal and polite language
- Using correct grammar, punctuation and spelling (See sample letter in Appendices)
People learn to write just as they learn to read, to type, and to use computers Like typing, writing requires work and practice, a point noted by Gerfner.
Practice makes progress: the more you write, the sharper your communication becomes As your writing improves, you’ll see business results that save money, generate revenue, and elevate your organization toward peak performance These outcomes can range from a simple letter that secures a key appointment to clear instructions for a major project, all of which demonstrate how effective writing drives clarity, alignment, and action across teams and stakeholders.
The factors influencing translation process
understood They can also collect bad debts, or win back a lost customer, all the way up to writing an winning proposal for a contract, or getting the financing you want”.
A letter serves as a substitute for a personal visit, since it’s almost impossible to meet and talk with everyone you want to reach—friends or relatives in distant towns, coworkers on another floor or in another building, and clients or suppliers scattered across locations This reality makes the letter a powerful, universal medium of communication across all occupations.
Mastering the art of writing effective business letters boosts your value to the company by enabling clear professional communication that supports faster promotion and career advancement It helps you build and sustain professional relationships, expanding your internal and client networks and turning connections into opportunities Persuasive, accurate letters can drive sales and increase profits while saving time and effort, which translates into meaningful cost savings for the business In short, strong business-letter skills contribute to faster career growth, stronger relationships, higher revenue, and more efficient use of company resources.
1.5 The factors influencing writing process
1.5.1 Influence of the mother tongue
During foreign language learning, the mother tongue shapes how learners think and influences their use of the target language, including word order and vocabulary choices This cross-language transfer, or linguistic interference, means native-language habits can appear in pronunciation, grammar, and idiomatic expressions as learners acquire new patterns With deliberate practice, ample exposure, and immersion, learners can reduce negative transfer and realign their cognitive approach with the target language, achieving better fluency, accuracy, and natural usage of vocabulary Understanding this dynamic helps educators design effective language-learning strategies and guides learners in planning study approaches that accelerate progression in the target language.
Transferring linguistic knowledge from one language to another for a specific purpose helps us understand how the mother tongue interferes with foreign language learning and unlocks the potential of both languages—their merits and shortcomings Through contrastive analysis, we can systematically compare linguistic features across languages, identify transfer patterns, and design teaching and learning strategies that maximize each language’s strengths while mitigating interference.
Word order: The differences between word orders in Vietnamese and English are shown in the following example:
Vietnamese-into-English translation: (i) “Anh ấy là một sinh viên giỏi Tên của anh ấy là Nam.”
In the phrase “sinh viên” is a noun, “giỏi” is an adjective, “tên” is a noun, and “của anh ấy” is possessive adjective
As we know, in Vietnamese, an adjective or possessive follows a noun In contrast, an adjective precedes a noun or possessive adjective has the same position
And the above phrases are written:
“He is a good student His name is Nam.” adj n possessive n
However, because of the influence of the mother tongue, many beginners hardly avoid the mistakes – wrong English word orders, as in the example below:
(ii) “Tuy nhiên, một số hãng phần mềm vi tính lại lo ngại về phần mềm mã nguồn mở.” Beginners sometimes translate in this way:
“However, some companies software computer worry about software open source.”
“However, some computer software companies worry about opened source software.”
1.5.2 Words and choices of word meanings
Words are essential for language learners to build vocabulary and gain advantages in language learning Vocabulary is the foundation of communication, enabling learners to express ideas clearly and communicate effectively Developing this fundamental tool opens up opportunities to master the subject more deeply When reading texts, if learners have little difficulty with new words, they can transfer their knowledge to the target language more easily.
Most of the English words have many meanings; the exact meaning of one word can be expressed only in context, as in the following example:
During my uncle’s campaign for governor, he became a prime target for media scrutiny, as reporters combed his background and published stories from his childhood They found nothing seriously damaging, and he ultimately won the election.
Ran is the simple past tense of the verb run, and the past participle is run The verb run has multiple meanings in English, including to move quickly on foot, to operate or function, to escape, to run for political office, and to manage or direct something such as a business or a machine Dig means to break up soil or earth, to till or loosen the ground, to excavate or uncover something, and to explore or investigate something in depth These definitions are useful for understanding how these common verbs appear in everyday language and in search-friendly content.
It is obvious that there will be a bad translated text if the meanings of the words are not selected appropriately
Ông cậu của tôi đã chạy trốn khỏi thống đốc, khiến ông trở thành mục tiêu được báo giới chú ý và soi mói Các phóng viên đã đào bới quá khứ của ông và đăng tải những gì đã từng xảy ra thời thơ ấu Tuy nhiên, họ không tìm thấy gì quá tiêu cực và ông đã đắc cử.
Ông chú tôi ra tranh cử vào chức vụ thống đốc và trở thành mục tiêu được báo giới soi mói Các phóng viên đã quay lại quá khứ của ông, khai thác những gì xảy ra thời thơ ấu để đặt dấu hỏi về nhân phẩm Tuy nhiên, họ không tìm thấy điều gì quá tệ và những cáo buộc ấy không có căn cứ Kết quả, chú tôi đã đắc cử.
Vocabulary is a cornerstone of effective communication Understanding the meanings of words empowers you to express ideas precisely, improve clarity, and convey nuance in any situation This depth of word knowledge offers advantages in the writing process, from selecting accurate terms to crafting coherent arguments and engaging readers As a result, you gain confidence and a greater ability to master your assigned tasks.
Vocabulary alone is not enough to produce a successful transaction; meaningful sentences require grammar and grammatical structures In writing, these structures are indispensable, and insufficient knowledge of either vocabulary or grammar can lead to poor outcomes English is comparatively inflexible, following strict sentence structures, while Vietnamese is more flexible; English uses many tenses that require particular structures and articles that Vietnamese does not always use.
For instance, “Tôi đã học tiếng Trung Quốc 5 năm nay.”
Suggested English version: “I have learned Chinese for 5 years.”
The tense of the verb is the present perfect tense, it shows an action which happened in the past, and up to now or in the future
Vietnamese does not inflect verbs to indicate tense, so there are no rules for changing verb forms to express when an action happens Instead, tense and aspect are shown through particles and context For example, the sentence "Tôi đã học tiếng Trung Quốc được 5 năm rồi" can be translated as "I have been studying Chinese for five years," with no inflection on the verb "học." The time frame is carried by particles like đã, được, and rồi, not by the verb itself, illustrating how Vietnamese expresses duration and ongoing action without verb conjugation.
English grammar presents complex and nuanced grammatical structures that can be challenging to master Learners benefit from implementing effective study methods, organizing consistent practice, and focusing on core rules to reduce errors and build confidence in communication.
Language is the vehicle for our ideas, thoughts, and worldviews, and writing business letters to connect with partners abroad is the act of translating meaning from one language to another Translation involves interpreting the source text and reproducing its meaning in the target language, but texts cannot exist without context—the full environment in which a word or sentence is stated A word’s meaning arises from its interactions with other words and with the entire text, not from isolation For example, the word “work” carries different implications depending on context, illustrating why context matters for accurate translation and effective cross-cultural communication.
(i) I work at Ministry of education and training
(ii) Kieu story is a famous work
(iii) After graduating, I will look for work
The word 'work' has multiple meanings depending on the context: as a normal verb, it denotes the activity by which one earns a living; as a noun, it refers to the output produced by a creative writer—a 'work' such as a novel or poem; and it can also denote employment or a job, as in going to work or finding work.
Common errors in Vietnamese-English translation
The following errors are usually found in transferring Vietnamese to English
Word collocation refers to sequences of words that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance, and each language has its own distinctive collocational patterns For example, in English, the adjective pretty commonly collocates with girls and women, while handsome is more often paired with boys or men Some translators fail to recognize these patterns, which can produce incorrect or humorous collocations and undermine translation quality Understanding collocations is essential for accurate wording, natural-sounding text, and effective communication across languages.
’Drink’ can attach to many liquids, including water, beer, alcohol, medicine, and even poison In English there are clear distinctions: we normally “drink” everyday beverages such as water, juice, or beer, but medicines are usually expressed with the verb “take” rather than “drink”—though a liquid medicine can be described as something you drink in informal speech For poison, “drink poison” is not a normal everyday phrase and is used mainly in warnings or narrative contexts Understanding the form of the liquid and the context helps decide the correct phrasing: say “drink water” or “drink beer” for beverages, and “take medicine” for medicine.
Drink beer/ water/ wine/ coffee
Another example indicates that in Vietnamese the word “nói” (say) can be collocated with “dối” (a lie), “sự thật” (the truth),”ngôn ngữ” (English, French, Vietnamese…)
However, in English it is incorrect
Say English/ French/ Vietnamese (incorrect)
The phrases must be corrected as “tell the truth, tell a lie, and speak English/French/Vietnamese”
In Vietnamese, the word “đàn” can be collocated with many different nouns such as “cá”
(fish), “chim” (bird), “sư tử” (lion), “gia súc”(cattle) On the contrary, in English there are many words meaning “đàn” as follows.
A flock of birds/sheep: đàn chim/ cừu
A herd of cattle/buffaloes: đàn gia súc/ trâu
A pack of dogs/calves: đàn chó/ bê
A school of fish/chickens: đàn gà/ gà
A pride of lions: đàn sư tử
When the word “flock”, “herd”, “pack”, “school”, “pride” are used interchangeably, errors will occur
The following examples are extracted from the book “Translation 1&2” (Nguyễn Văn
Tuấn, 2006), and they show the wrong collocations:
1 “Chính phủ đã thực hiện nhiều biện pháp ngăn chặn việc buôn lậu ma túy.” (The government has made many measures to stop the drug smuggling.)
After conducting thorough market research, we decided to launch an impressive product capable of competing with imported brands This move underscores our commitment to delivering competitive, high-quality options for consumers.
Mother tongue interference often produces literal and awkward collocations in the target language, undermining translation quality Every language has its own principles of word collocation, and English and Vietnamese are no exception Accordingly, the examples mentioned above should be translated more accurately and idiomatically to reflect natural usage in English.
1 “The government has made many measures to stop the drug smuggling” should be corrected as “The government has taken many measures to stop the drug smuggling”
After conducting market research, we decided to launch an impressive product that can compete with imported ones.
Translators must adhere to natural collocation patterns in both English and Vietnamese to ensure accurate translations To minimize errors, they should read extensively in English—books, magazines, and other authentic materials—and actively document collocations that reflect standard English usage Regular exposure to genuine language helps build a reliable sense for which word combinations sound correct, ultimately improving consistency and quality in English–Vietnamese translations.
Vietnamese speakers often struggle with English prepositions due to mother-tongue interference, which can lead to confusing usage in writing The errors extracted from the book Translation 1&2 by Nguyễn Văn Tuấn (2006) illustrate how Vietnamese linguistic patterns influence prepositional choice and give rise to common English misuses.
1 “Tòa án nhân dân quyết định kết án họ15 năm tù về tội buôn lậu ma túy.”
(The People‟s Court decided to condemn them to 15 years imprisonment about the drug smuggling)
2 “Là một giáo viên ưu tú trong nhiều năm, ông Nam có nhiều king nghiệm về giáo dục và giảng dạy học sinh.”
(As a qualified teacher for many years, Mr Nam is experienced about educating and teaching the student)
As the above examples show, learners tend to choose English prepositions based on Vietnamese meanings without paying attention to their nuances and variations These errors can be corrected by teaching prepositions in context, highlighting common collocations and contrasts, and providing targeted practice that emphasizes function over form so learners learn to select prepositions according to meaning and usage—not literal translation.
The People’s Court decided to condemn them to 15 years' imprisonment for drug smuggling This ruling highlights the government's zero-tolerance approach to narcotics trafficking and reinforces public safety by holding offenders accountable The decision serves as a clear warning to others involved in illegal drug activities and demonstrates the judiciary's commitment to enforcing drug laws.
As a qualified teacher with many years of experience, Mr Nam has extensive expertise in education and in educating pupils His long tenure in the classroom demonstrates his ability to guide students effectively and foster meaningful learning.
English prepositions are notoriously tricky, and the challenge intensifies when learners translate Vietnamese text into English Misuse of prepositions is common and often seems unavoidable because prepositions depend on the word they accompany—nouns, adjectives, or verbs When learners lack exact knowledge of these combinations, they tend to translate directly from Vietnamese or to translate the other way, which produces errors To reduce these errors, learners should be exposed to numerous prepositional structures with nouns, adjectives, and verbs and practice them by heart In other words, a solid approach to English prepositions involves learning collocations and fixed prepositional patterns rather than translating word-for-word By providing systematic, clearly organized structures with prepositions, teachers can help students notice formation rules, take effective notes, and internalize correct usage, leading to more accurate and natural English writing and communication.
Some writers rely too heavily on dictionary-based synonyms, choosing replacements without considering context In reality, synonym pairs share at least one sense in common, but they do not share all of their senses Consequently, these words cannot always substitute for one another without changing meaning, tone, or nuance While they may be interchangeable in a narrow sense, their different collocations, connotations, and usage patterns limit true substitution across contexts To achieve precise word choice, writers should evaluate context, nuance, and audience, rather than relying solely on surface similarities of meaning.
24 for each other The misuse of synonyms makes the meaning of one of the following sentences unacceptable
“Con sông này sâu lắm.”
“This river is very profound.” (unacceptable)
“Profound” means showing great knowledge or understanding, not physical depth, so it cannot describe the depth of a river The sentence “This river is very profound” is incorrect and should be revised to “This river is deep.” Use “profound” for ideas, emotions, or insights—such as a profound book or profound wisdom—while “deep” is the accurate term for literal depth, a distinction that improves writing precision and supports clear, SEO-friendly vocabulary explanations.
The following misuses of the synonyms were made by some of the inexperienced translators
1 “Cậu bé này rất bướng bỉnh”
(This boy is very stubborn/ unyielding.” (Incorrect)
2 “Người Việt Nam có tinh thần bất khuất”
(The Vietnamese people are really stubborn.” (Incorrect)
3 “Chính phủ có kế hoạch xây dựng hàng nghìn ngôi nhà cho người vô gia cư.”
(The government plans to build thousands of homes for homeless people.” (Incorrect)
Example 1 identifies “stubborn” as a synonym of “unyielding” and renders it in Vietnamese as “cứng đầu” or “bướng bỉnh.” Example 2 shows that “stubborn” can carry negative connotations and fail to evoke praise for heroism or admiration for Vietnamese people, instead expressing anger and discontent In example 3, the discussion continues to examine usage variations and the influence of context on the word’s meaning, though the excerpt ends before the idea is completed.
In Vietnamese, the word “nhà” can be translated as both “home” and “house,” yet they carry different connotations; a house refers to the physical building or structure—the tangible shell you can see and enter—while a home denotes the atmosphere, comfort, and emotional warmth—the sense of belonging that makes a space feel like home, not just a place Thus, house emphasizes the architectural aspect, whereas home captures the lived experience, memories, and relationships that give that space its true meaning.
Example: “There is no place like home.”
“Home is where the heart is.”
Most of the synonyms have the same meaning in certain context If a writer uses synonyms without referring to the context, (s)/he can make wrong & funny for his
METHODOLOGY
Research questions
To obtain the above stated purposes, the study has to answer the following questions:
1 What are the influences of mother tongue on the writing of business correspondence?
2 What are common errors on word choices and writing styles which English majors often make in the process of transferring Vietnamese texts into English?
3 Which causes lead to the mistakes?
4 What should be done to avoid the errors in order to make Vietnamese-English business correspondence be smoother and more fluent?
Research participants
This study focuses on English-major students at Thuongmai University A total of 120 students were taught directly by the researchers in the Business English classes 1.4, 2.3, and 2.4 Their main study materials consisted of selections from units 5 through 8 in the textbook.
“The Business” at two level Intermediate and Upper-Intermediate, which are published by Mac Millan Publisher.
Research procedure
It took about eight months to finish the study at Thuongmai University and the researcher adopts three research methods: Qualitative, Quantitative and Comparative – Contrastive
First, the researcher visited the library to gather books on business letters, the language used in business correspondence, and essential grammar references They also examined related prior studies and collected materials from the Internet and other reference books to shape the outline of the study.
Researchers collected English-language business letters written by English-major students at Thuongmai University to identify errors in language, grammar, and style and to provide corrections The letters were then examined closely along three main dimensions: linguistic accuracy, grammatical correctness, and stylistic appropriateness, with revisions aimed at improving clarity, professionalism, and overall effectiveness.
English grammar rests on a system of syntax that decides the order and patterns in which words are arranged in sentences Close (1992, p.1) defines grammar as this framework, which governs how words are positioned to form correct statements Therefore, to produce correct English, writers must follow the established rules of word order and sentence structure to ensure clarity and accuracy in communication.
According to Hoang Tat Truong in Basic English Lexicology, lexis is the complete system of all the words a language possesses In business writing, a powerful and expansive lexis helps craft clearer, more impactful correspondence The power of lexis also means writers can quickly and accurately identify equivalents, selecting the most appropriate terms from among synonyms, homonyms, and polysemous words when rendering Vietnamese source texts into another language.
Terminology matters in business correspondence, and every field has its own specialized vocabulary A writer who does not know business correspondence terminology or how to use it correctly cannot truly specialize as a business correspondence writer.
Conveying the writing style in news writing, this approach acts as a mediator that brings news and messages to readers; the more precise and clear the writing is, the more it elevates business correspondence toward academic, professional standards, making content more credible and suitable for formal communication.
After designing the survey questionnaires, 120 participants were invited to fill out the researcher’s questions Because this is a field survey requiring careful scrutiny, a conferencing period was provided The data collection lasted five days, and the researcher received 120 completed feedback copies, representing a 100% response rate with full answers for every item For each question, respondents were instructed to tick only one option—the choice they considered most suitable.
Data collect instruments
2.4.1 The test papers analysis and statistic
An analysis of the final examination papers from Thuongmai University’s Business English program, involving second-year and third-year English majors, was conducted and the papers were edited by the researcher The study introduced several types of business letters, explained their structures, and highlighted the common expressions used in professional correspondence Students were given writing assignments with feedback and corrections, accompanied by an error analysis to help them avoid the same mistakes in future writing Through statistical analysis, the researcher categorized the typical errors to inform targeted recommendations and solutions to improve student performance in subsequent tasks.
Questionnaires are a widely used data collection instrument in social science research, enabling the measurement of attitudes, motivations, and self-conceptions that are not easily observable This study uses a questionnaire to gather information about students’ views on a Vietnamese–English writing course, their recognition of difficulties, and common errors when transferring Vietnamese texts into English, with the aim of identifying actionable insights to improve their writing skills and overall language proficiency.
The researcher used a questionnaire to investigate the implications for students The questionnaire can help to obtain essential information for the study and suggest appropriate solutions In this study, the questionnaire consisted of four questions One hundred twenty English-language copies were distributed to students in Business English classes, and all of them were collected The aims of the questionnaire were to identify the information needed for the study and to propose possible solutions.
Question (2) – Duration of time learning how to write business correspondence: to identify the level of students
Question (3) – Frequency of writing this kind of correspondence: to find out if students are acquaintance with writing business letters
Question (4) – Levels of difficulties expectedly mentioned in writing business correspondence: to identify the difficulties as well as the types of mistakes students often make
Question (5) – Write down the suggestions to the difficulties: consult the feedbacks from the learners
This chapter outlines the study's methodology, detailing the research questions, the researchers, and the participants who directly engaged in the investigation It specifies the data collection instruments—test papers, statistical tools, and questionnaires—and the theoretical analysis used to interpret the data The research questions are designed to be addressed in the next chapter, where the results will provide the solutions to these questions.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The findings
After incorporating the feedback, the researcher reworked the raw data, performed the analysis, and summarized the results in terms of the number of options and their corresponding percentages for each Table 1 below provides an overview of the difficulties encountered in writing business correspondence.
Opt % Opt % Opt % Opt % Opt %
Power of expression set and word use
Difficulties in conveying the original writing styles
Table 1: Difficult items in transferring business correspondence from Vietnamese into English
Discussion
3.2.1 Some difficulties and common mistakes in using correct grammar
Chart 1: Difficulty levels of using grammar in writing business correspondence
Using correct grammar is essential for anyone who wishes to become a good writer English isn’t as difficult to master as it may seem, and this is reflected in the survey results Out of 120 respondents, only fifteen are students.
Survey results indicate that 12.5% find grammar difficult, and no one considers it very or extremely hard By comparison, 47.9% say grammar presents no difficulty at all The remaining respondents are split, with 30 people (25%) viewing grammar as rather difficult, while the rest fall into other categories not specified in the data.
Grammar can puzzle writers with its vast number of rules, making it hard to fix every error In a survey, seventeen other people (14.58%) could not decide its level, underscoring the uncertainty many students feel about grammar standards The most common challenge identified was parallel structure: keeping ideas parallel is difficult because it requires grammar to be consistent across sentences By using parallelism, you show readers that ideas share a common thread and are arranged in the same grammatical form, so they can be understood more easily When you apply parallel structure, your ideas become clearer and more direct.
(1) The mailroom receives incoming mail, which is then sorted and an employee then delivers it
(2) The mailroom receives, sorts and delivers all incoming mail
Sentence 2 conveys the same idea as Sentence 1 but uses parallel structure by listing receives, sorts, and delivers, all in the third-person singular form This parallelism makes the message clearer and more concise than the original, improving readability and coherence By aligning the grammatical form, the sentence sequence reads more smoothly, which enhances comprehension and supports SEO goals through clearer, more accessible content.
The word “parallel” means “comparable” or “matching” The following sentence, for example, lacks parallel grammatical structure although it has parallel ideas
Our company has reputation for high quality work, for progressive management, and for being reliable …
Three prepositional phrases appear in the sentence: for high-quality work, for progressive management, and for being reliable The first two end with nouns, while the last ends with an adjective via the gerund phrase being reliable, which breaks parallelism and weakens the sentence To restore parallel structure and strengthen readability and SEO, rewrite the sequence as for high-quality work, for progressive management, and for reliability Alternatively, keep the form consistent with gerunds: for delivering high-quality work, for advancing progressive management, and for demonstrating reliability.
Our company has a reputation for high quality work, for progressive management, and for reliability
One word can determine how your message lands with readers, so mind your word choice and whether a term is an adjective or not, because even a single misstep can ruin the tone you want for your letter Readers detect weak phrasing, and a lone word that misses its mark can erode professionalism and credibility Strong, professional writing relies on clear, parallel grammatical structure that keeps sentences balanced and the tone confident A sentence that feels off disrupts flow and undermines impact, whereas well-structured syntax reinforces clarity and authority In short, careful word choice and consistent parallelism work together to create persuasive, polished letters that communicate effectively.
We are looking for a person who are responsible, hardworking and integrity
A company seeks to hire someone who is responsible, hardworking, and principled Although the intent is to use parallel structure, the original sentence falters because integrity is a noun without a direct English adjective form To preserve parallelism and strengthen SEO-friendly language, replace integrity with an appropriate adjective—such as ethical or trustworthy—or rephrase to present the three traits as the clear trio: responsible, hardworking, and principled.
Parallel structure works only when every element is grammatically correct; otherwise the sentence becomes incorrect and hard to read When a sentence breaks the parallel form, its meaning can get lost and the rhythm suffers, so it's often better to revise or remove the offending construction to preserve clarity and consistency in writing.
We are looking for a responsible hardworking person with integrity
Parallel structure becomes more challenging when phrases and clauses must be kept in balance Many students struggle with correlative conjunctions such as both/and, either/or, neither/nor, and not only/but also, because each pair requires identical grammatical form on both sides Practically, this means counting the elements joined by these connectors and ensuring they match in structure, tense, and voice If one side uses a noun phrase, the other should mirror it with the same pattern; if one side uses a verb phrase, the other should too Without this parallelism, sentences feel awkward and can cloud meaning Mastering parallel structure with correlative pairs enhances clarity, readability, and overall writing quality, which is valuable for SEO-focused content as well.
Neither and nor are used to link exactly two elements, not three The sentence “I have seen neither John nor Jinn nor Jane” has three elements, so the construction is incorrect If you want to express three items, drop neither/nor and use a simple list or a different construction, such as “I have seen John, Jinn, or Jane” or “I have seen none of John, Jinn, or Jane.”
I have not seen John, Jinn or Jane
At the same time that you are counting elements, you should make sure that the elements contain the same structure
We hope not only to obtain production estimates but also a summary of production goals
Correlative conjunctions such as not only but also demand parallel structure: the elements that follow each part should be grammatically alike In the original sentence, after not only there is an infinitive phrase, but after but also there is a full sentence, producing an unbalanced and weak construction that forces the reader to reread The corrected, more fluent version is: "We hope to obtain not only production estimates but also a summary of production goals."
Many linguists contend that the primary requirement for any writer translating a text into another language is the ability to understand it, a task that hinges on analyzing and mastering grammar As Newmark (1995, p 75) put it, grammar is the skeleton of a text, while vocabulary is the flesh and collocations are the tendons that connect them Grammar not only conveys the core facts of a text—such as time, place, statements, questions, and feelings—but also provides the crucial mechanism to link these elements into coherent sentences and passages While the eye may first fix on words, the structure and phrasing within sentences carry the real meaning Fluency with grammar is therefore indispensable for writers, because English grammar shapes sentence meaning beyond individual words In practice, grammar largely determines implication, a nuance that can differ from Vietnamese, where word meaning more often drives the sentence’s intent.
Vietnamese pronouns have several distinctive features, but in business correspondence they do not pose a significant challenge for writers Consequently, the researcher will not take this matter into account in future work.
Luckily, since the main characteristic of the writer in the company is to use simple methods of conveying information to readership, the grammar will therefore be less obstructive
In fact, when the researcher sparked out the idea of mentioning the difficulties in understanding and using grammar in writing business correspondence, some of
Some researchers’ students argued that mastery of grammar is not strictly necessary for translation, a view supported by the survey results: 47.9% of respondents regarded grammar as not difficult, while 12.5% found it difficult and 25% found it rather difficult Among those who reported difficulty, all were students or non-professional translators with only 1–2 years of experience, whereas no professional translators saw grammar as an obstacle This pattern suggests that longer working experience reduces perceived difficulty with grammatical aspects, indicating that practical exposure can outweigh initial grammar training for translators.
3.2.2 Power of lexis and Terminology
Within linguistics, vocabulary (lexis) has long been a challenging area for writers A survey of 63 respondents found that about 52.1% rate lexis as "rather difficult." This is nearly twice the share selecting "difficult," with some respondents naming "very difficult" as their top option About 8.33% were unsure about lexis’ difficulty, and no one chose "not difficult."
Chart 2: Levels of difficulty in using Lexis
Causes of business-letter writing problems
Based on data collected from questionnaires, interview questions, and test papers, researchers identified several causes of problems in Vietnamese–English translation among students These causes include gaps in vocabulary and grammar, interference from the Vietnamese language, limited exposure to translation practice, and insufficient familiarity with translation strategies, highlighting the need for targeted language development and focused translation training.
3.3.1 Causes of grammar errors related to verb tenses
From the errors observed, it is clear that many students focus too much on Vietnamese sentence structures, which often obscures the implicit meaning of English The goal is not to preserve the form of the source language but to write according to English grammar points A major reason for this issue is the lack of awareness of the differences between Vietnamese and English; Vietnamese does not have a direct equivalent of English tense concepts, whereas English follows strict rules for tense use and verb forms As a result, learners neglect the forms and functions of verbs within sentences, revealing weaknesses in grammar and in their command of English tense usage.
3.3.2 Causes of errors on word choices
Many students translate literally, relying on dictionary definitions and selecting synonyms without considering the surrounding context In practice, synonym pairs share at least one sense but do not share all their senses, so a word is appropriate only in specific situations, and other near-meaning words may not fit those contexts Consequently, synonyms cannot be used interchangeably in every case, and most convey the same meaning only within certain contexts If learners use synonyms without grounding them in context, their writing can sound awkward or nonsensical, undermining clarity and quality.
53 about background knowledge and the mother tongue are also the difficulties in choosing suitable and appropriate words
Beyond the factors already discussed, another key cause of these problems is that many students devote limited time to self-study and fail to take their translation course seriously This lack of focused effort undermines their progress in translation and contributes to the ongoing issues.
Implications
No one can claim that writing business correspondence is free of difficulties; it is a nuanced skill that demands a range of competencies—clarity, tone, structure, and audience awareness—that writers must develop Drawing on the survey results and analysis presented in Chapter 3, this chapter offers practical recommendations and concrete solutions to the major challenges of business correspondence to help readers craft effective, professional messages.
To help students master their business letter writing, teachers should focus on giving students specific guidance on the following aspects:
Effective writing in English should read naturally rather than like a word-for-word translation To achieve this, writers are encouraged to paraphrase rather than translate literally, and to be flexible with tone and structure by reorganizing ideas as needed By adjusting style and order, the resulting piece becomes fluent, coherent English that still carries the original meaning, while also meeting SEO considerations through clear phrasing, relevant keywords, and accessible flow.
Translation must preserve the original meaning and avoid distortion of implications; inaccuracies are unacceptable To ensure accuracy, writers should pay close attention to grammar and sentence structure to derive the correct meaning Additionally, skimming and scanning the full text before translating provides an overview of the topic and the intended readership, guiding the writer to choose the most appropriate, SEO-friendly wording.
To expand and refresh your vocabulary, regularly consult relevant documents to update existing terms and capture newly derived words For many learners, studying vocabulary across every field is daunting, so it’s advisable to intensively study and master one field before moving into another That said, you don’t have to abandon fields you aren’t currently using; instead, reinforce your language skills by translating business letters from English to Vietnamese and back, which helps you practice real-world terminology and context.
Understanding and using precise terminology is a constant challenge for business writers To navigate this, rely on both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries to clarify meanings, nuances, and correct usage When a term is missing or hard to pin down, consult a range of sources and talk with experienced professionals to build a consensus on the most accurate term or concept This collaborative approach helps ensure clarity, consistency, and credibility in business communications, and it supports SEO by using aligned, audience-focused terminology.
However, it is not often in all cases that when the student cannot manage to conduct discussion with the professionals, he / she then must decide by himself / herself and will naturally enrich his / her experience
By analyzing the most common mistakes, the writers can avoid repeating such types of errors in the future It is the role of the teachers to introduce the structure, the language and expressions used in business letters, and design tasks for students to practice
To write a well-organized letter, you must think through what you will say before you begin Without planning, you cannot expect your writing to be clear or concise Students achieve clarity and brevity only after weeding out irrelevant ideas and arranging the meaningful, relevant information in a logical, effective order In short, thoughtful preparation and a structured draft are essential for communicating effectively in any letter.
Readers are mainly interested in the information they receive, not the steps you took to obtain it; a letter that starts with descriptions of your process—such as mentioning library visits, credit-file checks, or conversations—tends to be disorganized and obscures the main message To communicate clearly, some preparation is needed for almost every letter you write: outline the key points, present the evidence succinctly, and arrange the information in a logical order so the reader can grasp the purpose and conclusions at a glance.
Write down the aim: What is the purpose of the letter?
Begin by thoroughly understanding the context surrounding your letter and gathering the relevant background information That small upfront investment in research can save you substantial time and money later.
Jot down a short list of ideas you plan to include in your letter In this way, you can exclude those ideas, which are irrelevant
Arrange the ideas in a relevant order
Write an outline in note form Check it through considering these questions
+ Have you left any important points out?
+ Can the order of presentation be made clearer?
+ Have you included anything that is not relevant?
Write a first draft, leaving plenty of space for changes and revision
Revise the draft by considering these questions
+ Is it written in the correct form?
+ Does it cover all the essential points?
+ Is the information relevant, correct and complete?
+ Are the grammar, spelling and punctuation correct?
+ Does it sound natural and sincere?
+ Is it clear, concise and courteous?
+ Is it the kind of letter you would like to receive yourself?
People approach issues in different ways, but whatever method you choose, ensure every sentence is clear on its own Each sentence should be understandable without having to go back and reread the paragraph to catch the point you are making Clear, self-contained sentences boost readability and comprehension for all readers, and they help SEO by signaling crisp, digestible ideas to search engines.
1.2 Solution to conveying the original writing styles
Determining the correct version of a business message for translation is a common challenge for writers It requires not only finding accurate linguistic equivalents but also recreating the right tone and style for the target language For example, Vietnamese translations often demand adjustments in formality, nuance, and sentence structure to preserve meaning while sounding natural to native readers By balancing semantic accuracy with appropriate register, translators can produce professional, effective business correspondence in the target language.
We would be grateful if you could send us your latest catalogue and price list at your earliest convenience, as this will help us evaluate your products for a potential first order and understand pricing, terms, and delivery timelines; we are keen to establish a long‑term, mutually beneficial business relationship and would welcome any details on minimum order quantities, payment terms, and lead times to move forward with productive discussions and planning for our initial purchase.
“Chúng tôi sẽ rất vui mừng nếu quý Ngài gửi cho chúng tôi ca-ta-lô và bảng giá mới nhất của quý Ngài”.
However, if it requires a reply for an outstanding debt or late delivery, it can be put like this:
“Yêu cầu quý Ngài gửi cho chúng tôi …”
Mastering the writing style for business correspondence helps convey professionalism and clarity Writers should distinguish between different types of business letters—such as a first request letter, a reply regarding an outstanding debt, or a notice about late delivery—and choose the appropriate format for each situation By selecting the right version of the letter, you ensure the tone, structure, and content match the purpose, whether you are requesting information, resolving a payment issue, or addressing a delivery delay Clear, well-structured business correspondence improves response rates and preserves professional relationships.
Using the correct style in business correspondence strengthens the professional relationship between counterparts The writing should be in business language because we are composing business letters, and while other grammar mistakes may not be wrong in general, they won’t sound like a professional business letter Students often struggle to adopt the right business style, in part because the proper tone overlaps with set expressions used in formal writing The best way to overcome this is to memorize many authentic examples of the correct business style, practicing the phrases until they become second nature.
Table 3: Some business versions and equivalent translations
We are very much interested in your … and hope you will send us a copy of the newest catalogue together with the price
Conclusion
Language learning remains a key facet of the global village, and this thesis focuses on Vietnamese–English language style to identify common mistakes in verb tenses, word choices, and writing style among English majors in Vietnamese–English correspondence, offering a humble but practical contribution to the broader research in this area The study is structured around three chapters: Chapter 1 provides a literature review of core concepts, including definitions of business correspondence, its importance in business transactions, various letter types, factors influencing the writing process, and typical Vietnamese–English writing errors and habits, establishing the fundamental theories for analysis; Chapter 2, Methodology, details the research questions, participants, procedures, and data collection instruments, with data gathered from questionnaires, interviews, and test papers (including final and extra tests) edited for English majors at Thuongmai University; Chapter 3 identifies and analyzes the results from these data sources, explores the causes of the observed errors, and offers practical suggestions to help students avoid them While writing is a complex productive activity, the study encourages students to focus on self-study and the application of writing strategies to discover personally effective learning approaches, and it cautions against word-by-word translation, advocating careful analysis of the source language and clear understanding of the message so that students can find accurate Vietnamese–English expressions.
Translation research aims to produce text that reads naturally in the receptor language by avoiding literal renderings and pursuing truly idiomatic expression This study contributes to the quality of learning and training at the university level, offering practical insights for educators and students alike It is hoped that the work will be seen as a valuable companion for anyone seeking to enhance their writing skills.
Although this study offers useful insights, it has limitations that may affect the results Due to the restricted research timeframe, a survey to assess how these mistakes influence readers was not conducted Additionally, the researcher's limited background in linguistics may have introduced unavoidable errors in the analysis Nevertheless, the study aims to be useful for English major students at the university and for readers with a keen interest in researching writing skills, especially writing for specific purposes, within the scope of this work.
1 Tu Anh (2005), English-Vietnamese translation techniques, (p.10-16)
2 Bell, R (1991), Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, Longman, New York
3 Bui Tien Bao and Dang Xuan Thu (1997), Interpreting and translation course book, Hanoi
University of Foreign studies, Hanoi
4 Dan, N.T (1997-1998, p.9) The Language of Business Correspondence in English and Vietnamese Dong Nai : NXB Dong Nai
5 Dan, N.T (1999, p.35) International Business Correspondence Hanoi: NXB Thong Ke
6 Duong Thi Thuy Hang and Nguyen Thi Cam Xuyen (2010), Common mistakes in learning translation subject by the second-year English majors at Dong Thap University
7 Gerfner, A.B (1991, p.11) Business Letters the Easy Way New York: Barron Educational
8 Hornby, A (2005), Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, Oxford University Press
9 Le Phuong Lan, (2006), Unnaturalness in English-Vietnamese translation: causes and cures,
10 Newmark, Peter (1989), A Textbook of Translation, Prentice Hall International, Herfordside
11 Nguyen Van Tuan (2006), Translation 1&2, Hue University, Hue
12 Nguyen Ngo Minh Tri and Le Thi My Duyen (2010), Problems in Vietnamese-English translation of the second-year students of English major at Dong Thap University: Causes and Solutions
13 Victoria Bull, Fourth edition, Oxford Learner‟s Pocket Dictionary, Oxford University Press
This questionnaire serves as a research instrument for my study titled "Research on the Influences of Vietnamese Style on Writing Business Correspondence." Please spare a few moments to answer the questions; your comments and ideas will contribute significantly to the success of this research and help illuminate how Vietnamese style shapes professional business communication.
Thank you very much for your assistance
Please mark a tick (v) in the appropriate boxes for your choices and write down your answers to these following open questions
2 Duration of time learning how to write business correspondence
3 Frequency of writing this kind of correspondence
Very often - Often - Sometimes - Never -
4 The levels of difficulties expectedly mentioned in writing business correspondence
Please tick (v) in the appropriate boxes
Opt % Opt % Opt % Opt % Opt %
Power of expression set and word use
Power of expression set and word use
Difficulties in conveying the original writing styles
Could you please write down the solutions to these difficulties?
……… Thank you for your cooperation!
We would like to invite you to the reception held in the Grand Ballroom of the Hilton Hotel 1,
Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi from 6.30p.m to 8.00 p.m on Friday 11 th June 2000 on the occasion of the Birthday of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II
Please let us know if you plan to attend
I look forward to meeting you
Thank you for your inquiry dated 6 May 2000 We are pleased to offer you the goods you are interested in under the following terms and conditions.
Commodity: sweaters for all age groups
Specifications: As per enclosed catalogue, No 259/ LT and sample sent to you by post today Quantity: as required and specified in your order
Price: as per attached price, list and all the prices should be understood to be C.I.F Kobe including packing
Delivery: in one lot in Mid October 2000
Payment shall be made in USD under an irrevocable letter of credit issued through Tokyo Commercial Bank The L/C must be opened at least 15 days before shipment and shall remain valid for 45 days, payable to the account of the Bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam in your favor for the total contract value of the goods to be shipped Transshipment and re-export are not allowed.
We assure you that our sweater is good in quality, attractive in design and comparative in prices
If your order is for 4,000 pieces or more, we will give you a discount of 0.3% of the total value of the order
In the meantime, we are looking forward to hearing from you soon
According to our records, our invoice number 061704 for %15,789 is now overdue If, however, this invoice has already been settled, please disregard this email
With regard to your 2 September inquiry about trading on open-account terms, we regret to inform you that we cannot approve your request due to an insufficient credit rating We hope you understand the reasons for this decision, and we trust that we can continue to do business together as in the past.
We intend to place regular orders with your company and seek to trade on open account terms We are confident this arrangement will deliver mutual benefits, and we look forward to your prompt reply.
Further to our email of 23 May, we have still not received payment for the outstanding sum of
$15,789 We regret to inform you that we are suspending all shipments until this outstanding balance has been settled
We sincerely apologize for the delay in dispatching the enclosed cheque The delay was an unfortunate oversight caused by circumstances beyond our control, and we assure you it will not occur again.
Thể theo yêu cầu của quý Ngài gửi đến ngày 23 tháng 6, chúng tôi hân hạnh được báo với quý Ngài như sau
Chất lượng: Loại 1 theo Tiêu chuẩn Viêt Nam
Giá đơn vị: US$ 180/ tấn C.I.F Hồng Kong
Thời gian gửi hàng: Tháng 9 – tháng 10 Điều kiện: Hối phiếu ký phát thanh toán sau theo Điều kiện trong tín dụng thư không hủy ngang
Chúng tôi tự tin đây là điều kiện chào hàng tốt nhất mà công ty có thể cung cấp và không có đối thủ nào có thể đưa ra mức ưu đãi tốt hơn Hiện nay chúng tôi nhận được nhiều đơn đặt hàng từ khắp nơi trên thế giới và nguồn hàng tồn kho có thể hết trong những ngày tới Vì vậy để bảo vệ quyền lợi của quý khách, xin quý khách đặt hàng ngay để đảm bảo nhận được ưu đãi và nguồn hàng trước khi hết.
Chúng tôi mong đợi đơn đặt hàng sớm của quý Ngài
We are pleased to quote your firm subject to your reply reading here by June 23 as follows:
Quality: Grade number 01 Vietnam standard
Prices: US$ 180 per ton C.I.F Haiphong
Terms: Draft at 30 days under irrevocable Letter of Credit
We’re confident this is the best offer available, with terms no other firm can beat With global demand and a steady flow of orders from around the world, stock could run out soon To secure these favorable terms and avoid missing out, please place your order now.
Your early order is looked forward to
BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THƯƠNG MẠI
KHOA HỌC VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ CẤP CƠ SỞ
1 TÊN ĐỀ TÀI: Phân tích ảnh hưở ng c ủ a ngôn ng ữ ti ế ng Vi ệ t khi vi ết thư tín thương mạ i ti ế ng Anh – Th ự c tr ạ ng và gi ả i pháp
3 THỜI GIAN THỰC HIỆN: 8 tháng
Từngày 15 tháng 08 năm 2016 đến ngày 15 tháng 04 năm 2017.
Họ và tên: Phạm Thị Xuân Hà
Chức danh khoa học: Địa chỉ cơ quan: Bộ môn Thực hành tiếng
Khoa Tiếng Anh-ĐH Thương Mại Điện thoại cơ quan:
Học vị: Thạc sỹ Ngày sinh: 30/10/1981 Địa chỉ nhà riêng: Điện thoại nhà riêng : Fax:
5 NHỮNG THÀNH VIÊN THAM GIA NGHIÊN CỨU ĐỀ TÀI (Lưu ý: Không quá 2 người với các giảng viên có thâm niên dưới 5 năm)
TT Họ và tên Đơn vị công tác và lĩnh vực chuyên môn
Nội dung nghiên cứu cụ thể được giao Chữ ký
1 Ths Phạm Thị Xuân Hà Bộ môn Thực hành tiếng Anh- Khoa Tiếng Anh
Chủ nhiệm đề tài, thu thập và phân tích số liệu
6 TỔNG QUAN TÌNH HÌNH NGHIÊN CỨU THUỘC LĨNH VỰC CỦA ĐỀ TÀI Ở TRONG VÀ NGOÀI NƯỚC
6.1 Ngoài nước (phân tích, đánh giá tình hình nghiên cứu thuộc lĩnh vực của đề tài trên thế giới, liệt kê danh mục các công trình nghiên cứu, tài liệu có liên quan đến đềtài được trích dẫn khi đánh giá tổng quan)
Theo định nghĩa của Yli-Jokipii trong nghiên cứu “Running against time and technology: problems in empirical research into written business communication” (1991: 59-72), “viết trong
Trong bối cảnh thương mại, 70 lĩnh vực phải được bao quát tối thiểu bởi năm nhóm thông tin cơ bản: thông tin doanh nghiệp, thông tin có tổ chức, thông tin quản lý, thông tin hành chính hoặc chính thể, và thông tin kỹ thuật Việc kết nối và đồng bộ các nhóm thông tin này giúp các hoạt động quản lý và trao đổi dữ liệu diễn ra trơn tru, tăng tính minh bạch và hiệu quả cho từng lĩnh vực Do đó mỗi lĩnh vực thương mại cần tích hợp đầy đủ các loại thông tin trên để tối ưu hóa quản lý thông tin và phục vụ người dùng một cách toàn diện.
Trong một nghiên cứu khác, thông tin viết trong lĩnh vực thương mại được mô tả là bao gồm thư từ, chứng từ, các bản ghi nhớ và telex, như được nêu trong công trình của H Zak và T Dudley-Evans (1986, trang 59).
Những nghiên cứu được trình bày cho thấy lĩnh vực viết thư thương mại theo hướng ngôn ngữ tương đối ít chú trọng đến thông tin thương mại xuyên văn hóa, và nhiều tài liệu tồn tại ở dạng quan điểm hoặc giai thoại dựa trên kinh nghiệm thực tiễn Phần lớn nghiên cứu dựa trên các ví dụ từ sách giáo khoa về viết trong lĩnh vực thương mại, khiến chất lượng và phạm vi nghiên cứu quốc tế còn nhiều hạn chế Các chuyên gia viết thương mại đã gợi lại ý tưởng của các nhà ngôn ngữ học ứng dụng về chất lượng và phạm vi của nghiên cứu quốc tế Trong một tạp chí, Moran và Moran nhấn mạnh rằng: “đáng ngạc nhiên là một số lượng nhỏ nghiên cứu nghiêm túc đã được thực hiện trên thư tín thương mại.”