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Trang 1VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
NGUYEN NGOC HUY
EXPLOITATION OF FOREST PLANT RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
IN LAO CAI PROVINCE
Major: Development Economics Major code: 9.31.01.05
SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN ECONOMICS
HA NOI – 2022
Trang 2The thesis was completed at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences
Supervisors: 1 Dr Tran Ngoc Ngoan
2 Dr Nguyen Thang
Reviewer 1: Prof Dr Do Duc Binh
Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Van Hai
Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Xuan Dung
The thesis was defended in the meeting of the Academy level evaluating
thesis council at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences ( No.477 Nguyen Trai
Str, Thanh Xuân, Ha Noi
At , date month year
The dissertation may be found at:
- Graduate Academy of Social Science Library
- Vietnam National Library
Trang 3AUTHOR’S PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO THE DISSERTATION
1 Nguyễn Ngọc Huy (2020), “Vai trò của tài nguyên thực vật rừng đối với
sinh kế của hộ gia đình nông thôn ở tỉnh Lào Cai”, Tạp chí Nghiên cứu kinh
tế, số 12/2020 (511), tr.79-87
2 Nguyễn Ngọc Huy (2020), “Khai thác tài nguyên thực vật rừng và những
vấn đề đặt ra đối với phát triển bền vững ở tỉnh Lào Cai”, Tạp chí Thông tin
khoa học xã hội, số 10/2020, tr.52-59
3 Nguyễn Ngọc Huy (2020), “Tác động của chuyển dịch cơ cấu tới năng suất
lao động ở tỉnh Lào Cai”, Tạp chí Phát triển bền vững vùng, Quyền 10, số 3
(9/2020), tr.71-79
Trang 4INTRODUCTION
1 Rationale
Forests are one of the important resources for human life Forests provides valuable trees, medicinal plants, etc., for people Due to socio-economic benefits, exploitation of forest resources has attracted more and more attention from people Forest resources are being destroyed day by day, hour by hour, and as a result, the regeneration and natural balance of forests are almost gone The exploitation of forest resources, including forest plant resources, poses challenges to sustainable development Exploitation of forest plant resources affects ecosystem balance, biodiversity, stability and soil fertility, and also has influence on the ability to limit floods, prevent soil erosion and conserve surface and groundwater resources From
an economic perspective, the exploitation of forest plant resources poses risks and challenges of the “resource curse”
Lao Cai is a province with rich and diverse forest plant resources Forest plants in the province have their position, role and importance in socio-economic development for Lao Cai In the period 2010-2020, the agriculture, forestry and fishery sectors contribute about 15.8% of GRDP in Lao Cai Province; in this area, forestry accounts for 11.9% In the forestry sector, logging and non-timber forest products account for the largest proportion with 57.32% The forestry sector in Lao Cai Province attracts and creates jobs for about 20,000 workers
Forest resources play an important role in socio-economic development of Lao Cai Province, so in recent times, the exploitation of forest resources, especially forest plant resources, cutting and deforestation, has been a major concern Lao Cai Province promoted forest protection and development, with promotion of afforestation, so the forest area in Lao Cai increased from 327,755 ha (in 2010) to 354,063 ha (in 2019), and the forest cover increased respectively from 51.3% to 55.63% Although the forest area and forest cover ratio have increased, the quality
of the forest is not high and the biodiversity of natural forests has been reduced Notably, the exploitation of forest plant resources is causing threats to the goal of sustainable development in all three aspects: economic, social and environmental The rational and effective exploitation of forest plant resources and promotion of specific economic resources of mountainous provinces with fragmented terrain such
as Lao Cai are difficult problems to find a solution for all sectors, especially the economic sector Faced with such problems as mentioned above, up to now, many options have been proposed and many development models have been applied However, in Lao Cai Province, the proposed and applied solutions have low
Trang 5replicability and have not yet brought high economic efficiency, or in the process of applying models, stages of distribution, marketing and promotion have not been paid attention, thereby affecting the economic efficiency of the exploitation of forest plant resources
In the coming period, in the whole country in general and in Lao Cai Province in particular, forest resources will face new contexts The requirements for sustainable development, protection of natural resources and the environment are associated with international economic integration commitments Advances in science and technology are creating new ways of socio-economic development and management of natural resources, including forest resources Climate change also poses challenges to the exploitation of forest plant resources Restructuring and renovating the economic growth model at the national level and in Lao Cai Province require exploitation of forest plant resources in association with sustainable development goals
Considering the above, the title “Exploitation of forest plant resources for
sustainable development in Lao Cai Province” was selected as the official thesis
title The thesis focused on analyzing and evaluating the current situation of exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development in Lao Cai Province
in order to provide a more realistic and comprehensive picture for appropriate solutions
2 Research objectives of the thesis
The thesis aimed to analyze, evaluate the current situation and propose solutions
to exploit forest plant resources for sustainable development in Lao Cai Province
3 Research object and scope of the thesis
3.1 Research object
The thesis examined how the exploitation of forest plant resources affects and serves sustainable economic, social and environmental development in Lao Cai Province
3.2 Research scope
Temporal scope: The thesis focused on studying the situation of exploiting forest
plant resources for sustainable development in Lao Cai Province in the period
2011-2020 and proposing solutions to 2025, with a vision to 2035
Spatial scope: The thesis focused on analyzing, assessing the current situation and
proposing solutions on exploiting forest plant resources for sustainable development
in Lao Cai Province
Scope of content: The thesis did not consider the sustainability of the exploitation
of forest plant resources or the sustainability of the activities of the exploitation of forest plant resources The thesis focused on clarifying the current situation of
Trang 6exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development goals in Lao Cai Province, including three pillars: economic, social, and environmental
4 Approach and research methods of the thesis
The thesis employed the following approaches: Approach to sustainable development; systematic approach; value chain approach The research methods used include: Analysis and synthesis; statistical analysis; comparison; policy analysis, SWOT analysis; multivariate regression analysis
5 New scientific findings of the thesis
The thesis theoretically clarified the exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development, evaluation criteria and factors affecting the exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development; and the exploitation of forest plant resources and its impact on sustainable development in Lao Cai Province
6 Theoretical and practical significance of the thesis
The thesis has theoretical and practical significance as follows:
- The thesis contributes to the theories of exploiting forest plant resources for sustainable development The theoretical contribution of the thesis is to provide an approach to exploiting forest plant resources to protect forest plant resources and to serve the goals of sustainable development
- The published studies have hardly examined the exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development in Lao Cai Province The thesis has contributed
to clarify the current situation of exploitation of forest plant resources and its impact on sustainable development in Lao Cai Province
- The thesis also contributes to clarifying and providing scientific arguments on the current situation of exploiting forest plant resources for sustainable development in Lao Cai Province The thesis has made practical contributions with the provision of data, quantitative analysis from the survey results on the current situation of exploiting forest plant resources in Lao Cai Province These contributions serve the research and management of policy-making agencies at all levels
7 Structure of the thesis
In addition to the introduction, conclusion, list of references, appendices, the thesis is presented in 4 chapters as follows:
sustainable development
plant resources for sustainable development
sustainable development in Lao Cai Province
development in Lao Cai Province
Trang 7Chapter 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON EXPLOITATION OF FOREST PLANT
RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1.1 Review of International Literature
1.1.1 Studies on sustainable development related to forest resources and forest plant resources
1.1.1.1 Studies on resource capital, forest resources and plant resources in economic growth
The studies of Hussain et al (2019), Schure et al (2014) and Zulu et al (2013) discuss the role of forest resources and forest plant resources in income generation, job and capital creation to invest in education, health care and other economic activities
1.1.1.2 Studies on forest resources and forest plant resources for sustainable development
The authors Dresner (2008), Bell and Morse (2008) discuss sustainable development, obstacles and prospects for sustainable development The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) conducts researches on economic tools in resource extraction and environmental protection Manuel and Tan (2015) and Budhathoki (2013) examine the exploitation and conservation of natural resources in order to sustainably serve natural resources and the environment
1.1.2 Studies suggesting approaches to exploiting forest plant resources for sustainable development
1.1.2.1 Studies on issues related to forest resources, exploitation of forest resources and forest plant resources for sustainable development
Hussain et al (2019), Zulu et al (2013), Schure et al (2014), FAO (2006), Kaimowitz (2002), Wunder (2001), Inoni (2009), study the impacts of exploitation
of forest plant resources on the lives and livelihoods of forest-dependent people
1.1.2.2 Studies on the organization of production, exploitation and development
of forest resources, forest plant resources for sustainable development
The studies of Lawrence et al (2007), World Bank (2009), Sofia (2003), Sally et
al (2007) point out that the organization of production, exploitation and development of forest resources, forest plant resources for sustainable development must be associated with people’s livelihoods, and at the same time attach people’s responsibilities for forest protection and development
Trang 81.1.2.3 Studies on approaches and models to exploit forest plant resources for sustainable development
Lundgren and Raintree (1982), FAO (2013), Rodrigues et al (2015), Acharya et
al (2009) propose an agroforestry development approach to exploit forest plant resources for sustainable development
Chou (2018), Ticktin (2015), Mayers and Vermeulen (2002) propose an approach
in exploiting forest plant resources for sustainable development, that is, the development of non-timber forest products along with harvesting should be combined with planting non-timber forest products to enrich forest resources
1.1.3 Studies on impacts and factors affecting the exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development
1.1.3.1 Studies on impacts of forest plant resource exploitation on sustainable development
The studies by Hussain et al (2019), Schure et al (2014), Zulu et al (2013) refer
to forest plant resources as a source of capital and income generation, employment for economic development FAO (2006) and Heltberg (2001) analyze the role and contribution of exploitation of forest plant resources to poverty reduction Hall et al (2012) discusses the impact of exploitation of forest plant resources on sustainability
in terms of natural resources and the environment
1.1.3.2 Studies on factors affecting the exploitation of forest plant resources
The study by Camm et al (2002) examines natural conditions affecting the exploitation of forest plant resources Teruel and Kuroda (2005) analyze and evaluate the conditions of the infrastructure at the place of exploitation and its impact on the exploitation of forest plant resources Chen et al (2016) discusses the role and impact of science and technology on plant varieties on the planting and development of forest trees and non-timber forest products
1.2 Review of the domestic literature
1.2.1 Studies on forests and forest plant resources
1.2.1.1 Studies on the value and role of forests and forest plant resources
The studies by Nguyen Ba Ngai (2016), Vo Thi Phuong Nhung (2016), Nguyen Van Vu (2019) analyze and evaluate the role of forests and forest plant resources
1.2.1.2 Studies on approaches in forest management and exploitation, and sustainable exploitation of forest plant resources
The study by Ha Sy Dong (2016) provides a theoretical framework and approaches for sustainable forest management The study by Nguyen Quang Tan,
Trang 9Nguyen Van Chinh and Vu Thu Hanh (2008) provides a framework and approaches
in forest governance and exploitation of forest plant resources
1.2.2 Studies on mechanisms, policies and tools to protect and develop forests and forest plant resources
1.2.2.1 Studies on mechanisms, policies and organizational models for forest protection and development, including forest plant resources
The studies by FSSP (2013), Nguyen Thanh Huyen (2012), Bach Xuan Hoa (2014) and Pham Thi Thuy (2014) analyze and evaluate legislation on forest resource protection
1.2.2.2 Studies on tools for managing forest resources and forest plant resources
The study by Vu Thi Bich Thuan (2015) assesses the participation of stakeholders in special-use forest management The study by Le Quang Duc (2018) explains the role of the state in the development of medicinal plants The studies by Cao Thi Ly (2008) and Ha Cong Tuan (2006) discuss the improvement of state management tools in the exploitation of forest plant resources in particular
The studies by Pham Quoc Doanh (2016), Vu Dung (2006), Nguyen Quang Tan
et al (2017), Bao Huy (2009) examine the community forest allocation and community forest management to contribute to forest protection and development
1.2.3 Studies on the exploitation of forest plant resources related to sustainable development
1.2.3.1 Studies on current situation of exploitation and development of forest plant resources
The study by Le Van Khoa and Pham Quang Tu (2014) examines the current situation of forest exploitation in the Central Highlands The studies by Le Van Thanh et al (2011), Pham Duy Long and Nguyen Thi Thuy Nga (2012), Do Van Tuan (2013), Do Hoan Son (2012), Le Ngoc Anh (2012) investigate the current situation of exploitation and cultivation of some NTFPs
1.2.3.2 Studies on exploitation of forest plant resources associated with sustainable livelihoods
The studies by Le Thu Quynh (2013), Dang Van Thanh (2009), Le Trong Cuc and Terry (2012), Duong Quynh Phuong (2007), Nguyen Xuan Thiep (2016) refer to the current situation of livelihoods of forest-dependent people and its impact on the exploitation of forest plant resources
1.2.3.3 Studies on exploitation, processing and consumption of forest products along the value chain
Trang 10The studies by Nguyen Manh Dung (2017), Tran Van Thang et al (2011), Do Phu Tran Tinh (2012), Nguyen Ton Quyen (2014), Hoang Quang Phong (2012) investigate the current situation of exploitation, processing and consumption of forest products, including NTFPs
1.2.3.4 Studies on forest environmental services to generate revenue for forest protection and development
The studies by Vu Thi Hien and Luong Thi Truong (2010), Le Trong Toan (2014) show evidence with the benefits of forest environmental services not only in generating revenue but also playing a role in the fight against climate change associated with the role of people, especially ethnic minorities, communities living
in and near forests
1.2.4 Studies related to exploitation and development of forest plant resources
in Lao Cai Province
1.2.4.1 Studies on the suitability of natural conditions and economic efficiency for the cultivation and development of some non-timber forest products in Lao Cai Province
The studies by Nguyen Ba Hoat (2008), Tran Anh Tuan and Truong Ngoc Kiem (2017), Phuong Thuy (2018), Lao Cai Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (2010), Nguyen Duy Thinh (2013) investigate natural conditions and potentials and advantages for planting and developing a number of non-timber forest products in Lao Cai Province
1.2.4.2 Studies on socio-economic and natural and environmental issues related
to forest plant resources in Lao Cai Province
The studies by CIRUM (2011), Bui Duy Chien (2018), Nguyen Hung Manh (2014) provide issues of indigenous knowledge related to forests, indigenous knowledge in the exploitation of forest land and the role of customary law in protection of forest resources
1.2.5 Studies related to sustainable development in Lao Cai Province
1.2.5.1 Studies on socio-economic issues related to sustainable development in Lao Cai Province
The studies by Nguyen Truong Giang (2013), Giang Thi Dung (2014), Pham Ngoc Thang (2016) examine the current situation of socio-economic development and sustainable development in Lao Cai Province
1.2.5.2 Studies on the current situation of natural resources and the environment related to sustainable development in Lao Cai Province
Trang 11The studies by Kieu Quoc Lap (2018), Ha Minh Tuan et al (2019), Dang Thi Thanh Hoa (2013), Nguyen Thi Giang Huong (2016) examine environmental issues and climate change in Lao Cai Province
1.3 General comments on existing studies and issues that need further research
From the review of foreign and domestic studies related to the thesis title, some comments can be drawn:
- Foreign studies focus on researching and providing theoretical basis for sustainable development and exploitation of forest plant resources The studies of foreign and domestic authors provide the foundation and approach for studying the current situation of exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development in Lao Cai Province
- Studies on exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development focus on studying the exploitation of forest plant resources and its effects on sustainable development However, most of the studies of foreign and domestic authors only consider each issue of sustainable development and exploitation of forest plant resources separately
- Studies on the socio-economic development situation of Lao Cai Province, at different levels, have shown the limitations of the economic growth model and proposed various solutions There are relatively few studies on Lao Cai related to the exploitation of forest plant resources and sustainable development Particularly, there are not many research works on exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development in Lao Cai Province
In summary, from the review of studies, there has been no study so far on exploitation
of forest plant resources for sustainable development in Lao Cai Province
Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE ON
EXPLOITATION OF FOREST PLANT RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT 2.1 Theoretical basis for exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development
2.1.1 Relevant concepts and contents on exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development
2.1.1.1 Concepts related to forest plant resources
As defined by the author, forest plant resources, including timber resources and
non-timber forest products, mean forest trees available from nature and planted by humans
Trang 122.1.1.2 Viewpoints on sustainable development
Secondly, socially sustainable development includes a number of main contents: i)
population stabilization and rural development; ii) mitigation of adverse environmental impacts; iii) improvement of education and elimination of illiteracy; iv) protection of cultural diversity; v) gender equality, taking into account gender needs and interests; vi) increasing public participation in decision-making processes
Thirdly, environmentally sustainable development requires maintaining a balance
between protection and exploitation of natural resources for human benefits in order
to maintain the level of exploitation of these resources in a sustainable manner
- Sustainable forest management
Sustainable forest management is a tool for sustainable development of forest resources
2.1.1.3 Exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development
- The concept of exploitation of forest plant resources
In this study, the exploitation of forest plant resources is understood as the
exploitation of timber and non-timber forest products for socio-economic development
- The concept of exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development
Within the scope of this study, the exploitation of forest plant resources for
sustainable development is the process of exploiting forest plants for environmentally, socially and economically sustainable development Exploitation
of forest plant resources for sustainable development does not mean exploiting, collecting and gathering forest plant resources, but exploiting the values brought by forest plant resources such as forest environmental services, ecotourism, etc
2.1.1.4 Content on exploitation of forest resources for sustainable development
Exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development is exploitation
to meet and match the goals of sustainable development
Trang 13- Environmental and resource sustainability
Exploiting natural resources for sustainable development in terms of resources - environment is the rational exploitation and effective use of forest plant resources
At the same time, the exploitation aims to prevent, control and overcome pollution and environmental degradation, improve environmental quality, protect and develop forests, and conserve biodiversity
+ Obtaining equity and equality: equality in access to opportunities and enjoyment
of development achievements and results
2.1.2 Theories, methods and models of exploitation of forest plant resources for sustainable development
2.1.2.1 Theory of forest evolution
The theory of forest evolution reflects changes in forest area and forest cover over time The theory of forest evolution can explain the relationship between forests and the level and long-term sustainability of socio-economic development
2.1.2.2 Exploitation of forest plant resources associated with sustainable livelihoods for forest-dependent people
Exploitation of plant resources for sustainable development should be associated with sustainable livelihoods for local people living in or near forests, and sustainable livelihoods for them can follow the following approaches:
- Development of agroforestry: This method aims to increase and diversify
sources of income, take short to grow long to maintain forest plant resources to maturity or when it brings economic efficiency exploit
- Development of non-timber forest products and commercialization: To increase
income sources and benefits from environmental resources
- Promotion of development of forest services: Payment for forest environmental
services is a financial mechanism in which the beneficiaries of forest services are responsible for paying to the providers of forest environmental services Providers of forest environmental services benefit economically from providing such services
2.1.2.3 Approach to exploiting forest plant resources along the value chain