Kenneth ruddle 2014 nghien cu tri thc

Muc tieu quan trong hdn cua dii an nghien ciiu so la lam sang to cac va'n de cd the xay ra lien quan den sU Ua thich va chap nhan loai nude chain nao ciia ngUdi tieu dung.. V i bien ddi

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K E N N E T H R U D D L E *

Tii k h o a : T h i c h i l n g v6i bien doi, quan

ly cac ngii trifdng, k i e m t r a gia t h i e t , cong

nghiep niidc mim, cac d u a n nghien ciiu

cong dong-bao t a n g

Gidi t h i e u

Tri thiic s i n h t h a i d i a phUdng c6 v a i

tro tiem n a n g c h i n h dong gop vao viec

phac thao r a c a c t i e u c h u a n n h a m dieu

chinh va t h i c h n g h i v d i bien doi k h i h a u 6

cac ngu trifdng dia phUdng va cac cong

dong lien d6i D i e u n a y thUc sU dac biet

vi cac dieu k i e n s i n h t h a i con ngifdi cl cac

cong dong ngif dan V i e t N a m k h o n g difdc

nhUng ngiidi ngo&i cong dong h i e u ro Co

iighia la trong p h a n 16n c a c tnJdng hop,

ngiidi ta i t biet den s\i a n h hUCIng c6 the

xay ra va each doi pho vdi b i e n doi k h i

hau cf cap do cong dong Ngiidc l a i , h a n g

ng^y dUdng d a u v 6 i v i e c k i e m song,

nhiing ngUdi danh hit c a v a gia d i n h ho

vdi cac the he k h a c n h a u trcl t h a n h nhflng

kho chiJta dUng thong t i n v a t r i thiic thUc

tien ve d a n h b a t c a v a c a c m o i trUdng

na6c b dia phUdng Cac q u a n s a t c u a ho

bao gom s i i bien doi ciia cac loai muc t i e u

va moi trUdng song c u a c h u n g Cac loai

* Fuji Infomatics, Ashiya, Nhdt Ban

n a y c i i n g v6i m o i t r i i d n g song c u a loai c6 the l a nhving v a t c h i t h i c i i a k h i h a u h i e n

n a y , hoac cac d a n g k h a c c i i a stt t h a y doi

De lap ke h o a c h c6 h i e u q u a cho vi^c

CL^ zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA L layzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA (III n i o 0 c i p Ji

cong dong, t r i i 6 c t i e n c a n p h a i t i m h i e u cac y e u c a u ve v i e c d u n g nguon t a i

n g u y e n h i e n n a y T u y n h i e n , d V i e t N a m ,

viec s\i d u n g nguon t a i n g u y e n m o t each

c h i tiet 6 cap do d i a p h i i d n g vAn chifa dUdc biet d e n n h i e u H d n the niJa, s o v6i cac cong dong nong nghiep, cac cong dong ngii dan v&n chvta difdc n g h i e n ciiu n h i e u (Nguyen D u y T h i e u 2002, 2007) Su t h i e u

h u t ve k i e n thvtc do p h a i diidc lap day ngay v i cac cong dong ngiJ d a n c6 t h e se

p h a i doi m a t v6i vS'n dc k h i h a u hoac cac dang t h a y doi k h a c De l a m diioc di6"u do, trong c a c e a c h n g h i e n c i i u tiep cSn thUdng d i i n g t r o n g k h o a hoc nghe c a , n e n

bo s u n g t h e m t r i t h i i c s i n h t h a i b a n dia ci cap do cong dong ( v i d u T r a n 2009)

K h i dUdc svL d u n g hdp ly, t r i t h i i c s i n h

t h a i dia phUdng c6 the h i i u i c h doi v6i cac

m u c dich thUc t i e n va dUa r a each tiep

c a n i t ton k e m Cach tiep c a n n a y c6 the

c u n g cap t h o n g t i n n h a n h va tao dieu

k i e n cho cac cong dong l a p ke h o a c h v i ldi

i c h n e n t a n g c u a ho (Davis va Ruddle zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

2010) Sinh t h a i hoc la mot "nganh khoa

hoc khong c h i n h xac", c6 nghia la ca

'khoa hoc sinh t h a i ' va t r i thiic sinh t h a i

dia phiidng deu c6 nhiJng nhiidc diem

Tuy nhien, n h i i n g h a n che ciia 'khoa hoc

sinh t h a i ' l a i la cd hoi de t r i thiic sinh

t h a i dia phufdng dong gop mot each c6 y

nghia, n h a n h va i t ton k e m de hieu cac

he sinh t h a i va sii phiic tap ciia cac he

sinh t h a i nay (Davis va Ruddle 2010;

Ruddle va Davis 2010) T i n h h i i u ich ciia

t r i thiic sinh t h a i dia phUdng ciing da

diidc m i n h chiing t r o n g hoat dongzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA ngU

nghiep va cac san p h a m iii bien ciia V i e t

Nam (Nguydn Duy T h i e u 2002, 2007;

Ruddle 1986, 2005, 2007; Ruddle va

Davis 2010)

M a t khac, n h i i n g dong chay van hoc

tren khSp the gi6i ve t r i thiic sinh t h a i

ban dia trong hoat dong nghe ca da k h i e n

ngUcii ta hoai nghi ve gia t r i va nang suat

ciia hoat dong nay, dac biet la giCta cac

nha khoa hoc nghien ciiu ve bien va n g i i

nghiep dUdc dao tao cl phiidng Tay 6 mot

k h u viJc rong 16n t h i chu nghia hoai nghi

nay diidc m i n h chiing bdi each tiep can

khong CO can cii ciia mot so" ngUdi l i n g ho

t r i thiic sinh t h a i dia phvfdng gia mao la

cac hoc gia (Davis va Ruddle 2010;

Ruddle va Davis 2013) Viec t h u thap d i i

lieu diidc t h i e t ke ngheo nan va thUc hien

khong tot se k h o n g t r u y e n diidc sii t i i t i n

va hieu biet tien bo cho cong dong ngU

dan Thong t i n ngheo nan thUdng do lUa

chon sai nguon t a i lieu t i i n h i i n g ngiicJi

t h u thap thong t i n ve t r i thiic sinh t h a i

dia phUdng (Davis v a Wagner 2003) Noi each k h a c , sU t h a n h cong c i i a viec thu

t h a p dut l i e u , thiet ke va thUc h i e n nghien

c i i u p h u thuoc n h i e u vao viec t i m va sii dung dung ngUdi cap t i n

H d n the n i i a , d i i l i e u tot va n g h i e n ciiu dUdc thiet ke dUa t r e n d i i l i e u do c6 the

p h a i c h a p n h a n b i k h a o s a t k y liidng va

p h a i dap l a i sii phe b i n h mot each day

t h u y e t p h u c N o i e a c h k h a c , k e t q u a ciia cac giai doan t h i i c dia trong mot nghien

c i i u p h a i d u m a n h de cho'ng l a i sii phe

p h a n gay gat t i i cong c h u n g noi chung,

c i i n g n h i i t i i n h i i n g bo p h a n dac biet nhii

n h i i n g ngiidi i i n g ho t a i c h i n h , cac quyen ldi dUdc dam bao bat d i b a t d i c h , hoac

n h i i n g ngiidi v i c h i i a dat diidc k e t qua

n g h i e n c i i u ma bo q u a mot n g h i e n ciiu

t i e m n a n g

T r o n g b a i viet n a y , triidc t i e n toi khao

s a t each ma toi g i n k e t vcli t r i thiic sinh

t h a i dia p h i i d n g trong n g h i e n ciiu ciia

m i n h ve nghe ca va cac xa hoi n g h i ca d

V i e t N a m t i i n h i i n g n a m 80 va 90 ciia the

k y XX Sau do, toi s i i d u n g mot so'y kien

c h u n g CO dUdc t i i n h i i n g k i n h nghiem thUc ti§n do de thao l u a n bo'n each tiep

c a n d i i a n n g h i e n c i i u t i e m n a n g ci cac xa hoi nghe c a V i e t N a m Do l a viec s i i dung tri thiic s i n h t h a i dia p h i i d n g trong quan

ly nghe c a thong qua v a n c h a i ; p h a c hoa

sU t h i c h l i n g ciia dia phUdng v6i bien doi

k h i h a u ; h i e u dUdc n h i i n g t h a y doi c6 the xay r a trong n g a n h cong nghiep nifclc

m i m ; v a cuo'i ciing l a cac nghien ciiu ve thong tin ket hdp c u n g cac bao tang, diia zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

T a p c h izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc,zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA so 2-2014

vao nhiing ngiidi danh bat ca va t r i thiic

sinh thai dia phiidng ciia cac x a hoi nghe ca

Nghien c i i uzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA trvCdc d a y ve t r i thijfc

sinh thai d i a phiiofng c u a nhufng

ngifcri danh bat ca of Viet Nam: K h a i niem

va phiidng p h a p

Trong cac nghien c i i u thUc d i a cua

Ruddle ci Viet N a m t r o n g n h i i n g n a m 80

va 90 ctia the k y XX, t r i thiic sinh t h a i

dia phiidng ciia n h i i n g ngiidi danh hit ca

CO vai tro quan t r o n g de xac n h a n nhving

khia canh chinh t r o n g gia t h u y e t ciia ong

ve thdi gian gio mCia va s i i sin c6 ciia cac

loai ca dung de len m e n (dac biet de san

xuat nxidc mam) V a i tro cua t r i thiic sinh

thai dia phiidng t r o n g viec l a m noi bat

"nhiing viec k h o n g b i n h t h i i d n g " hoac

nhiJng phan can x e m xet l a i hay c a n nhac

l^i cua gia t h u y e t ciing ciln dii(?c c h i i y

(Ruddle 1986; Ruddle va Lshige 2005;

Ruddle wh Duvis 2010) Chiing h ^ n , t r i

thiic sinh t l i a i d j a phUdng ciiu n h i i n g

ngU6i danh hit ri bi^n k h i n g d i n h nhijtng

vftn do CO b a n ciia gin t h u y e t ve thcii vy

ciia cac hoat dfing d a n h but t a i cdc k h u

vite gnn brJ t r o n g chu k ^ gi6 mCia Doi \6i

ca com, nhom quan trong nhSit ciia cac

loai ca len men, ho ciing d a xac n h a n k e t

qua ve pham v i v a nghien ciiu ban d a u

giong n h i i cong t r i n h da diidc T h a m cong

bo (1974)

Mot so dac t i n h k h o n g the giai t h i c h

dddc thong qua cac b i n h m a u ve thdi

diem c6 gio miia Cac dac t i n h nay ciing

diidc bao cao thong q u a t r i thiic sinh t h a i

dia phUdng, c h i i n g to ring cac dieu k i e n

ciia dia phildng c6 the dong v a i t r o quan trong T h o n g t i n nay n h a n m a n h v a i t r o quan t r o n g ciia t r i thiic sinh t h a i ban dia

de xac d i n h gia t h i e t chung ve cac bo'i canh dia p h i i d n g va chi r a n h i i n g ndi ma nghien c i i u khoa hoc diia t r e n sii lay mau ciia t i i n g k h u viic r i e n g biet can p h a i l a m

n h i i vay

Trong mot nghien ciiu ve ntfcic m d m len men va cac san p h a m ca len men khac ci UongzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA A (lshige va Ruddle i y » / , i&90)

Ruddle (1986) da khao sat cac nguyen nhan t i i nhien va sinh v a t hoc ve t i n h san

CO cua cac loai sinh v a t bien va ciia cac dia

diem danh bat Co the k e t l u a n r&ng sii

san CO cua ca p h u thuoc vao chu k y gio

mua va cac loai gio lien tuc tu! ben ngoai thdi den se quyet d i n h viQC san xuat ca Ix'ii

v i chiing tao ra v i i n g niidc t r o i (hoac nitdc

chuyen dong thAng diing) Cac v i i n g n\Xdc

nay khOi phuc khj\g sinli Kan da bj zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

Huy you r) cac loM thu9C cac \dp phin tren

ciia bien (3 Dong N a m A, quii t r i n h nfty

(liidc gay r u chii yeu bcii giA mila thO'i iii

dA't lien r a bien Do do, vi t r i cua v i i n g nu6c t r o i ven bien ciing n h u cac hoat dong danh bat ca da thay doi theo mCia va hudng gio t h i i d n g thdi trong k h u vUc

T u y n h i e n , ci V i e t N a m , cac miu b i n h

c h u n g cua v u n g niidc t r o i ven bien do gio gay r a da b i bop m6o bcii cac dong chay, c h a t d i n h d i i d n g va nU6c ngot tCi song chay r a , t i i m i i a , do sii d i i t q u a n g ciia cac loai gio va dong chay gan cac bd

bien c6 dao nam r a i rac 6 n h i e u n d i , zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

v u n gzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA nUdc t r o i do gio m i i a gay r a c6 the

dUdc t a n g cUdng, che g i a u hoac hoan

toan b i p h i i n h a n bdi cac n h a n to' dia

phiidng n h i i vay

K h i hau va thdi t i e t ciing la n h a n to

chinh bop meo n h i i n g d i i doan cua gia

thuyet Dieu dac biet quan t r o n g ci mien

Nam Viet N a m la mot liidng nifdc ngot

Idn cua he thong song Me Cong do r a bien

trong suot mua m U a Do c6 the la yeu to'

tac dong chinh den cac hoat dong ciia ca

nham giam bdt do m a n va t a n g do due

cua nu6c ven bd Sii chuyen dich ciia

nhiing cdn bao 16n ciing c6 anh hiidng den

do man, do due theo m i i a va theo k h u

viic N h i i n g hien tiidng t i i n h i e n nay diidc

chi r a qua each l i n g xii cua n h i i n g ngiidi

danh b i t ca

Ruddle (1986) diia r a gia t h u y e t r a n g

qua t r i n h sinh vat hoc cd ban diidc nghe

ca k h a i thac de cung cap cho cong nghiep

len men chinh la sU nuoi 16n va d i c i i c6

chon loc ciia ca cdm chiia t r i i o n g t h a n h

Trong chien liidc sinh s6i nay ncl cua

chiing, n h i i n g loai ca nay d i cU tu: cac

vung ven bd v6i ty le an t h i t v6 cung cao

den cac vung bien xa bd dc de t r i i n g Day zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

\k n h i i n g ndi ma siic ep i t khac nghiet

hdn, ci do t r i i n g va au t r i i n g se dUdc day

ve phia bd Gio, dong chay va sii hoi

chuyen dam bao cho t r i i n g , au t r i i n g va

cac dang sau au t r i i n g t r o i dUdc ve phia

bd Do do, pham v i boat dong s6m cua au

t r i i n g dien ra ci cac k h u viic day bien gan

bd - n h i i n g ndi c6 nhieu thiic an la cac

sinh vat p h i i du V i vay, thdi gian de

t r i i n g CO the vao thdi d i e m sau k h i gio

mua t h d i t i i bien ve dat l i e n V i vay, dac

trUng boat dong theo m i i a va moi trUdng cung cap cho n g a n h cong nghiep len men

la sii tap hdp t h i i c an cua au t r i i n g con d

k h u viic bien nong gan bd va nvidc Id c^a song Chang b a n , ngiidi t a cho rSng thdi gian de t r i i n g d cac bd bien phia dong se dien r a vao thdi gian cudi ciia gio mua

dong hkc; do do au t r i i n g con c6 the an

thiic an ci v u n g nUdc t r o i ven bd do gio

m i i a tay n a m gay r a

Phvto'ng p h a p l u a n t r o n g n g h i e n cijfu nhufng n a m 80 v a 90 c u a t h e k y X X

De hieu dUdc sii san c6 ciia loai theo

mua, cac d i i l i e u da t h u thap diidc giai thich trong thdi gian 1985-1986 v6i n h i i n g ghi chep k h i tiidng hoc, cac so lieu hai

dvidng hoc sd cS'p cGng nhu; cac thong t i n

t h i i cap ve boat dong ciia ca Viec nay l^m sang to cac n h a n to t i i nhien gay ra viing

nUcic t r o i cue bo dan t6i gia thuyet ve

nhiing qua t r i n h sinh vat hoc lap l a i ciia cac loai lien quan (Ruddle 1986)

M o t nghien c i i u k i n h te-xa hoi ciia cac

t i n h Ba Rja - V u n g T a u , B i n h T h u a n ,

K h a n h Hoa, Q u a n g N a m Da N a n g va

Q u a n g B i n h da dUdc thiic hien trong vong

6 t h a n g cua 2 n a m 1995, 1996 Ho sii

dung cac bang hoi c6 bd sung n h i i n g ban liet ke cac muc can k i e m t r a cho cac cuoc

phong v a n ban cau triic v6i cac ben lien quan V d i 403 cuoc phong v a n thUc hien

theo each nay (Ruddle 1996), n h i i n g

ngiidi sii d u n g lvi6i nang va lii6i keo diidc zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

T a p c h izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, so 2-2014

xem nhil nhiJng ngiidizyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA am tiidng c h u y e u

ve hoat dong c u a cac loai Day la cac cong

cu chinh ciia 28% tong so' t a u t h u y e n

cung cap n g u y e n l i e u cho n g a n h cong

nghiep len m e n Ben c a n h n h i i n g c a u hoi

cho thuyen tracing va t h u y e n v i e n ve t i n h

miia vu, k h i h a u , thdi k y gio m i i a , v i t r i

danh hit va cac thong sd t i i n h i e n ve k h u

viic danh bat, cac t h a n h v i e n ciia tieu

nhom dac biet n a y dUdc hoi n h i i n g c a u

hoi dac biet l i e n q u a n d e n k i c h c9 ca, m i i a

danh bat, cac v a t c h i t h i ( n h i i hoat dong

cua chim bien) ve sii c6 m a t c u a ca t r i c h

nho va cac loai d i i n g de l e n m e n D i i l i e u

ve thdi v u t h u diidc t i i n h i i n g cuoc phong

van nay difdc lap t h a n h b a n g theo t h a n g

va xep loai theo mCia "to't" va " t h u a n l d i "

xet ve dung cu d a n h hit, loai, dia diem

danh bat va toe do d a n h bat cac loai diing

cho viec len men,

Sii dung tri thiic siiili thiii diu phU<jrng

de thich vfng vert bien doii k h i hau

Hau het n g h i e n cijtu vii x u a t b a n

pham m a n g t i n h k h o a hoc wi b i e n ddi

khi htiu deu tap t r u n g vao cac h% s i n h

thai v^ v i t r i t r e n c^n ci "ban cau Bac",

trong k h i cac he s i n h t h a i va qua t r i n h

song d nUdc c i i a " b a n c a u N a m " l a i

khong dUdc c h i i y n h i e u Do do, h i e u biet

khoa hoc ve tac dong c i i a k h i h a u va sii

bien ddi k h a c c i i a ngU trUdng n h i e t ddi

va cac xa hoi nghe ca con k h a ngheo nan

Hdn the n i i a , sii am h i e u ve cac t a c dong

dac biet ma b i e n ddi k h i h a u k e t hdp vdi

sii thay ddi cua cac mo h i n h t i l n h i e n

khac gay ra t r o n g k h u vUc nghe ca b i

h a n che va kho d i i doan ( M a i n a va cac tac gia 2013) D i e u nay do cac mo h i n h hdp n h a t k e t n d i cac qua t r i n h t i i n h i e n

va s i n h t h a i v 6 i cac dac diem k i n h te cua cac xa hoi nghe ca can diidc cai t h i e n , dac biet d cac cap do dia phUdng ndi

n h i i n g n g i i d i d a n h b a t ca p h a i c h i u d i i n g sii anh h u d n g ciia bien ddi k h i h a u va cac tac dong k e m theo H d n the n i i a , phan 16n tac dong ciia s i i bien ddi den

n h i i n g n g i i d i l i e n q u a n t r i i c tiep n h i i

n h i i n g n g i i d i d a n h bat ca vazyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA d n h i i n g

ngiidi l a m cac cong viec l i e n quan cl ca cac

n g i i t r i i d n g nho va cac ngxX t r i i d n g nhiet

ddi ven bd v a n can p h a i diidc khao sat (xem Ruddle 2013 va cac t a i lieu t h a m khao t r o n g do) V i vay, v a n de cap bach la can sii dung t r i t h i i c sinh t h a i dia phiidng lap day n h i i n g k h o a n g t r o n g vc thong t i n

do n h a m tao ra cac nen t a n g c h i n h xac de

di4u c h i n h cAc quyet d i n h c h i n h ydch cOip

qudc giu cho p h u hpp v6i ho^n canh dia phiicmg Cyac chfnh sach qudc gia nay ncu khong diia v^o cac t r u d n g hdp dia phiidng

se kh6 c6 dUdc sii c h i n h xac

Bien ddi k h i hku c6 the c6 tac dong

khac den cac loai ca, dan den n h i i n g thay ddi ve v i t r i dia ly va sii phong p h i i ve loai D i e u nay doi hoi sii t h a y ddi ve cd ca'u loai, cac chien lUdc t h u hoach, k y

t h u a t che bien, sU phan pho'i va tiep t h i ,

dan den t h a y ddi k e t ca'u chi p h i do thay ddi ve thdi gian d i chuyen den v i t r i danh bat va n h u cau ve n h i e n l i e u H d n niia, c6

n h i i n g t h a y ddi d cac hoat dong ngiidc zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

dong va xuoi dong cua he thong nghe ca,

cung n h u t r o n g cac hoat dong xa hoi Hen

quan Chang h a n , n h i i n g yeu cau ve t a i

chinh doi hoi sU thay ddi ve nguon cung

cap chinh thiic va khong c h i n h thtfc

(Ruddle 2011) N g i i dan can nguon t a i

chinh de c6 cong cu mdi va cac t r a n g t h i e t

bi khaczyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA n h S m ddi pho v6i n h i i n g thay ddi

ve ket cau loai va boat dong ciia cac loai

ca Cac dieu k i e n tiep t h i va sii che bien

ca ciing se thay doi N h u cau lao dong va

dieu kien viec l a m ciing khac triidc, mot

so' cong viec b i mat d i va mot so' cong viec

mdi xuat hien C h i n h sach can p h a i diidc

dinh h i n h l a i do he qua cua n h i i n g thay

ddi, ma n h i i n g thay ddi nay ch^c c h i n se

xay ra lien tuc t r o n g cac he tho'ng nghe ca

va ci cac nhan to'lien quan

Phan Idn cac tac dong cua bien ddi k h i

hau se viia cu the, vvfa t h a y ddi cue bo do

sU ket hdp l a i ciia cac ngii t r i i d n g t r o n g

dieu kien k h i h a u V i e t N a m v a cac dang

thay doi khac c6 tac dong t i e u ciic len cac

nga triicing da b i k h a i thac qua miic v a bi zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

6 nhifim Dieu n^y se c6 tac dong triic tiep

va gian tiep ve m a t k i n h te len an n i n h

lUdng thUc thong qua cac he sinh t h a i c6

mat xich v6i n h a u Tuy nhien, diia vao

t i n h de b i tdn thUdng cao v6i bien ddi k h i

hau, c h i c ban chi c6 n h i i n g van de dot

xuat hoac lien quan den t h a m hoa bien

ddi k h i hau mdi dUdc c h i i y Cac qua t r i n h

bi tac dong cham h d n n h U niidc bien dang

va sii bien ddi dan ve san xuat nong

nghiep va n g i i nghiep c6 the se b i Id d i

(FAO 2010)

T i n h h i n h dang phiic tap hdn v i ci Viet

N a m ngUdi t a i t c h i i y den bien doi k h i

h a u va sii t h i c h i i n g vdi bien ddi k h i hau

ci cap do dia phUdng (Nguyen Van PhUdng va V i i T h u H a n h , khong ro ngay thang) N g i i d i ta de xuat r i n g can phai nang cao hdn n i i a n h a n thiic thong qua viec tap t r u n g vao cong dong de thiic hien cac nghien c i i u trUdng hdp n h a m xem xet

l a i hien t r a n g va dUa r a n h i i n g giai phap dia phUdng, ciing nhU t a n g cUdng v a i tro cua xa hoi dan sii t r o n g cac boat dong

t h i c h l i n g v6i bien ddi k h i h a u (VNWP 2010) H d n n i i a la ci V i e t N a m hieu qua ciia bat k y sU doi pho nao v 6 i bien ddi k h i hau ciing deu h i gi6i h a n bcii n h i e u nhan to' bao gom t h i e u n h a n vien, thie'u cac nguon lUc t a i c h i n h , v a t cha't va viec t h i

h a n h khong n h a t quan Them vao do, can

p h a i cai t h i e n cha't ludng va so lUdng ciia cac can bo, n h a n vien c h i u t r a c h nhifim

bao ve moi trUdng t\i cap t r u n g Udng t6i

dia phUdng v^ 6 moi v i i n g m i e n (Nguygn

V a n PhUdng vk V u T h u H a n h , khong ro

ngay thang) Sd^ lUdng va nang lUc cua cac can bo, n h a n v i e n ciia cac cd quan nha nUdc lien quan den viec bao ve moi trUdng con k e m ; t h e m vao do, sU t i n h thong va n h a n thiic ve bien ddi k h i hau giiia cac bo, cac t i n h va cac cap chinh quyen l a i k h o n g gio'ng n h a u

Sii d u n g t r i thiJfc s i n h t h a i d i a phtfofng

' t r o n g v i e c q u a n l y

N h u mot he qua cua bien ddi k h i hau

va cac thay ddi khac, v i t r i , t h d i gian va

T a p c h izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, so 2-2014 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

ky thuat cua hoat dong danh bat hang

ngay va danh bat l a u dai ciing se thay

ddi Dieu nay phan anh n h i i n g bien ddi

trong cau true va boat dong ciia cac loai

ca Ket qua la, cac the che quan ly dia

phUdng va cac quyen ve nguon t a i nguyen

lien ddi ciing se hoac thay ddi hoac h i de

doa do sil thay ddi each cii x i i mang t i n h

xa hoi Cach i i n g cd hoi chu nghia cua

ca nhiing ngii dan dia phiidng va n g i i dan

ben ngoai dan den x u n g dot do nguon t i e m

nang viidt qua cd hoi sii dung Uieu nay

doi hoi phai cd n h i i n g thay doi trong viec

quan ly chinh thiic nghe ca Tom l a i , cac

chinh sach va quy d i n h ciia ca chinh

quyen t r u n g lidng va dia phiidng se t r d

nen lac hau va khong p h i i hdp vdi cac

thong so' da thay ddi ve sinh vat hoc va

sinh thai hoc ciia nghe ca Tiidng t i i , quan

ly dia phiidng va hoat dong danh h i t giiia

cac ca nhanzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA cun^ se t h a ^ ddi de p h i i hdp zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

v(ii nhrimzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA (ti(^u kiOn mdi ciia dia phuong

Qua n h i i n g dieu k i e n nay c6 the thAy

tinh linh boat ve the che v i i quan ly la

nhQng hdp phan cd ban ciia viec quan ly

tot de phu h<?p vdi sii bien dong ciia bien

ddi k h i hau NhCing ngiidi r a quyet d i n h

can CO sii quan ly l i n h boat va phan i i n g

nhanh v i khong p h a i liic nao ho cung cd

the diia t r e n k i n h nghiem ve phong tuc

tap quan de l a m viec Dac biet, can can

cii vao vai t r d ngay cang quan t r o n g ciia

nhiing t r i thiic s i n h t h a i dia p h i i d n g cd

gia t r i de tang k h a n a n g t h i c h i i n g cua xa

hoi nong t h d n va cac k h u viic k i n h te

trddc n h i i n g bien ddi k h o n g the d i i bao

trUdc va s i i c6' r i i i ro ngay cang gia tang

N d ciing bao gom ca cac dac diem cd ban

va quan t r o n g khac ve quan ly, dac biet

de dam bao k h o n g cd n h d m nao h i tach r a

k h d i n h i p dieu p h a t t r i e n cua xa hoi, dam

bao quyen ldi bat d i bat dich ciing n h i i

t i n h m i n h bach ve sii d u n g t a i nguyen

t r o n g mot dia phiidng

Hdn the niia, ciing c i n cd sii quan ly cheo cac k h u viic v i bien ddi k h i hau se che ngii va ket ndi viec sii dung t a i nguyen thong qua cac he sinh t h a i ed m l t xich voi nhau Dac biet, n h i i n g xung dot vdi cac k h u viic khac v i cac chien lutdc bao ve bd bien,

cac he thd'ng k i e m soat nxidc, dap ngan

niidc va hd chiia niidc de thich i i n g vdi bien ddi k h i hau d cac k h u viic khac nhau ciia nen k i n h te cd the cd tac dong cd h a i len nghe ca ciing can diidc phan tich ro

NhCdig dieu nay tdn t a i d nhieu quoc gia da cd cac he thong quan ly cac nguon zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA tai n ^ y e n bidn ven bo eta (,tU(?c k i ^ m

nghiem theo thdi giun Cue he thong ndy

diia r a n h i i n g each tiep cSn khac da dii(^c

t h i i thach va cac kc hoach chi tiet du thiet

ke cue h9 thd'ng mdi phuc v u cho viec quan

ly v i cac he thong dd da t h i c h itng vdi

n h i i n g dac diem ciia cac ngU trUdng nhiet ddi gan bd va cac moi trUdng van hoa

(Ruddle va Hickey 2008; Ruddle va Satria 2010) V a n chai cua V i e t N a m la mot v i du

tuyet vdi cho dieu nay; dd \k mot he thd'ng

da tdn t a i h d n 300 n a m ciia quan ly nghe

ca cong dong (Nguydn D u y Thieu va Ruddle 2010; Ruddle 1998; Ruddle 2009;

Ruddle va Tudng P h i L a i 2009)

Su" dung t r i thiic s i n h thai dia phiidng

de d a n h gia n h i i n g t a c dong t i e m a n

c u a b i e n doi k h i h a u doi v d i c o n g

nghiep niidc m a m v a v a n h o a a n

uong c u a ngiidi V i e t N a m zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

Nude mam la loai gia v i quan t r o n g

nbat trong van hda an udng ciia ngUdi

Viet Nam (Isbige va Ruddle 1987, 1990;

Ruddle 2007; Ruddle va lshige 2005) Mac

dCi r a t nhieu loai d bien va nUdc ngot cd

the sii dung de l a m nUdc mSm, nhUng

loai nUdc cham ngon n h a t dUdc lam t i i

cac loai ca cdm (Ruddle 2007; Ruddle va

lshige 2005) Ca cdm t r o n g vdng ddi cua

m i n h chii yeu song d v u n g nUdc gan bd,

(Ruddle 1986; T h a m 1974) la nhUng ndi

de bi tac dong bdi bien ddi k h i h a u va mdi

trUdng Do dd, bien ddi k h i h a u tac dong

den Viet N a m cd the tac dong Idn den

cong nghiep nUdc m a m , n h a t la a n h

hudng chinh den van hda an udng ciia

ngudi Viet N a m

Muc tieu quan trong hdn cua dii an

nghien ciiu so la lam sang to cac va'n de cd

the xay ra lien quan den sU Ua thich va

chap nhan loai nude chain nao ciia ngUdi

tieu dung V i bien ddi k h i hau, cd the phai

diing nhieu loai ca hdn de lam nUdc cham

ciing nhuzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA sii dung thay the cac loai gia v i

khac nhau trong van hda am thiic Viet

Nam Chiing ta can thiic hien dieu nay

hkng each khao sat n h i i n g ngUdi danh ca,

nhiing ngUdi lam nUdc m l m , cac chuyen

gia nau an, nhiing ngUdi tieu diing d thanh

t h i va nong thdn ve sU tac dong ciia n h i i n g

thay ddi va thai dd cua ho dd'i vdi viec thay

the cac loai ca lam nUdc mam, ve sU thay the loai va san pham

Cd hai nhdm chinh trong cac muc tieu cua mot du an nghien ciiu nhU vay TrUdc tien la tac dong xa hoi len nhUng ngU dan

do ho cd n h u cau chuyen ddi cac k h u viic danh bat; n h i i n g anh hudng ve k i n h te va

xa bdi dd'i vdi ngU dan, gia d i n h ho va nganh cong nghiep danh ca T h i i hai la sU thay ddi quan ly p h u hdp vdi n h i i n g ngUdi danh bat ca, ngUdi san xuat va tieu t h u nUdc mam Can cd cac nghien ciiu ve viec tieu t h u n h l m danh gia phan i i n g ciia ho dd'i vdi n h u cau thay ddi cac loai gia v i (nhU chuyen sang d i i n g x i dau) hoac sii dung nUdc mam n h a n tao gio'ng nhU d T h a i Lan

(Ruddle va lshige 2005) Mac d u bat cii loai ca nao ciing cd the dUdc len men de l a m nUdc m a m va pate theo sd t h i c h do cac dac diem hda hoc vdh

cd ciia t i i n g loai ciing nhU cac qua t r i n h sinh vat hoc ciia n h i i n g loai cd thd k h a i thac khong thay ddi ve h i n h thiic vdi sd lUdng Idn, nhUng d Viet N a m chi cd mot sd loai d bien dU(?c sii dung (Ruddle 1986;

Ruddle va lshige 2005) Ngoai t r i i ca trich Idn (thuoc chi ca bac ma), ca trich md (ca mdi khong r a n g va ca mdi d i u ) va ca song Idn (thuoc chi ca nuc), cac loai ca dUdc diing la ca t r i c h cdm (ca mdi va ca trich)

N h i i n g loai ca nay thUdng bdi d gan cac vung mat nUdc ven bd va d i vao cac viing ciia song nUdc Id, va ddi k h i la vao viing nUdc ngot C h l n g han, ca trong con va trUdng t h a n h (ho ca cdm) la n h i i n g loai ca nhd sd'ng d bien dUdc t i m thay d cac viing zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

T a p c h izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, sozyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA 2-2014

niidc nong rong 16n gan bd vazyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA cvLa song

(Ruddle 1986) Phan 16n ca cdm h i danh

bat trong vong v a i k m t i n h tii bd bien v i

chiing thiidng tap t r u n g ci n h i i n g k h u viic

niidc nong V i the, cac loai ca nay r a t de b i

ton thiidng do ap liic ve nhiet gay r a bcii sii

am len toan cau

De tien hanh mot nghien ciiu nhU vay,

can phai dieu t r a thiic dia ci cac cang ca

chinh, do la nhiing t r u n g t a m san xuat nU6c

mam quan trong nhU Phan Thiet, Nha

Trang va Phii Quoc N h i i n g ngUdi danh ca

la nhiing v i du tieu hieu Ho chuyen ve danh

hit cac loai thiidng diidc diing de len men

hien nay nhU ca trich (ca moi), ca cdm, ca

trich me va ca song Idn Ho c6 the se hoi ve

cac loai muc tieu, cong cu chinh dUdc sii

dung; dia diem, miia va do sau ciia nxidc ndi

danh bat, bat cii thay doi nao ma ho quan

sat dUdc trong vai thftp k y qua

Cac diJ ligu dja ly bAt nguon tvi n h i i n g

thong t i n t h u dii0c tii nga dan se dudc lap

ban do; cac thong so' vkt ly n h i i diidng

danf,' ,san va nhiet dO niidc ciing diroc

them vao n h i i n g ban dd n^y Ngiidi ta cd

the tiep cftn cac d i i lieu khoa hoc ve nghe

ca de cd diidc thong t i n khoa hoc ve cac

loai muc tieu, dac biet ve hoat dong ciia

chiing n h i i v i t r i , moi trUdng song, m i i a

vu, kha nang chiu dUng/Uu t i e n tU nhien,

dac biet lien quan den cac bien so' k h i

hau, nhiet do nUdc bien, do m a n va do

due cua nUdc Cac thong t i n khoa hoc sau

do se dUdc xem xet t r o n g mdi tUdng quan

vdi thong t i n t h u dUdc t i i each tiep can t r i

thifc ciia n h i i n g ngUdi danh b i t ca DUa

t r e n n h i i n g dieu v i i a p h a n t i c h , ngUdi ta

se xac d i n h va md ta n h i i n g thay ddi gia

t h u y e t ve boat dong cua ca

Sau dd, ho t i e n h a n h p h a n t i c h n h i i n g each ngU dan i i n g phd vdi bien ddi, dac biet la ve v i t r i d a n h bat, n h i i n g thay ddi

ve cong cu va k y t h u a t , k h a nang t a i

c h i n h cua n h i i n g ngUdi d a n h b i t ca va sU

hd t r d de t h i i c h i e n n h i i n g viec nay

N h i i n g each i i n g x ^ ciia cac ngU dan dd'i vdi viec quan ly nghe ca se dUdc phan tich, dac biet n h a n m a n h vao v a i t r d quan

ly t i e m nang cua v a n chai

He qua cd the cd ve m a t k i n h te, xa hoi

va van hda an uong can phai dUdc khao sat Ve van de nay, can tap t r u n g dac biet vao n h i i n g ngUdi lam nUdc m i m Chiing ta

cd the hoi ho ve n h i i n g thay doi nguon cung cap, khd k h a n ve nguon cung va sU chuyg'n doi dia diem danh b i t c6 the xay

ra ('nng n h i i vipc ho cd afin sang sii dung thay t h d cac loai khac hay khong Cac ky

sU cong nghe thuc phslm va cac chuyen gin

vc ngliQ thuflt nA'u ftn dUOC dat uhijing cau hdi sau ve tac dong t i e m ^n ciia nhiifng thay ddi da md ta d t r e n den k h a u v i , mau sac va cac dac t i n h khac ciia nUdc m I m do sii thay the cac loai ca lam nitdc mam

NgUdi ta se tien h a n h khao sat cac nhdm ngUdi tieu dUng d t h a n h t h i va nong thdn

de t i m hieu chinh xac xem ho thich loai nUdc mam nao va ho cd s i n sang chap nhan thay ddi ve san p h a m ciing nhU thay the cac gia v i khac hay khong

K e t qua cua mot nghien c i i u nhU vay

se (1) t a n g cUdng t r i thiic diia t r e n bien zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

doi k h i hau ci nghe ca ven bd; (2) nang cao

t r i thiic ve sU thay the loai t r o n g cong

nghe thUc pham de san x u a t nutdc cham;

va (3) cai t h i e n t r i thiic ve n h i i n g gia v i

diidc ngiidi t i e u d i i n g l i a t h i c h va van boa

an uong zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

T r i thiJfc s i n h t h a i d i a phifcfng d

cac n g h i e n ciJfu t h o n g t i n c o n g dong

diia vao bao t a n g

Neu cac d i i an ve bien doi k h i h a u

trong cac xa hoi nghe ca dUdc quan ly va

thiic hien bcii cac ben khong thuoc cong

dong ngU dan t h i se khong dem l a i ket

qua thiet thiic Cac d i i an nghien c i i u can

phai dUdc thiic h i e n bdi cac t h a n h vien

thanh thao cua cac xa hoi nghe ca, ciing

vdi cac chuyen gia bao t a n g boat dong vdi

t u each la tU van va cd'van cho ngUdi dan

(Ruddle 2013)

Ndi mot each n g l n gon t h i trUdc tien

nhiing t h a n h vien dUdc l i i a chon ciia mot

hoi nghe ca se tap hdp cac d i i lieu can

thiet cho d i i an nghien c i i u ciia ho, sau dd

thiic hien va giam sat sU t h i c h nghi ciia

cong dong ddi vdi n h i i n g tac dong cua

bien doi k h i hau anh hUdng den cac boat

dong nghe ca va danh ca D i i a t r e n n h i i n g

dii lieu dd, ngUdi ta se khao sat sU t h i c h

iing cua cac boat dong t r o n g xa hdi nghe

ca Sau dd, cac t h a n h vien cong dong se

tiep tuc phac thao each t h i c h Ung cua ho

trong cac hoat dong danh b i t va lap ke

hoach thiic hien mot d i l an

V i cd the phan Idn ngU dan cdn chUa

quen vdi cac d i i lieu dUdc t h u thap diia

t r e n t r i thUc sinh t h a i dia phUdng cua chinh ho nen can phai d i n h hUdng va to chiic mot khda dao tao n g i n de giiip moi

t h a n h vien hieu biet day du ve cac muc

tieu va phUdng phap sil dung t r i thiic sinh

t h a i dia phUdng Viec nay can dUdc thiic hien trong v a i ngay dau t i e n k h i b i t tay vao du an Can bd thiic hien viec dao tao ciing nen tiep tuc ciing d i i an de t r a ldi cau hdi va t u v a n cho cac t h a n h vien cua hoi nham giiip ho t h u thap va sii dung dii lieu Tuy nhien, ngUdi nay khong bao gid dUdc n a m v a i t r d l a n h dao trong d i i an

Sau k h i t h u thap d i i l i e u , cac t h a n h vien d u an se td chUc l a i va nghien cUu cac d i i l i e u dd V d i n h i i n g d i i l i e u cd dUdc cua toan the hoi, ngUdi t a thao l u a n y nghia va h a m y cua cac thong t i n t h u dUdc Cac t h a n h v i e n n h d m khao sat cac bien phap t h i i c te (trong k h a nang hien

cd ciia hdi) cd the dUdc thiic hien de nganh cong nghiep ca va sU quan ly nghe

ca t h i c h n g h i vdi bien ddi k h i h a u ViSc nay dUdc bao cao va thao l u a n t r o n g toan

the hiep h d i , do dd moi y k i e n deu dUdc

khao sat va tap hdp l a i t r o n g bao cao chon loc ciia n h d m

Nhdm du an sau dd se cd mot ke hoach hanh dong cu the de dUa y tudng vao hien thiic va bao cao ddn v i quan ly dia phUdng

p h i i hdp de x i n y k i e n , phe chuan va ho

t r d Ciing vdi cac n h a n vien, can bd ciia bao tang, nhdm dU an t r d t h a n h nhiing ngUdi dong phac thao va t d chiic cac trUng

bay CO d i n h va lUu dong, cac t a i lieu giao due va t r u y e n thong khac ve cac van de zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA