Báo cáo khoa học: Về tư duy nghệ thuật của thơ Đường docx

Hinh tflpng "anh vfl" trong bai thd Cung Td cua Chu Khanh Dfl la loai chim eu the, khdng the thay the mdt loai chim nao khac vao day dfldc: "Ham" tinh due thuyet cung trung sfl Anh vfl

nvimssmrn'mmv^

Cu l g vdi nhieu each ti ep can

^jpn hpc mdi, each tiep can

van hpe tfl van hda dang ngay

cang te ra ed nhieu flu diem trong viec

kham pha nhflng sac thai van hda phong

phfl dflde the hien trong tae pham van

hpc; hay giai ma nhflng phfl hieu, bieu

tflpng van hda, ham an muon van ldp

nghia trdm tfch ngan nam trong van ban

van hpc cu the; hoac qua ldp be mat cua

ngdn ngfl tac pham, tren cd sd so sanh

hien thflc va lich sif, cd the di sau kham

pha ndi ham tam ly van hda va hat nhan

van hda tiem dn trong tac pham Tfl dd'i

chieu tdng the tren nhieu binh dien,

nhieu gdc dp, nha nghien eflu ed the

danh gia het cai hay cai dep cua tac

pham van hpe va y nghia quan trpng cua

nd ddi vdi cudc sd'ng cua nhan loai

Thd Dfldng vdi tu each la met trao lUu

van hpc phong phfl va ddc dao, la ket

qua sinh ddng cua thdi dai bflng nd van

hda manh me ddi Dfldng Da cd biet bao

nha tham binh thd ca vdi nhieu each tiep

can khac nhau viet va If giai eai hay cai

dep cua rieng thd Dfldng, song cd le vdn

cdn chfla thda man vdi ngfldi dpc ngan

nam nay Trong bai viet nay, chflng tdi

tfl gdc dp van hda hpc tim hieu eai hay

PGS.TS TRAN LE BAO

Trudng Dgi hgc Sit phgm Hd Ngi

eai dep cua thd Dfldng; tfl each tiep can lien nganh, tren cd sd nhflng bai thd lau nay van dflpc coi la thO Dfldng luat, di sau vao If giai tfl duy nghe t h u a t ciia cac nha thd ddi Dfldng

Tfl duy nghe t h u a t la mpt loai hinh tfl duy tham mi cua mpt cdng ddng (ke cd cua mpt tac gia), dflpc sinh ra trong dieu kien lich sfl cu the Tfl duy nghe thuat bao gdm ca npi dung va phfldng thflc chiem linh cung nhfl each thflc the hien hien thflc cudc sdng Cd' nhien tfl duy phai gan lien vdi ngdn ngfl, va khdng chi ngdn ngfl, nd cdn ham chfla nhflng quan niem triet hpc, tap tue tdn giao, phong each dao dflc va hflng thfl tham mi , trd thanh san vat eua lieh sfl, cd the bien ddi

va phat trien tuy theo thdi dai Tuy nhien, trong trfldng ki lieh sif, tfl duy nghe t h u a t cd tfnh dn dinh tfldng dd'i,

da ngflng tu lai va thdm t h a u vao tam li van hda dan toe, cau t h a n h mpt loai vd thflc tap the trong tdng sau cua ket cau van hda dan tdc Nd chang nhflng bao Iflu nhflng gia tri van hda dan tdc ma cdn cd sflc manh to ldn, chi phd'i tnic tiep hoac gian tiep den tfl duy va hanh vi van hda ciia mpi ngfldi sd'ng trong cac thdi dai khac nhau

Ve tif duy nghe thuat

1 Dac trflng d d u tien cua tfl duy n g h e

t h u a t thd Dfldng la sfl k e thfla nhflng tfl

duy t h a m mi cd d a i phfldng Ddng Dd la

mdt k i e u tfl d u y mdi la, ddy c a m t i n h vdi

nhflng phfldng thflc da d a n g , a n h hfldng

den t o a n bd ddi sd'ng t a m h n h cflng nhfl

tfl duy cu a ca c d a n t dc phfldng Ddng

Nhin c h u n g , tfl d u y t h d m my phfldng

Ddng CO bd'n dac trflng la tfnh cu t h e ,

tfnh tfldng trflng, tfnh t o a n dien va tfnh

t i n h cam T u y n h i e n , d day chflng tdi Iflu

y tdi sfl ke thfla h a i dac trflng tfl duy

phfldng D d n g la tfnh cu t h e va t l a h

tfldng trflng t r e n g tfl duy thd Dfldng

1.1 Tinh cu the cua tii duy thdm my

trong thg Diidng

Tfl duy cu t h e la ldi tfl duy, dfla vad

ngdai h i n h ca biet, cu t h e cua sfl v a t h a y

sfl van ddng bien ddi cfla sfl v a t de n h a n

thflc sfl vat k h a c h q u a n T r o n g qua t r i n h

tfl duy eu t h e nay nhflng h i n h tfldng sfl

vat cu t h e dflpc h e t sflc cei trpng Dac

diem cd b a n cua loai tfl duy n a y la dem

t a t ca nhflng cai phd bien, cai trflu tflpng,

nhflng q u a n n i e m cd' g a n g c h u y e n hoa

t h a n h h i n h tflpng ca biet, cam tinh,

mfldn phfldng thflc dd'i chieu t n i c tiep

cua h i n h tfldng de bieu d a t tfl duy Ldai

phfldng thflc tfl duy dflng h i n h tfldng

cam tfnh cu t h e ca biet de bieu hien

nhflng y n i e m ed tfnh phd q u a t , cd tfnh

q u a n niem, ve b a n c h a t la phfldng thflc

bieu d a t cua n g h e t h u a t , la phfldng thflc

the hien cai dep

Xet ve lich sfl t h i ca T r u n g Qud'c, tfl

nhflng tac p h d m xa xfla nhfl Kinh Thi,

Ly Tao cua K h u a t N g u y e n , che den H a n

phfl, ngdn ngfl thd deu chiu a n h hfldng

t n i c tiep tfl tfl duy cu t h e T r o n g Kinh

Thi cd den h a n g chuc ten chim mudng,

cay ed, nfli sdng; den Ly Tao cua K h u a t

N g u y e n ngfldi dpc lai tfldng chflng lac

vao vfldn hoa t r a m thfl la; tiep den Hdn

phu t h i t i n h t r a n g xa hoa ngdn ngfl cu

t h e tdi mflc phd trfldng n h a m ndi len cai hoa le cua da't trdi Nhflng den thd Dfldng, hien tfldng ngdn ngfl cua tfl duy

cu t h e va xa h e a da k h d n g cdn nfla Bad

n h i e u ldai chim cu t h e t r d n g Kinh Thi

chi cdn mdt ldai "dieu" k h a i q u a t trong

thd Dfldng Bad n h i e u ldai hda trdng Ly

Tao cua K h u a t Nguyen, n a y chi cdn mdt

ldai "hda" - hda k h a i q u a t Ngdn ngfl thd Dfldng la ngdn ngfl

k h a i quat, ngdn ngfl y niem Dieu n a y mdt m a t do yeu cdu cfla dac diem tfl duy thdi dai, mdt m a t dd yeu edu t h e leai cua thd Dfldng l u a t vd'n ft tfl (56 hdac 20 tfl), nen k h d n g t h e dflng nhidu ngdn ngfl cu

t h e m a p h a i dflng ngdn ngfl k h a i quat Nhflng phdng, hoa, tuyet, nguyet, sdn thuy, dien vien la nhflng h i n h tfldng ngdn ngfl k h a i q u a t t r a n n g a p trong thd Dfldng

Tuy n h i e n , b a n c h a t ngdn ngfl thd cdn cdn tfnh bieu cdm de trflc tiep tac ddng, kfch thi'ch vao giac q u a n ngudi dpc, vi vay k h d n g t h e k h d n g cd tfnh cu t h e cfla

h i n h tUdng ngdn ngfl Bdng cfl la ben

c a n h ngdn ngfl k h a i q u a t , t r o n g thd Dfldng v a n edn nhflng ngdn ngfl cu t h e

Dd la k h i cdn sfl v a t cd chflc n a n g ngfl

n g h i a cu the, k h d n g t h e t h a y the, budc cac n h a thd p h a i liia chpn ngdn ngfl cu

t h e vi vay ben c a n h "dieu" (chim) k h a i

q u a t cdn cd h e a n g li (vang a n h ) , t h a n h dieu (chim xanh) h a y a n h vfl (cen vet)

rat cu the, mdi loai mdt chflc nang ngfl

nghia khac nhau Hinh tflpng "anh vfl"

trong bai thd Cung Td cua Chu Khanh

Dfl la loai chim eu the, khdng the thay

the mdt loai chim nao khac vao day dfldc:

"Ham" tinh due thuyet cung trung sfl

Anh vfl tien ddu bat cam ngdn"

Vi sao nhflng cung nhan r a t mudn ndi

chuyen trong cung ma lai phai ngam

mieng? Bdi vi cd con anh vfl d trfldc mat

Anh vu hay con vet la loai chim nghe

hieu va biet nhai lai tieng ngfldi vi vay

nhflng cung nhan khdng the va khdng

dam ndi ra chuyen trong cung Cho dfl

khdng ndi ra nhflng ngfldi dpc cung ed

the hieu, chac chan khdng phai la nhflng

ldi ngdi ca nha vua, ma la nhflng ldi oan

gian cao dp Neu nhfl hai eau ddu ndi ve

sfl giam cam the xac nhflng cung nhan

dep, thi hai cau cud'i vdi hinh dnh con

vet hieu va biet nhai tieng ngfldi, chang

khac nao "ten gian diep" cua nha vua

"xam xoi" ehi em cung nhan du ea mfldi

hai canh gid Chdng len ndi dau the xac

hi giam cdm la ndi dau tinh than ludn hi

khd'ng che, vay bua cua ngfldi cung nfl

Rd rang d day khdng mdt loai chim nao

khac thay the dflpc ehflc nang eiia mdt

cen vet lam dieu

Mat khac, de dat dfldc tfnh cu the

ngdn ngfl thd Dfldng, dac biet la danh tfl,

thfldng phai ket hpp vdi nhflng danh tfl

khac thee quy luat cua tfl duy "dflng

minh dd vat", kieu nhfl dflng cae bd phan

cd the ngfldi de phan anh sfl vat nhfl:

Sdn dinh, sdn ddu, sdn mach, giang ddu,

giang VI, giang tam Ben canh dd, danh

tfl thfldng di lien vdi nhflng tfnh tfl de

tao them mau sae tfnh chat cu the cho

sfl vat hien tfldng kieu nhfl: mi nhan,

h a n vfl, Ifldng phong, minh nguyet,

t h a n h tuyen, khdng sdn, bach van, hdng diep, xich thdng, thien thu tuyet, van li thuyen

Hai cau thd sau trong bai Tuyet cu

cua Do Phu

"LUdng ca hoang li minh thuy lieu, Nha't hang bach Id thudng thanh thien"

(Hai cai oanh vang keu lieu biec, Mdt hang cd trang vut trdi xanh) chang nhflng la mdt minh chflng ve sfl ket hpp hai hda gifla ngdn ngfl khai quat

va cu the, da tao ra bflc tranh thien nhien tfldi dep ddy sflc sd'ng, phdng khoang md rdng tfl mat da't tdi bau trdi xanh, cd du mau sac tfldi sang cua hoang

li, bach Id, thuy lieu, t h a n h thien, cd am thanh ed hoat ddng, lai mang dam tinh ngfldi, ma cdn tham dam tinh yeu thien nhien, yeu cupc sd'ng cua nha thd

Them nfla, dac trflng tfl duy cu the nguyen thuy da thflc day manh me nang life tfl duy hinh tflpng va nang life nhan thflc tham my cua cac dan tdc phfldng Ddng, trong dd cd eac nha thd ddi Dfldng

d mdt trinh dp nha't dinh, loai tfl duy nay

da quy dinh va coi trpng each thflc md phdng sfl vat khach quan cua nghe thuat phfldng Ddng; mat khac nd tao ra sfl thdm thau, dan xen va tdng hdp gifla cac loai hinh nghe t h u a t phfldng Ddng nhfl:

"thfl - hoa tfldng thdng" (tfldng thdng eua thfl phap va hpi hoa), "thi - nhac - vfl nha't the" (thd ca- am nhac- vfl dao gdm mdt the), "thi trung hflu hoa, hoa trung

Ve tdduy nghe thuat

hflu thi" (trong thd cd bflc tranh, trong

bflc tranh cd thd) r.'

1.2 Tinh tiidng triing cua tii duy

thdm my trong thd Diidng

Tfl duy tfldng trflng la loai tfl duy

dflng mdt sfl vat nao dd de bieu dat mdt

sfl vat khac cd dac trflng tfldng tfl Ve

ban chat tfldng trflng la "ta du", la mpt

loai hinh tfl duy mfldn sfl vat hien tfldng

da biet de so sanh, giai thfch sfl vat chfla

biet Thdi vien cd, tat ca dd'i tfldng tfl

nhien dflpc con ngfldi sflng bai, ve bd'i

chat deu la vat tfldng trflng Con ngi di

thdng qua quan he tfldng tfl cua vat nay

vdi vat khac de nhan biet sfl vat Vi vay

tfldng trflng la mdt trong nhflng thao tac

cua tfl duy ra ddi r a t sdm giflp con ngfldi

nhan thflc, cung la phfldng phap rat sdm

cua nhan thflc tham my

Tflpng trflng khdng phai la loai tfl duy

dpc hflu ciia thd Dfldng Song do yeu cdu

cua tfl tfldng tham mi "y tai ngdn ngoai"

(y d ngoai ldi), "ngdn tan y bat tan" (ldi

het ma y khdng cflng) va yeu cdu cua

' the loai thd luat Dfldng nen thd Dfldng

cang cdn tfl duy tflpng trflng Trdng thd

Dfldng, ngfldi ta ludn bat gap nhflng

uObi tfldng tfldng trflng, ham an nhieu

ldp nghia De bieu dat con ngfldi, cac nha

thd cd thfldng dflng tfl nhien: nhfl sdng

nui (nhan gid nhao sdn tri gia nhao thuy

- ngfldi cd dflc nhan hpc theo nfli, ngfldi

cd dflc trf hpc theo nfldc); cay cd nhfl

tflng cue trflc mai, dieu thfl nhfl dai

bang, phfldng hoang, manh hd, en se ,

lai cd the dflng ca nhan vat, sfl kien, dia

danh de the hien De chi thdi gian, cac

nha thd thfldng dflng cay cd, am thanh

ehl mfla vu, nhat nguyet nam thang chi thdi gian tudn hoan

Chang han bieu tfldng "dfldng lieu

sac" (sac dfldng lieu) treng bai thd Khue odn cua Vfldng Xfldng Linh:

"Hdt kien mach ddu dfldng lieu sac, Hdi giad phu te mich phong hdu" (Nhac trdng ve lieu ben dfldng, Phong hau nghi dai sui chang kiem chi),

da gdi ra bao ldp nghia cho ngfldi dpc xfla nay Dfldng lieu trfldc het tfldng trflng cho ngfldi phu nfl mem yeu, tfldng trflng cho mfla xuan, lai la vat gdi nhac sfl chia li (khi chia tay ngfldi Trung Qud'c

cd phong tuc be canh lieu trao nhau) Lai them "sac dfldng lieu" chi thdi gian tudn hdan trdi chay, nhac nhd ngfldi thieu phu dang "bat tri sdu" (khdng biet budn), gid day dang canh "xuan xanh" nha't dinh se den lflc "thu tan" Tudi xuan se het, ddi ngfldi phdi pha nhfl mdt quy luat khac nghiet cua tao h da, mdt t rd dfla nghiet nga cfla thdi gian Va "sdc" trong triet hpc Phat giao la hien hflu dd'i lap vdi "khdng" la hfl vd Cai "sdc sdc khdng khdng" kia bat day vang vpng nhfl tieng ehudng hfl khdng oanh tinh ngfldi thieu phu hay tran trpng dd'i vdi' hanh phflc hien hflu ndi trdn the Chinh vi vay ma mdi chi "hot kien" - chdt nhin thay, cai

"sdc mau dfldng lidu" kia, da khien ngfldi thieu phu bflng tinh Cai "hd't kien" kia nhfl mdt lan set xe toang tam man do tfldng day had quang vinh hda vd'n lau nay bung bit, che phu ngudi thieu phu, nay dot ngdt bflng sang tinh ngp, thay ddi han quan niem sd'ng: hd'i han vi

da bao chdng di kiem an phong hdu Khao khat hanh phflc that manh liet

nhflng sfl the hien t h a t kin dao va tinh

te chi qua cai thoang nhin mdu dfldng

lieu day bieu y tUpng trUng Khdng can

nhieu ldi, chi qua hinh anh tUpng trUng

"dUdng lieu sdc" VUdng XUdng Linh

da ddn nen vad dd bad tU tudng, tinh

cam dam chat nhan van

2 Song dieu dac biet nha't cua tU duy

thd Dudng la tU duy quan he

2.1 Tu duy quan he la leai tU duy sif

dung cac quan he de phan anh chiem

linh hien thiic khach quan Tu duy nay

lam nen cai dec dad cfla thd Dudng Nha

nghien eflu Phan Ngpc da nhan dinh

chfnh xac ve loai tfl duy quan he nay:

"cai hay cua thd Dfldng la d each kham

pha hien thflc, li giai hien thflc hay ndi

mdt each triet hpc, each chiem linh hien

thflc Dd la each xac lap tfnh ddng nha't

cua nhflng hien tflpng ma giac quan cho

la dd'i lap nhau"'^'

Cac nha thd Dfldng khdng ve sfl vat

ma tao ra cac quan he ddng nha't hda

gifla sfl vat nay vdi sfl vat khac, nhdm

dem lai eho ngfldi dpc sfl chiem hflu thfl

vi va cd dfldc hanh phuc nhd viec tfl

tham gia kham pha eac quan he treng

thd Vi vay thfldng thflc thd Dfldng la

phai tim ra cac quan he ay; dpc thd

Dfldng khdng phai dpc bdng mdt ma dpc

bdng quan he Cd the ndi day la dac

diem tfl duy eua thd Dfldng va cflng la cd

sd de khu biet eua ne vdi the b a i thd

khac trfldc va sau ddi Dfldng, rdng hdn la

khu biet ca vdi thd phfldng Ddng va

phfldng Tay

Nguyen nhan cua hien tfldng tfl duy

quan he nay trfldc he't phai ke tdi triet

hpc cd dai Trung Qud'e, trong dd cd each

58

nhan thflc tfl cac mat dd'i lap cua Lao Tii; Id'i tfl duy dat dau bdng gifla cac hien tfldng dd'i lap ciia Trang Tfl va dac biet d quan niem am dfldng khi coi mpi sfl vat deu la sfl thd'ng nha't ciia hai mat dd'i lap

la am va dfldng, la trong am cd dfldng trong dfldng cd am da anh hfldng sau sac tdi each tfl duy cfla cac hpc gid Trung Qud'e ngan nam Vi vay ndi tfl duy thd Dfldng la tfl duy quan he, ndi thd Dfldng

la tho cua cae mdi quan he, thd am dfldng cung khdng ed gi la qua Ben canh

dd ddi Dfldng la thdi dai khai phdng va phuc hflng van hda, vfla ke thfla tfl duy truyen thd'ng lai vfla tiep n h a n tfl duy ngoai lai eua Phat giao - mdt thfl tdn giao hoai nghi cao dp vao cai hflu hinh, vao cai van hda do eon ngfldi sang tao ra

Nd da triie tiep gdi ra "cai trdng khdng" cua nghe t h u a t vdi ca phfldng thflc truyen dat "vd ngdn", "tnic ehi truyen tam" ddy chat am du va cflc ki cd dpng, cflng da in dam dau an vao thd Dfldng Trong thdi dai nay, ca ba tfl tfldng Nho, Dao, Phat cflng dflpc song hanh tuyen truyen, da dem lai nhieu ddi mdi treng quan niem, nhan thflc va ca tfl duy ve vfl tru va nhan sinh cua ngfldi Trung Qud'c ddi Dfldng

Nguyen nhan thfl hai khdng kem phdn quan trpng la yeu cdu cua hinh thflc the loai thd Dfldng, dac biet thd Dfldng luat vd'n la loai thd nhd be Hien thflc eude sd'ng vd'n rdng ldn, thien hinh van trang lam sao cd the dung nap vao mdt the thd nhd be, ma lai phai ndi len dflpc nhflng van de rung ddng ldng ngfldi ngan nam thi khdng the chay theo Id'i mieu ta d day chi cd the gpi va each liia

NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96) - 2009

Ve ta duy nghe thi^

chpn td't nhat la cac nha thd ddi Dudng

phai diing len cac mdi quan he Tfl cac

md'i quan he nay, ngfldi dpc cd the kham

pha ra ban chat sau kin cua sfl vat hien

tfldng, cflng nhflng ky thfl cua nghe

thuat thd

2.2 Tfl duy quan he nay da chi phd'i

toan bd td chflc nghe thuat thd Dfldng,

dac biet la thd Dfldng luat, tfl cap dp vi

md de'n vi md .,

,, J Ndi den td chflc nghe thuat thd Dfldng,

ngfldi ta hay ndi tdi tinh can dd'i Tfrih

can dd'i nay dfldc the hien d niem, luat,

van, dd'i Cd niem, luat, van, dd'i deu the

hien ro tfl duy quan he theo kieu "ket

cau song hanh dd'i xflng phi dd'i xflng",

vd'n la bieu hien cua md'i quan he cd ban

gifla am va dfldng Sfl dan xen va chuyen

hda gifla thanh bang va trac, ca trong Id'i

gieo vdn, trong cac ddng thd va cau thd

da tad nen cau trflc chat che va tudn

hean tfl cau 1 den cau 8 rdi lai tfl cau 8

trd ve cau 1 nhfl met cau trflc toan ven

va chinh the trong qu an nie m tfl duy

Trung Hoa

Ban chat cfla thd ca vd'n da gan lien

vdi tfnh a m nhac , eho nen thd Dfldng

cflng cd tfnh am nhac Cac nha thd ddi

Dfldng lam thd de dpc va dpc cho nhau

nghe chfl khdng phai de xuat ban nhfl

ngay nay Ma da dpc thi khdng the

khdng quan tam tdi tfnh nhac Mac dfl

ngdn ngfl thd Dfldng khdng phdng phfl,

phdn ldn la ngdn ngfl khai quat, lai them

nhiing t i lay de tao nen tfnh nhac bi

l u y crnr Dl thalih dieJ'lc?t h | p vdi nhflng khoang trdng trong ddng thd

da tao thanh nhip dieu cd lflc reo rat, ed lflc lang dpng, dem lai sflc cud'n hflt cfla tfnh am nhac trong ldi thd Dfldng Ngfldi nghe tfl hien tflpng red rat cfla am thanh

cd the kham pha hien thflc met each mdi

me Cai thanh khi cua nha thd dflpc the hien treng thanh dieu, tiet tau cua bai thd va dflpc cdng hfldng trdng ldng ddc gia ngan nam Ngfldi Trung Qud'c van cd cau: "Ddng thanh tfldng flng ddng khi tfldng cdu" la nhfl vay

Tfnh can dd'i cua tfl duy thd Dfldng the hien re ret trdng ca ndi dung va hinh thflc dd'i eua thd Dd la sfl the hien ddc dao cua tfl duy quan he va la phfldng tien hflu hieu phan anh hien thflc cua cac nha thd ddi Dfldng

Tfl duy Trung Qud'c vd'n cd sfl can dd'i trong dien dat, nhflng chi den ddi Dfldng mdi cd cau dd'i thd Ndi nhfl nha nghien eflu Phan Ngpc: "cau dd'i thd la dd nhu cdu ndi tam, khdng cd d ddu ddi Han Cai nhu cdu thay niinh thd'ng nha't vdi ngeai gidi ddi hdi mdt sfl the hien nghe thuat ma neu khdng cd thi khdng the nao bpc Id dfldc"'^' Cau dd'i *iy^.iuyi| thd Dfldng da la mpt minh c h f l n ^ ^ ^ f d che tfl duy quan he eua cac y ^ ' ^ H i '^di Dfldng Cd leai dd'i hoan ehinh nhfl met cap am dfldng can dd'i cfla cdng dd'i, cd loai dd'i ngay trong mdi ddng thd vfla dd'i xflng lai khdng dd'i xflng eua tieu dd'i, cflng cd leai dd'i y ddng tren trflpt thdng xud'ng ddng dfldi nhfl kieu dd'i Iflu thuy

cd the nj(| hinh thflc cau dd'i thd trong

S I T ^ miff yPpng

nhaf eac ma t dd'i la p cua sfl vai nien tflpng Mac dfl thd Dfldng khdng dflng he

thd'ng suy luan, song nhd cac kieu cau

ddi thd phong phfl da thuc day ngfldi dpc

phai suy luan

Hai cau thd dd'i r a t chinh trong bai

"Thfldng Sdn tao hanh" (Di sdm d

Thfldng Sdn) eua Vi Trang lau nay dfldc

coi la "thdn cfl":

"Ke minh mao diem nguyet,

Nhan tfch ban kieu sflOng"

(Tieng ga gay, trang tren leu tranh;

Dau chan ngfldi in tren sfldng cdu gd)

De the hien "eai thdn" cua sfl kien di

that sdm, tac gia da sfl dung tai tinh cae

yeu td' dd'i: danh dd'i vdi danh, ngfldi dd'i

vdi vat, thdi tiet dd'i vdi thdi tiet, t h a t

can dd'i hoan chinh Chi den khi ngfldi

dpc tham gia vao suy luan, dfla vao cac

quan he: tieng ga gay va trang la tin

hieu ehl thdi gian trdi cdn chfla sang

Cflng vdi thdi gian la khdng gian da e

biet, khoanh khde dau chan ngfldi ddu

tien in d tren sfldng dpng dam dac nha't

ndi cdu gd; cai than cua sfl kien di that

sdm mdi hien ra Rd rang tac gia chi gdi

thdng qua cac quan he dd'i l^p, song lai

thflc day ngifdi dpc phai tham gia suy luan

mdi cd hanh phflc ciia sfl kham pha Nhfl

vay dpc thd Dfldng theo tfl duy quan he

khdng phai la dpc d cac ddng thd ma la

dpc gifla cac ddng thd de tim quan he

Ve mat ngdn ngfl, cflng vi tfl duy

quan he tao ra sfl ddng nha't cac mat dd'i

lap, cflng vdi yeu edu nghiem ngat ciia

the loai, cho nen nhflng hfl tfl the hien

sfl ddng nha't hay thd'ng n h a t deu cd tdn

so' xuat hien cao Dd la he hfl tfl cdng,

tfldng, dfl (nghia cua chflng dai loai la

cflng nhau) Va de ndi len sU thd'ng nhat

60

ciia cai ddn n h a t vdi tdng the, thUdng

ngUdi ta dung he hfl tii co, dpc , nha't

Hai cau thd ndi tieng cua Vfldng Bpt:

"Lac ha dfl cd 16 te phi

Thu thiiy cong trfldng thien n h a t sac" (Canh cd bay vdi r a n g sa

Nfldc thu cflng vdi trdi xa mpt mdu)

da la mpt minh chflng ve viec sd dung

cd hieu qua cac he hfl tfl nay gdm "dfl",

"te", "cdng" va "nha't" Hai ddng thd cd den bd'n hfl tfl Ben canh dd la nhflng hinh anh nhfl cd pham, cd thdn, cd van,

cd nguyet van con dpng trong ldng ngfldi dpc ngan nay, khi nd la tie'ng long

ciia ca the tieu vfl tru mud'n hda vao dai vfl tru Ngflpc lai nhiing hfl tfl mang

mau sdc chflng minh hay tao ra mpi bien phap suy luan kieu nhfl: chi, hd, gia, da dfldng nhfl vang bdng trong cac bai thd Dfldng luat Bdi le quan niem cua tfl duy quan he trong thd Dfldng la cdn sfl ddng nha't trflc tie'p cac mat dd'i lap, chfl khdng can chflng minh va suy luan

3 Cau tfl nghe t h u a t -,115 p 3.1 Cau tfl nghe t h u a t la each thflc td chflc eua mdt tac pham nghe thuat, la pham trfl tham my quan trpng ciia nghe thuat Nd la thfldc do cua chat Ifldng thi

ca, khi nd dem lai cho dpc gia nhflng hflng thfl va hfldng thu thdm mi vd han, cung la k h a t vpng cua thflc tien sang tao nghe t h u a t d mdi nha thd

Dieu dac biet la cd nhieu nha thd ddi Dfldng cung viet ve mpt de tai nhfl: sdn thiiy dien vien, bien tai, chien tranh, cung nfl, chinh phu song mdi bai lai cd

mpt each thflc the hifin dpc dfeo khac

nhau Dieu nay la do cau tfl mdi bai

NGHIEN CUU TRUNS QUOC sa 8(96) - 2009

Ve tdduy nghe thuat

khac n h a u Dd la each s a n g tao t r o n g

qua t r i n h k h a m p h a va t h e hien cudc

sd'ng cfla mdi n h a thd, l a m n e n sflc h a p

dan va sfl trfldng tdn cfla thd Dfldng

Ddng gdp eho sflc h a p d a n va trfldng tdn

ay khdng t h e k h d n g ndi tdi tfl duy q u a n

he xac lap tfnh ddng nha't cac m a t ddi

lap - m e t loai tfl duy sinh r a t r o n g ddi

Dfldng

Cau tfl (cdn gpi la tfl thd) la each

k h a m p h a va t h e hien cudc sd'ng m e t

each ddc dao nha't cfla tflng n h a thd

trdng tflng bai thd G a n n g h i a vdi cau tfl

thd, mi hpc T r u n g Qud'e cd k h a i niem "y

canh" h a y "y c a n h n g h e t h u a t " "cdnh gidi

nghe t h u a t " Dd la sfl k e t hdp hai hda

gifla tfl tfldng t i n h cam chfl q u a n cua tac

gia vdi mdi trfldng c a n h v a t k h a c h q u a n

tao t h a n h h i n h tfldng m a n g h a m nghia

phong phu, klicu gdi tri tfldng tfldng cua

ddc gid Nhfl vay eau tfl va y c a n h deu

phai dflng tdi t h a e tac tfl duy va dac biet

d day la " sU k e t hdp hai hda gifla tfl

tfldng t i n h cam chu q u a n cua tac gia vdi

mdi trfldng c a n h v a t k h a c h quan", mdt

kieu tfl duy q u a n he lam nen cai ddc dao

treng cau tfl cua thd Dfldng

Tren cd sd md'i q u a n he cd b a n cua

triet hpc am dfldng, cac n h a thd Dfldng

da tad dflng vd v a n cae mdi q u a n he t h e

hien tfl thd T i e u bieu nha't la q u a n he

gifla ngfldi vdi ngfldi bad gdm t r a m md'i

quan he c h d n g chit, gifla ngfldi vdi v a t

va gifla vat vdi vat, nhflng v a t d day van

la de t h a y t h e cen ngfldi, chu yeu la

quan he gifla con ngfldi vdi t h i e n n h i e n

gifla tinh va c a n h O day cdn Iflu y n h a

nghien eflu Nhfl T h a n h n h a n m a n h leai

quan he ddc hflu cua thd Dfldng la q u a n

he ddng n h a t gifla eac mat, cac hien tfldng m a giac q u a n che la ddi lap Nhfl vay tim h i e u tfl thd Dfldng thflc c h a t la

p h a t hien cac q u a n he tim hieu va li giai cac ldp y n g h i a cua cac q u a n he ay

3.2 Xet tfl gdc dp cfla tfl duy q u a n he,

p h a t t r i e n k i e n giai ve tfl thd Dfldng cfla

n h a n g h i e n eflu P h a n Ngpc , ta cd t h e

t h a y each thflc cau tfl cua thd Dfl dng

l u a t theo ba k i e u q u a n he cd b a n Mdt la ddng nha't gifla cac m a t ddi lap, h a i la dflng m a t n a y ndi m a t kia t r e n cd sd hai

m a t dd'i lap, b a la tad r a cac cdnh h u d n g

n g h e t h u a t

a Kieu cau tfl thfl nha't la ddng n h a t cac m a t dd'i lap, tieu bieu t r o n g nhflng bai thd: T h u hflng (Dd Phfl), De dd t h a n h

n a m t r a n g (Thdi Hp), X u a n tfl (Lf Bach), Lflng Tay h a n h (Trdn Dao) trong nhflng bai thd nay cd dfl loai ddng nha't gifla ngfldi va c a n h , gifla q u a khfl va hicn tai m a t va cdn, gifla sd'ng va chet

C h a n g h a n bai X u a n tfl cua Lf Bach

da t h e hien cao dp cua nhflng ddng n h a t nay:

Yen thdo nhfl bi'ch ty Tdn t a n g de luc Dfldng q u a n hoai quy n h a t Thi t h i e p d e a n trfldng thi

X u a n p h o n g b a t tfldng thflc

H a sfl n h a p la vi

Dich thd

Cd Yen nhfl sdi td x a n h

D a u Tdn x a n h n g a t r u c a n h s u m sue Khi c h a n g t u d n g nhd ngay ve

Chfnh la k h i t h i e p t a i te t r e n g ldng Gid x u a n d a u biet chi cflng

Cd sao len ldi vao trong man la

Ndi tdi tfl thd xuan la ndi tdi sfl md

ddu cua nam, sfl doan tu cua mpi ngfldi

va hanh phuc Ifla ddi

Hai cau md ddu la sfl ddng nhat cua

thdi gian mfla xuan va dd'i lap ve khdng

gian xa each gifla da't Yen va dat Tan

Dflng sfl phat trien khac nhau ciia cay

ed'i trong thdi diem mfla xuan de the hien

sfl xa each qua ldn ve khdng gian, cung la

de gidi thieu sfl each trd qua ldn ciia ddi

Ifla ke chinh phu ngfldi ehinh phu

Hai cau tiep la met cap Iflu thfly dd'i

the hien ndi nhd thfldng thfldng tnic ndi

Cdn tim cfla ddi Ifla xa each kia dfldng

nhfl cd thdn giao each cam cfl chang ndi

bien tai nhd ngay ve la thiep ndi que nha

dau den dflt rudt Va ngfldi dpc lai thay

sfl ddng nha't ve tam trang treng sfl dd'i

lap ve khdang each khdng gian

Hai cau cudi la sfl ddng nha't ngfldi

chmh phu vdi gid xuan de rdi lai dd'i lap

vdi gid xuan Lan gid xuan da gpi len

hanh phflc Ifla doi trong long ngfldi

chinh phu Gid xuan cung tfl de dn ao

chang ai ngan nd'i nhfl ndi ldng ngfldi

chinh phu khdn ngudi nhd thfldng da

diet ke ehinh phu ndi Ifl thfl Nhflng lan

gid xuan khdng quen biet kia chui vao

man cflng lam ngfldi chinh phu giat

minh canh giac Cau cud'i la mdt cau hdi

cua ngfldi chmh phu - hei gid hay tfl hdi

minh de rdi khdng dinh sfl kien trinh

trong trang cua ngfldi chinh phu

Rd rang thdng qua viec ddng nha't cac

mat dd'i lap Lf Bach da tao dflng dfldc

mpt tfl thd trong sang va dam tinh ngfldi

b Kieu cau tfl thfl hai la dung mat nay ndi mat kia tren cd sd hai mat dd'i lap Ben canh nhflng tfl thd ddng nha't cac mat ddi lap, cac nha thd Dfldng cdn hay dflng ddng ndi tinh nhfl "Dieu minh gidn" (Vfldng Duy), dung mdng ndi thflc nhfl "Xuan oan" (Kim Xfldng Tfl), dung canh ndi tinh la mpt quan he cd ban va phd bien cua thd Dfldng, tieu bieu nhfl

"Hoang hac lau td'ng Manh Hao Nhien chi Quang Lang" (Li Bach)

Hai cau thd cud'i trong bai "Hoang hac lau td'ng Manh Hao Nhien chi Quang Lang" cua Lf Bach viet:

"Cd pham vien dnh bfch khdng tan, Duy kien Trfldng Giang thien te Iflu" (Bdng budm da k h u a t bdu khdng, Trdng theo chi thay ddng sdng lflng trdi) Hai eau thd nay hdu nhfl chi ed cdnh Nhflng trong cai cdnh kia da the hien chan chfla tinh cua nha thd hp Lf trong eudc dfla tien nay thdng qua hai nhan tfl

la "cd" va "duy" Trong bai thd "Dieu minh gian" (Khe chim keu) ciia Vfldng Duy - nha thd Phat, tfl thd chu yeu dfldc tao nen nhd quan he dung dpng ta tinh that tinh te Yen tinh dfldc nha thd mieu

ta ngay cang tang tien Ddu tien la sfl yen tinh eiia "ngfldi nhan" trong dem vang nghe dfldc ca "tieng ddng" cfla hoa que nhe rdi Yen tinh dflpc nang len de'n trinh dp tuyet dd'i tdi mflc ngpn nfli vao mfla xuan cung nhfl nhoe tan bien vao dat trd i - "xuan sdn khdng" Yen t inh cflng lam cho anh tra ng vfla Ide sang

da hi chuyen ddi chflc nang thanh sflc manh cua am thanh khien cho chim nfli kinh hai va cud'i cflng la khe nui cang

Ve tif duy nghe thuat

yen tinh hdn khi tieng chim keu dem

vang len, lai tdt lim di, de rdi tra lai cho

ndi day sfl yen tinh cang dam dac hdn,

cung nhfl trong dem den chi cdn mdt anh

Ifl Ide len rdi lai tat chi lam cho mdu den

ciia dem them dam dac hdn ma thdi Ca

bai thd la chfl "tinh" tuyet dd'i cua Thien

dfldc the hien bang nhan td'"ddng" dd'i lap

c Kieu cau tfl thfl ba la dflng len cac

"canh hud'ng" ham chfla ddy mau thudn

Rat nhieu bai thd Dfldng khdng he cd

canh de the hien tinh, cflng chdng tha'y

cd sfl ddng nha't cac mat dd'i lap, ma chi

tha'y nha thd dflng len nhflng canh

hud'ng dac biet vdi nhflng quan he phi

logic Cdn ngfldi se dfldc "ddn ngp" khi

rdi vao nhflng canh hud'ng nay Kieu cau

tfl nay rat gdn vdi "cdng an Thien" Dd la

each dflng hinh thflc ldi day de dfla ra

phep tu tap trflc tiep cua cac thien sfl vi

dai ddi Dfldng, giflp eac de tfl cua minh

den ngp trflc tiep, be qua nhieu khau

trung gian Legic cua cdng an Thien la

Idgic cua cai ph i li Ne be gay nhflng

chuan mflc quen thupc cfla le phdi thdng

thfldng, pha tan tang bang vinh eflu cua

"If tfnh phd thdng", de rdi sau dd, khi can

bang dfldc tren nhflng manh vd nay la sfl

den ngd Nhflng bai thd tieu bieu cho

kieu cau tfl nay la: Dang U Chau dai ca

(Trdn Tii Ngang), Hdi hfldng ngdu thfl

(Ha Tri Chfldng), Dp Tang Can (Gid

Dao), Tan gia nfldng (Vfldng Kien)

Trong canh hud'ng Trdn Tfl Ngang dflng

tren Dai U Chau nhin trfldc, nhin sau

chang thay ai, ngam trdi dat ma rdi le

Cd cam nhan dfldc sfl trdng vang vd cflng

gifla thdi gian va khdng gian cfla mdt ca

the nhd nhoi trong dai vfl tru bao la, mdi tha'y het dflpc ndi dau cd ddc tuyet ddi cua nha thd Hdi hfldng ngdu thfl lai la mdt cdnh hud'ng dac biet khac eua Ha Tri Chfldng Tinh hud'ng dae biet nay

da tao nen net ddc dao "ngu bi fl hai" (gifi cai bi vao cai hai) ciia bai thd Hdn tam mfldi nam mdi ve que, ban be, hp hang cflng trang Ifla khdng cdn nen nha thd vd'n la "chfl" lai bi bien thanh

"khach" trfldc nhflng chau be tfldi cfldi

ma "xa la" Nu cfldi cang hdn nhien ma ngay thd cua nhflng chau be lai cang lam cho ndi budn, that vpng cua nha thd cang tang len trong tinh hud'ng den sflng sd nay Va Dp Tang Can lai la mdt khoanh khac dd'n ngp khi rdi Tinh Chau ndi Iflu trfl da mfldi nam Mfldi nam lam khach Tinh Chau, long khdng ngudi nhd que nha Nhflng hdm nay qua ben Tang Can, nhin lai Tinh chau da thanh cd' hfldng That bat ngd, tfldng nhfl phi If nhflng nghi ki lai thi tha'y rat hpp If Tat ca la nhflng canh hud'ng dac biet nay deu dfla theo quy luat bat ngd den mflc phi legic cua tfl duy quan he

Cd' nhien de tim hieu het cai hay cai dep cua thd Dfldng cdn phai quan tam tdi nhieu yeu to' nghe thuat khac ca ben trong va ben ngoai tac pham de cd each tiep can tdng the, lien nganh Song tim hieu thd Dfldng tfl gdc dp van hda, dac biet la tfl tfl duy quan he la mdt van de

ed tfnh then chd't va If thu hfla hen cd the dem lai nhflng kien giai mdi Tfl duy quan he da anh hfldng manh me va sau sac tdi qua trinh sang tad nghe thuat cua thd Dfldng va da trd thanh mdt kieu