Trong truyen cd Phqm Tdi - Ngpc Hoa ngay d nhung cau dau cria tac pham, tac gia da trinh bay rd thdi gian, dja danh, lai ljch nhdn vat cria cdt truyen: Md Chu ky thdy eo ddi Trang Vuong
Trang 1VAN H 6 A NGHg T H U A T TROMC M l l ^
TROYEH HOm
NHONG VAN DE
THE LOAI
VA PHirONG THUTC
BIEU HIEN
DINH THI MINH HANG
Truyen ndm, ngam khrie, van, ca
la nhung the loai cua van hpc chri
Ndm, dupe sang tao trong qua trinh
dan tdc hda nhung thi loai cria van hpc dan
gian Qua trinh ay cd thi bdt dau tri TK XVI
va da dat de'n sy phat triln rye rd d TK XVIII,
XIX
Truyen ndm la truyen tho nom Co the ndi
day la tilu thuyet bdng tho, sang tac bdng
ngon ngri dan tpc, sri dung the tho luc bat va
CO nhiiu tac phdm cdn la khuyet danh
Truyen nom co de'n hang tram tac phdm gdm
truyen nom bac hpc, truyen nom binh dan,
truyen nom khuye't danh Tfnh chat co ban
cria truyen nom la mo ta, ta truyen hay ndi
mpt each khae truyen nom la the loai mang
tfnh ty sy Co khong ft nhung thf du nhd vl
tfnh ty sy cria thi loai truyen nom Trong
truyen cd Phqm Tdi - Ngpc Hoa ngay d
nhung cau dau cria tac pham, tac gia da trinh
bay rd thdi gian, dja danh, lai ljch nhdn vat
cria cdt truyen:
Md Chu ky thdy eo ddi Trang Vuong
Hpi qudn Minh, hpp than luong
Trang vuong ngu lri bdn phuong thdi thudn
Bdt thien thu, bdt thien xudn
Mudn ddn eung phuc thdnh qudn trimg trimg
Tdm kinh cao thd sach khdng
Cd nhd Trdn thi xU Ddng, Thanh - hd Tudng cdng quan dai phu gia Xudn thu dinh thinh ten Id Thite Thdng
Hodc:
Phqm Tdi rdn ren thua quy Ngdp ngimg mdi rdi vdy vi td tudng Son Tdy, Ngpc thdp Id ldng, Hai thdn sdm dd sudi vdng choi xa Anh em chdng cd mpt ai Cifa nhd thie'u thdn, het nen nuong nhd
O citng cdu mp sdm trifa Ddm ndi cay ddng mudi dua cue long
Cach cu the hda nhring chi tiet khi gidi thieu thdi gian, dja danh, lai ljch nhdn vat cua cdt truyen nhu vay cung gap d cac truyen
ndm khae nhu: Ly Cdng, Chdu phdt bdn hanh, Tdng Trdn Cue Hoa Khae hdn vdi
tfnh cha't md ta, ty sy cua truyen nom, ngam khue, van lai mang tfnh ehd't trri tinh dam
net Chang han nhu trong tac pham Chinh phti ngdm, nhan vat trii tinh la nang chinh
phu ludn di ve giua nhring hdi uc ve dT vang vdi nhung nhd mong:
Ldng ndy gid gid ddng cd lien Nghin vdng xin gid den non Yen Non Yen du chdng tdi miin Nhd chdng thdm thdm difdng len bdng trdi
hoac vdi nhung tinh cam xdt xa:
Gidn them thiep lai khdng bdng mdng Dupe gdn chdng bin Lung thdnh Quan Khi mo nhifng tiec khi tdn
Tinh trong gidc mpng mudn vdn cung khdng
Tuy nhien trong truyen ndm cd the co nhung doan tru tinh khi mo ta cupc sd'ng, tinh cam va nhung bie'n dpng tam ly cria cac nhdn vat Cung nhu vay, trong ngam khue, van
cd the cd nhung doan mo ta, ta canh khi kl vl nhung viec gi dd lien quan den sinh hoat cua cac nhdn vat Sy giao thoa giua nhung yeu td tru tinh va md ta, ta canh nhu vay trong truyen ndm cung nhu trong ngam khrie,
van khong the ldm gidm di tinh loai biet cO bdn ciia hai the loqi ndy
Vl hinh thric nghe thudt, truyen ndm sri dung the luc bat, cdn ngam khrie, van sri dung the song that luc bat
1 SdSOl
;•• Thang 7-2009
Trang 2VAN HQC - NHjgp A N H Truyen tho ndm dupe tao bdi nhung cdu
theo luat bdng trde nhu sau:
B (hodc T), B, B (hodc T), T B (hodc T), B
B (hoac T), B, B (hodc T), T, B (hodc T), B,
T, B
Vi du:
Nhd viia md tiee dodn vien
Hoa soi ngpn dudc hdng chen bite Id
Trong cac truyen ddn gian bdng tho,
nhung cdu tho luc bat khong theo van luat va
trinh ty trde bdng
Ngam khrie, van sri dung the tho song that
luc bat The van cring la the ngdm khrie Bdi
trong tieng Viet, van cung chi'nh la ngdm
Tieu bieu cho the loai ngdm khrie, van nay la:
Chinh phu ngdm khue, Cung odn ngdm
khdc, Til tinh khue, Ai tu vdn, Hd Tien thdp
cdnh vinh khue
Ta't ca eac khd tho tudn theo ludt bdng trde
nhu sau:
O T T B B T T
O B B T T B B
B (hoac T), B, B (hoac T), T, B (hoac T), B
B (hoac T), B, B (hoac T), T B (hoac T), B, T B
O ddy van O la vdn ty do
Nude ed chdy long phien chdng rifa
Cd cd thom, da nhd ndo khudy
Nhil rdi nhii lai cam tay
Bude di mpt bude ddy ddy lai ngimg
Nhu vay, truyen nom va ngam khrie, van
khong nhring chi khae nhau d phuong thric
bieu hien nhu truyen ndm vdi tfnh chat chri
yeu mo ta, ty sy, cdn ngdm khrie, van vdi tfnh
chat chri yeu la trri tinh, khdng nhung chi
khae nhau d hinh thric nghe thudt tho ca, vdi
truyen nom la the luc bat cdn ngdm khrie,
van la the song tha't luc bat, ma truyen nom
va ngdm khrie, van con dupe phan biet vdi tu
each mpt the loai van hpc
Trong tie'n trinh phat trien cria the loai
truyen nom cd the da cd nhung sy bien ddi vl
hlnh thric nghe thudt dl phri hpp vdi loai hinh
ke chuyen cria the loai Cd thi neu len vf du
sau ddy minh chring cho diiu dd Truyen nom
Nghia si truyen, Ldm tuyen ky ngp va Bach
Vien - Ton Cdc la nhring truyen ndm khuye't
danh Nghia si truyen la cdu chuyen kl vl
Nguyln Biiu, mpt anh hring ddn tpc ddu TK
XV Ldm tuyin ky ngp la truyen nom co
nguon gdc tri van hpc ddn gian Dd la cau chuyen tinh giria nang Bach Vien va chang
Tdn Cac Cdn truyen nom Bach Vien - Tdn Cdc, cring cd cring mpt npi dung nhu truyen ndm Ldm tuyin ky ngp, vdi cring nhung nhdn
vat, cring cdt truyen, nhung khong phai vi the
ma chring la nhring dj ban cria cring mpt tac
phaim Truyen Bach Vien - Tdn Cdc dupe
vie't bdng the tho luc bat quen thupc thudng dung dl sang tac nhung truyen nom con
truyen Ldm tuyin ky ngd lai khong phai
cring the tho nay
Tac phdm Ldm tuyen ky ngd bao gom
mpt tram bdn muoi sau bai tho tam cdu, mOi cau 7 dm tilt, mpt bai bdn cdu mdi cdu 7 dm tie't va mpt bai gom mudi mpt cdu tho ty do
148 bai tho nay dpc lap vdi nhau vl mat van luat nhimg lai dupe sdp xep ben nhau nhu nhung hat trong mpt chuOi hat dupe xdy cring vao mpt spi day, va spi day dd chi'nh la cdt truyen cria cau chuyen dupe kl
Nghia si truyen cring bao gOm mpt loat
nhung bai tho tam cdu, mOi cdu 7 dm tiet nhu
Ldm tuyin ky ngp nhung ngdn hon rat nhiiu
Cho den tan bay gid, cac nha nghien criu khong the lam gi hon la dua ra nhung gia djnh vl cac tac gia cria nhung truyen nom
Nghia SI truyen, Ldm tuyin ky ngp Nhung
CO kha nang la Nghia si truyen da xuat hien vao dau TK XVI con iMm tuyen ky ngp thi
mupn hon vao TK XVII Nhu vdy hai truyen tren rat cd thi da xudt hien vao giai doan dau cria ljch sri truyen ndm
Nhd hai truyen nom nay, chring ta co the dua ra mpt gia thuyet thri vj nhu sau: khi the loai truyen nom mdi ra ddi, co mpt xu hudng manh me la dring tho tam cdu mOi cdu 7 dm tilt va tho bdn cdu mOi cdu 7 dm tiet thanh timg nhom dl kl nhung cdu chuyen, hay noi each khae la dl sang tac truyen nom Nhung sau do ngudi ta tha'y rdng tho luc bat co hinh thric uyin chuyin hon, phri hpp voi loai hinh
kl chuyen hon, vdy la nhung bai tho tam cdu
va bdn cdu dan dan nhudng ch6 cho tho luc bat Va thi loai truyen nom vdi hinh thric
S6 301 Th^ng 7-2009 H
Trang 3VAN H 6 A NGHg T H U A T TROMC M i t e
nghe thudt la tho luc bat da dupe khai sinh
Vdy la khdng k^ den nhung gia tri khae,
truyen ndm Nghia si truyen va L4m tuyen ky
ngp xiing dang dupe chu y ddc biet, bdi vi
chting da tao ra nhung chi ddn quy bau trong
nhiing bude lan md tim kie'm danh da'u viec
nghien crin mdt hinh thric nghe thudt tho phri
hpp vdi truyen ndm
The loai truydn ndm trong qua trinh tien
diln da cd su phat trien tri Bdc vao Nam
Truyen ndm Song Tinh la mdt minh churng
cu the Tac gia cua truydn Song Tinh la
Nguyln Hihi Hao (dng la con vi danh tudng
Dang Trong Nguyln Hihi Ddt), vdn que d
lang Gia Miin, huyen Tdng Son nay thudc
Ha Tiling, Thanh Hda, sau di cu vao Thria
Thien, ndm 1672 dupe phong tude Hao
Luong Hdu Ong la ngudi cd hpc thric uydn
bac, am hiiu ca Phdt, Nho, Lao, da giu nhieu
trpng trach trong chfnh quyin phong kie'n
Dang Trong va dupe quan, ddn ydu men
Nguydn Biiu mdt ndm 1713 Vdi tmh hinh tu
lidu hidn nay, chring ta chua thi khdng djnh
chfnh xac thdi diim xudt hidn cua tac pham
Song Tinh, nhung dri sao nd cung phai cd
trude ndm 1713 Vdy chring ta hay chap nhdn
ring truydn ndm Song Tinh la mdt tac pham
ra ddi vao khoang cudi TK XVII hodc ddu TK
XVin Cdn phai nhd rdng, trong hon hai the
ky, tri TK XVI dd'n cudi TK XVm, nudc Viet
Nam bj chia lam hai miin: Dang Ngoai (phfa
Bdc Deo ngang) dudi sy thd'ng tri cua chria
Trinh va Dang Trong (phia Nam Deo ngang)
dudi sy thdng tri cria chria Nguyln Sy chia
cdt nhu vdy da tao ndn qua trinh ddc thri hda
trong nhiiu linh vuc cua ddi sd'ng van hda xa
hdi, ddc biet la ngdn ngri vdn hpc Dupe sang
tac d vring cai trj cria chria Nguyln, Song
Tinh cd thi xem la bdng chring cho nhring
ddc tfnh rieng cua ngdn ngu van hpc Dang
Trong Nhung cung cd the Id'y Song Tinh di
chring minh cho sy thd'ng nhd't co ban cua
ngdn ngri vdn hpc trong ca nudc Viet Nam
thdi dd Vdi sy ra ddi cua Song Tinh vao
khoang cudi TK XVn ddu TK XVm, chring
ta thdy Uuyen nOm da phat trien va cd vi the
0 ca hai miin Nam Bdc cua dd't nudc
Trong sd nhung truydn tho vidt bdng chi? ndm, nhung truyen ljch sir chiem mdt vi tri
quan trpng Nghia si truyen chdc chdn la mdt
trong sd nhung truydn ljch su viet bdng chri Ndm cd nhd't, nhung cd mdt sd truydn khae ndi tie'ng hon va quan trpng hon
6 Viet Nam, truyin thdng chip sri ngupc
ddng qua khri da cd tri TK XUI vdi Dai Viet su
ky ciia Ld Van Huu Cdn vdi nhCtng truydn it
nhiiu mang tfnh huydn thoai ciia cac nhdn vat lich su thi lai dupe khdi thao tri sdm hon nua Truyen thd'ng dd da dupe phan anh trong van hpc viet bdng chu ndm vl dl tai ljch su ngudi ta da dat cho nhimg truydn tho ljch su sang tac bdng chu: ndm mdt cai tdn chung:
Qudc sii diin ca (trie la ljch su ddn tdc duoc
ke lai dudi dang diln ca) Cac tac phdm nay dupe sang tac bdng the tho song thdt luc bat,
cd khi dupe sang tac bdng tho luc bat Nhung truydn ljch su bdng tho nay khOng chi phan anh nhung su kidn lich su cria ddn tdc theo thri tu nidn bieu it nhieu da dupe ghi trong bieu nidn sir chfnh thd'ng, ma chring con
ke lai nhimg huyen thoai, nhung truydn kl, nhung truydn ngu ngdn Va hu cdu chiem mdt phdn quan trpng trong su hinh thanh nhring tac pham qud'c sri diln ca Cd thi noi mac dri dupe thiet lap trdn cp sd ljch sri, chung vdn la nhimg tac pham vdn hpc tu thdn Nhiiu nha nghidn curu da nghiln ngdm va khdng djnh nhung gia trj vdn hpc cua nhung
truydn tho ljch su nhu Viet su dien dm TK XVI, Thien Nam minh gidm TK XVH, Thien Nam ngu: luc TK XVII, Dai Nam qudc sti dien ca TK XIX
Nhung Uuydn ljch su bdng tho, nhung tac pham qudc sri diln ca thudc thi loai sri ca nOm Nhring tac pham qudc sri diln ca da gdp phdn dang kl vao vide lam phong phri va vao ehd't lupng cua kho tang van hpc vidt bdng chri ndm Truydn ndm va ngam khrie, van, ca la nhung the loai cd nhiiu sang tao cua ddng vdn hpc chri ndm Vide nghien criu nhung thd loai van hpc nay girip chring ta hiiu bidt them vl nhung gia trj khoa hpc cua nin van hpc truyin thdng sang tac bdng ngdn ngri dan tOc •
D.TM.H
Sd301
Thang 7-2009