Trong nguon ngii li?u dang xet, hu tir diing kem trudc danh tu trung tam cua ciu tnic danh ngii, cd: nhiimg, mgi, mdi cd y nghia va chiic nang khdng khac ngay nay nhirng danh diu va bil
Trang 1N G 6 N N G 0
HU" Ttr TRONG BAN GIAI AM
TRUYEN KI MAN LUC
Ban giai am Truyen ki mgn lye
(vilt tit: TKML; till ki XVI) la mpt
tai li?u rat quy ddi vdi vi?c nghien
curu Ijch sii tilng Vi?t, nhit la tilng
Vi?t CO Chinh vi the, trudc nay, vin
ban nay da dupe mpt so nha nghien
ciiu quan tam khao sat tir nhieu phuong
di?n khac nhau: phuong di?n van ty
-phien am, phuong di?n ngii am, ngir
phap, va tir vyng
Rieng ve hu tu tieng Vi?t trong
ban giai am nay, giao su N Stankievitch
da cd nghien ciiu, nhung chii yeu tgp
trung vao nhirng hu tu dimg kem ben
cgnh dpng tir [lib]
Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi
xin trinh bay them mpt sd phan tich
va nhgn xet sau khi quan sat Idp hu
tu trong TKML ndi chung, nhim gdp
phan cimg tim hieu, lam rd hon di?n
mgo cua Idp tir cdng cy dd Ngii li?u
nghien ciiu d day dya tren ban phien
am sang chir quoc ngii ciia Nguyen
Quang Hdng [5]
1 Theo each hieu thdng thudng,
hu tir la nhiing tu khdng cd y nghia
tu vyng chan thyc, dimg dl dien dgt
cac y nghia ngir phap, ho^c quan h?
ngii phap giira cac thyc tir, ho^c giira
cac bp phgn cua cau, ho^c giira cac
PGS.TS VV Dirc NGHIEU
cau vdi nhau (Cac tieu tir bieu thi tinh tiiai cung cd the dupe coi la hu tir) Nhu vgy hu tir dupe nhgn di?n trong tuong quan ddi Igp vdi thyc tir Nhirng tieu chi phd bien, dupe da sd gidi nghien ciiu chap nhgn, de coi mpt tir la hu tir bao gdm:
- Khdng cd y nghia tir vyng chan thyc, hoac chi cd y nghia tir vyng md nhgt;
- Khdng cd chiic nang djnh danh;
- Lam cdng cy de bieu dgt nhiing
y nghia, phgm tni ngii phap nao dd cua thyc tu (ndi tdm lgi la nhirng tir
cd lien quan den vi?e dien dgt, bilu thj nhiing logi y nghia ngii phap) Tuy nhien, tren thyc tl, vi?c xac dinh va Igp danh sach cac hu tir cua tieng Vi?t hoan toan khdng don gian, bdi vi, trong tieng Vi?t ciing nhu trong cac ngdn ngir don Igp khac, ranh gidi phan dinh giiia van de ciia ngir phap vdi van de cua tir vyng nhilu khi rit khdng ranh mgch Trong cac ngdn ngii nay, cd nhieu hu tir da hinh thanh tir thyc tir bdi nhirng h do khac nhau, trong dd, dang ke va quan trpng nhat
la qua trinh ngu phap hoa; va ngay
ca khi "da hinh thanh hu tu roi, thi giua nhung hu tir nay va cac thyc tu tuong ling thudng ciing van cdn bao
Trang 216 Ngon ngiir so' 11 nam 2010
tdn nhiing mdi quan h? kha rd net"
[1,274]
So bp khao sat ban giai am, chiing
tdi nhan di?n va lap danh sach dupe
124hutii Cythlla:
- 38 hu tii ed kha nang diing lam
thanh td phy trong ngii danh tu ho^c
trong ngii dpng tir/ tinh tir: nhirng,
mgi, mdi, ben, chdng, chdng, chi, chin,
cho, chung, chira, ciing, ciing, cir, cue,
deu, dd/ da, dang/ duong, dimg, hay,
hdng, khd, khd, khdn, khdng, mgt, mdi,
mua, rdt, sap, se, thuc, tua, timg, vdn,
vira, lien, nhau
- 79 hu tu thyc hi?n cac chiic
nang ndi ket giiia tu vdi tu trong cym
tir hoac ndi giiia cac thanh phan cau,
giiia cac cau vdi nhau: bdngi (nhu),
bdng2 (vi bang, nhugrc bang), bdi, bui,
cdng, chinh, cho, cd, cdn, cua, cho
nen, ddu, ddu, dudi, dudng, dd md,
de, den, dugic, giira, hd, hay, hdn,
hdu, he, hod, hoac, hon, hudng chi,
keo, khd mac, la, lgi, lam, len, ludng,
md, mac, nen, ngay, ngoai, nhan, nhdn,
pham, phuong chi, song, song le, tdy,
thd, thi, thira mac, thira, nhu, lien,
ngd, nira, d, qua, qud, ra, rang, sang,
sau, tdi, tren, trong, trudc, tuy, tir,
tu, tua, vd, vd, vdo, ve, vi, vdi, xdy,
xudng
- 7 hu tir la cac tieu tu thi hi?n
cac y nghia tmh thai: dt, bdy, ddy, md
cho, ru, thay, vay, vgy
Dudi day la mpt so phan tich
cy the
2 NIU nhin tir gdc dp chiic nSng
"cd tham gia vdo cdu true cua ngir
danh tu (danh ngir) hogc ngQ vj tir
(dgng ngir, tinh ngii) hay khdng\ chiing
ta cd thi thay mpt quang canh nhu sau:
2.1 Trong nguon ngii li?u dang xet, hu tir diing kem trudc danh tu trung tam cua ciu tnic danh ngii, cd:
nhiimg, mgi, mdi cd y nghia va chiic nang khdng khac ngay nay (nhirng
danh diu va bilu thi y nghia sd nhieu,
mgi lam chi td danh diu va bilu thi
y nghia sd nhieu toan the, mdi chi
mpt sy vgt bit ki cua mpt tap hpp sy vgt cimg logi, qua dd ndi len cai chung cho tat ca cac sy vgt Idiac trong tap
hpp ay) Duy cd hu tu cdc hoan toan khdng g^p Thi dy: ndo nen nhimg vi^c chi (tr 30); Ldy nhiing dieu dy (tr 34); Trdi vdo chdu trong mpi chirc (tr 57); mpi chdu tre yeu (tr 366); Moi thien (bdi tho) nen
(ti- 303)
Hu tir cdc, mpt tir cd tan sd sir
dyng d miic cao nhit trong tilng Vi?t ngay nay, tuy khdng hi?n di?n trong
TKML nhung khdng phai vi thi ma
suy ra ring vao thi ki XV, XVI trong
tieng ta chua cd tir nay Trong Cd Chdu Phdp Vdn Phdt bdn hanh ngii luc [8], trong Qude dm thi tap, Hdng Dirc qude dm thi tap, chiing ta deu da g^p cdc (m^c du tan sd sir dyng khdng
cao) Thi dy:
Thuong Chu bgn cU cac chua ddi
[12, b.2]
Thuyen khdch choi thu cac I? cheo
[12,b.l01]
Nhdn den quan tren ciing budn bdn chdn nudi lua tdm cac mgi diiu (nguyen van chii Han: DT chi thugmg quan lgi thf muc duong tdm mieu)
[6,51]
Hdng du thdi di ngodi ddt Hoan Chdu, Ai (Ai?) Chdu cac mgt hdm (nguyen van chii Han: Chi kim tdn
Trang 3HIT tir 17
mdi du tdc Hoan Ai cdc nhdt hdm)
[6, 54]
Chiing tdi ngd ring cd Ig tinh
chat d}ch (giai am) ciia van ban da
anh hudng den sy khilm di?n ciia cdc
trong van ban gidi am TKML
2.2 Cac hu tir di kgm dpng tir,
tinh tir cd thi dupe phan chia thanh
mpt so nhdm nhd hem nhu sau:
22.1 Nhdm dd (dd), dang (duong),
sdp, se, timg, hdng, vdn
Trir hu tir hdng, cac hu tir cdn
lgi cua nhdm nay: dd (dd), duong (dang),
sdp, se, timg, vdn dS hi?n di?n va dupe
sii dyng trong ban giai am TKML
khdng khac ngay nay Chiing deu cd
y nghia thdi gian, bilu thj va nhan
mgnh "sy tinh da, dang hay sg dien
ra" Thi dy:
cdn do da chdng cd (tr 36);
tieng sang tan da Idu (tr 123); duong
giua dudng md dimg xem [1 lb]; chira
timg chdng d ben nang Nhj Khanh
vgy (tr.5\)
Trong nhdm hu tir ndy cd hai
dieu dang chii y la:
a) Trong ban giai am, timg d&
cd kit hpp vdi da ho^c chua, chira
nhu ngay nay Thi dy:
da timg mgt thdy chua timg
budc den chiia timg chdng d ben
nang Nhj Khanh vgy
b) Hu tir hdng dupe dimg pho
bien trong ban giai am Thi dy: Thiip
hing vdng chdu chieu ddm (tr 57);
Ngudi ta hing ndi (tr 196) Nhung
ngay nay, tir nay chi cdn dupe dimg
trong mpt so kit cau it nhieu co dinh
va "cii" nhu: hdng mong udc, hdng
mo udc, hdng mong nhd, hdng mong mdi,
2.2.2 Nhdm chdng, chdng, cho,
chira (chua), dimg, hay, khdn khdng, mua
Trong nhdm nay, tat ca cac tii deu di kem trudc dpng tir Ve m^t y
nghia, trir tir hdy bieu hi?n y nghia khuyen l?nh, dimg ciing bieu hi?n y
nghia khuyin l?nh, phu dinh, cac tir cdn lgi deu bilu hi?n y nghia phii dinh Neu so sanh vdi hi?n nay, y nghia
va chirc nang cua chdng, cho, chira
(chua), dimg, hdy, khdng khdng cd
khac bi?t gi can phai ndi Thi dy:
chd hdn md cho trdch (tr 97); ching dimg (tr 429); chirt mdy ching
sai Song diu chira cd con (tr 381)
Rieng hu tir dimg, giao su N Stankevitch ndi ring khdng thay dimg dupe dimg trong Truyin ki mgn luc
gidi dm [lib]; nhung chiing tdi thiy
tir nay cd hi?n di?n trong van ban,
ching hgn trong cau: Mdy hay chdng
ddy dung de dn nan ngdy sau (tr 166)
Ba tir chdng (chdng), khdn (khdng
the / khd cd the), mua (dimg/ chd)
la ba hu tu co Tilng Vi?t ngay nay
hoan toan khdng sir dyng mua nira, cdn chdng, khdn thi chi gap trong mpt
so kit cau CO djnh nhu: phdi chdng,
cd chdng, khdn ngudi, khdn td, khdn xiit Trong khi dd, khao sat Truyin
ki mgn l^tc gidi dm, chiing ta g$p rat
nhieu each ndi nhu:
ddi lira chSng la chdng (chdng^
khdng phdi la chdng/khdng cd) duyen cii (ti: 94); Mgt mai sir tinh khdn gidu
Trang 418
(ti- 76); m\ra (dimg/ chd) ldy cd khd
md ton chi lu thud binh sinh (tr 93);
mya hiem mugn vgy (tr 310)
2.2.3 Nhdm ben, cung, ciing, cir,
deu, khd, khd, tua
Cac tii ben, ciing, ciing, cir, deu
di kem trudc dpng tii, cd y nghia va
each dimg khdng khac ngay nay Ngupe
lgi, khd, khd, tua lgi la ba hu tir cd,
nay Ididng cdn dimg trong tilng Vi?t
hi?n dgi nira Trong ban giai am, chiing
ta rit hay gap ba tu nay trong nhiing
each dimg nhu:
- Khd (nen, ddng): kha den dudi
mieu vua Trung Vuong cimg dgi (tr 56)
- Khd (cd the): chdng kha cudp
(ti- 50); Cue kha cudi vgy (ti- 234)
- Tua (nen, phdi): tua Idnh xe
quan Phdn sir (tT 196)
2.2.4 Nhdm mdi, vira
Hai hu tir nay di kem trudc dpng
tir, de bieu thi ring hanh dpng, sy vi?c
vira xay ra khdng lau trudc thdi diem
dupe ndi tdi hoac hanh dpng, sy vi?c
chi dupe thyc hi?n khi da cd dieu ki?n
vira dupe ndi den trudc dd Nhiing
d^c diem ngu- nghia va ngii phap nay
cua mdi \a vira khdng khac so vdi hi?n
nay Thi dy: ngudi mdi thde (tr
92); Vira vi din nhd (ti- 120)
2.2.5 Nhdm chi, chin, mgt
Hai hu tu: chin \h chi cd thi dupe
coi nhu ddng nghia, di kem trudc dpng
tir, the hi?n y nghia "chi cd/ duy chi"
Tuy nhien so vdi nay, chin da trd thanh
hu tu cd va vi tri ciia nd hi?n nay hoan
toan do chi chilm giii Trong ban giai
am, chiing ta thudng gap chjn trong
nhiing kit ciu nhu: Chin Idi thdi it
mdphdi thdi nhiiu; Nhd Sd chin chung
trdi nhdn nghia (tr 37)
Ngon ngiif sd 11 nam 2010
Tir mgt dupe xip vao cimg nhdm
nay vi trong ban giai am, khi kit hpp vdi dpng tii, nd dupe dimg vdi tu each
hu hi va cd nghia "chi, chi cd" Thi dy:
Tayeu chi? Yeu mpt ngii (tr 268); mpt bdng trong chiem bao (thdy chi nhugide chiem bao) (tr 253)
2.2.6 Hu tir chung Mpt minh chung diing thanh mpt
nhdm vi nhiing d^c dilm rieng bi?t
cua nd Hi?n nay, chung da la hu tu
cd, chi thang ho^c mdi g§p lgi trong nhirng san pham ngdn ngii xua cii ho^c trong nhiing Idi ndi gia cd nao
dd (thi dy nhu: vl chung, bdi chung ) Trong van ban TKML, nlu chtmg
di vdi dpng tu la liic nd thudng dupe dimg de dich, the hi?n y nghia cua
chi trong Han van Idii chi diing giiia
chu ngur vdi vi ngii cua mpt m?nh
de phy [lib] Thi dy: trdi chung phii tg nhd Hdn Trdi chung lam mdt nhd Sd (tr 31) (Nhiing y nghia
khac, chiing tdi sg trinh bay d diem 3.1 dudi day)
2.2.7 Nhdm cue, hdu (gdn, gdn nhu), rdt, thuc
Bdn hu tir nay di kem trudc cac tinh tir ho^c dpng tir cd thang dp danh gia Ngay nay, dupe dimg pho bien
nhit la tir rdt; thii din la thuc (thudng phat am va vilt thgt); tir cue chi thudng
dupe dimg trong khiu ngii Thi dy:
rat nghiem md rat nh§t (tr 97); thyc chung vui (tr 92); ngudi ta eye nhieu (tr 91)
Rieng tir hdu, nay chi cdn gap trong td hpp hdu nhu
2.2.8 Nhdm lien, nhau
Ca lien Ian nhau diu cd vi tri kit
hpp ngay sau dpng tii va cd y nghia nhu sau:
Trang 5Hir tiir 19
- Lien the hi?n y nghia "ludn, ludn
ludn" ( Igy hen chdng dimg (tr 429)
- Nhau the hi?n sy tuong tac ve
hanh dpng (Sdm ngdy sau vira ghe
nhau (tr 98); thdy ndi hai nhau (1r 112)
2.3 Nhiing hu tir khdng lam
thanh to phy trong cau tnic ciia ngii
danh tir, ngir dpng tir nhu tren day,
ma thyc hi?n chiic nSng ndi ket giira
tu vdi tir trong cym tu ho^c noi ket
giiia cac thanh phan cau, giiia cac cau
vdi nhau, ciing cd nhiing y nghia va
each dimg nhu ngay nay, nhung nhieu
khi ciing cd nhiing nghia va each dimg
khdng nhu ngay nay Xet vai hu tir
nhu: hay, md, thdi (thi) trong mpt sd
cau nhu sau day, chiing ta ciing dii
thay dieu dd:
- Hay: Bilu thi y l^a chpn giiia
hai sy vgt, hai dieu dupe ndi din
( phuc Di Thdnh vay hay v^ IX Thanh
vay (tr 426)
- Md: Bieu thi y trai nhau, khdng
phu hpp, tuong phan giiia hai thanh
phan do nd noi kit Thi dy: rdt nghiem
ma rdt nhdt; chd hdn ma chd trdch
(ti: 97)
- Thdi (thi): Bieu thi sy tiep noi
giira hai sy vi?c, sy vi?c nay vira xay
ra xong la tilp ludn den sy vi?c kia
ho^c bieu thi dieu sip neu ra sg chic
chan ho^c tit yeu sg xay ra; ho$c neu
"sy k l can giiia phan de vdi phan
tiiuylt" Thi dy:
* Den ih\ thdy di^n nhd cao cd
Hg Phiing thdi gidu md hg Tir thdi
khd (ti- 48)
2.4 Ben cgnh cac hu tu va nhdm
hu tir cimg vdi chiic nang cua chiing
nhu da trinh bay tren day, trong TKML
ciing cd nhiing c^p hu tir dupe kiln
Igp de the hi?n nhirng quan h? ngii phap phire hpp Cd the neu mpt sd c^p hu tii dupe sii dyng de tgo nen nhiing kit cau ngii phap ma nay van dang hi?n di?n, hogt dpng trong tieng Vi?t lii?n dgi nhu sau:
-Cdng cdng Thi dy: te dua cang Idm thdi lung Idng cang rdng (ti- 290)
- Chdng nhirng md Thi dy: ching nhiing d chung rgng xa
khudn phep ma d chung ddt Khiic ph\i den te (tr 35)
- Dd lgi Thi dy: Da hiep nude
Nguy lgi giet nude Yen (tr 34)
- hoac hogc Thi dy: ho^c
ngdi ho^c dimg (tr 236)
- Tuy md Thi dy: ludi tuy
thua ma chdng lgt (tr 97)
- Tuy song Thi dy: Ke khd tuy cd chi song khdn den (tr 97)
- Tuy nhung Thi dy: tuy cdn d
ddi nhung ten dd chip (tr 234)
- Tir den Thi dy: Tu sdng
Trudng Giang mac din ben Bdc (tr 429) -Tir nhdn Thi dy: Tir qua ddi
nhan^flw (tr 233)
3 Nhin tir gdc dp phat trien ngdn ngir, so vdi nay, trong sd cac hu tir neu tren, cd mpt logt (35 tu) da trd thanh tir co, va cd ca nhiing tu chiia (nhiing) nghia cd nay khdng cdn dimg niia Cac hu tir cd va nghia co dd, ho^c
la da bien mit hin khdi ddi song ngdn ngii lii?n nay, ho^c la chi cdn dl lai bdng dang cua minh trong mpt kit
cau nao dd (hd, ngd, khdn, chdng ),
ho^c la chi ddi khi dupe dimg trong
nhirng loi ndi "gia co" nao dd (song
le, phuong chi, ru )
Trang 620 Ngon ngijf so' 11 nam 2010
3.1 Danh sach cy thi ciia 35 tir
CO dd bao gom: bdng (vi bdng, nhugrc
bdng), bdy, bui (duy, chi), chdng (=
chdng), chin, chung, dudng (nhu),
dd md (roi, thi rdi), hd (chdng le),
hdng (thudng), hdu (gdn nhu, cd le),
hod (vd, cd), hgp (nen) Mid (nen, ddng),
khd (cd thi), khd mgc, khdn^ (khdng
thi), lien (ludn, ludn ludn), ludng (todn
nhiing Id), md chd, mgc (de, de md),
mua (dimg, cho), ngd (nhdm, di), nira
(hon), nhdn (den, tdi), phuong chi
(hudng ho), ru, songle, toy, thira (cua ),
thira mgc, tua (nen, phdi), vd, vay, xdy
Trii y nghia va chiic nang ciia
cac hu tir chdng, khd, khd, khdn, myra,
tua (6 tu) da neu tgi dilm 2.2.2 va
2.2.3 ben tren, chiing tdi thiy ed the
diem qua mpt so hu tu vdi mpt so y
nghia, chiic nang "khac Ig" nhit cua
trong nhirng hu tir cd cdn lgi nhu sau:
- Hu tu bdng (dupe dimg vdi
nghia neu, neu nhu, cd nhu, nhugrc
bdng; nay, y nghia nay khdng cdn
dupe dung nira) Thi dy:
Bang cd tinh cu, ngdy dy khdc
dy khd den dudi mieu vua Trung
Vuong (ti- 56)
- Hu tii bui (duy, chi, chi cd) Thi
dy: Bui vdi khdm lau cdi (tr 145)
- Hu tir chung Ngoai y nghia
va each dung da neu d dilm 2.2.6 ben
tren, chung cdn cd nhiing y nghia va
each dimg khac niia Cy thi la xem
[13]: -
a) Dimg dk chi thdi gian va dia
dilm (ling vdi gidi tir vu trong Han
van) Thi dy: chung nhd thira d
chung cd thira ddi (tr 146)
b) Thi hi?n y nghia ciia chi ti-ong
Han van khi chi cd quan h? hgn dinh
cho tiianh to chinh la mpt tu h o ^ mpt
kit cau chii - vi Thi dy: thu dugc chung long thien hg (ti* 33)
Ngay nay, chung khdng cdn dupe
dimg binh thudng niia, ma chi cdn
dl lgi hmh bdng cua nd trong mpt vai ket cau d nhiing dien ngdn "xua"
nhu bdi chung, vi chung ma thdi
- Hu tir da md Hu tir nay cd y nghia va chiic nang nhu ket cau rdi
thi I xong rdi I thi rdi diing d dau cau
tilng Vi?t hifn nay Thyc ra, dd md dupe dimg de dich kit cau dinhi trong
Hap van xem [1 lb], va the hi?n y "sau khi da cd mpt mpt hanh dpng d trudc
da kit tinic " Thi dy: Da ma ben di
quan (bd quan) trd vi (tr 145) Da
ma canh tdn trd het (tr 36)
- Hu tu hod (tdt cd, vd) Thi dy:
khdp hoa cira chdng cd loai sot vdy
(ti- 174)
- Hu tir hgrp (nen) Thi dy: Hpp
(nen) udng ldy thang (thudc) tien thyre (tr 250) hpp (nen) chd hdn
md chd trdch (tr 97)
- Hu tir khd mgc (cd thi) Thi dy: Kha m ^ (cd the) anh em vdi nguoi
Bui Hdng (M 113)
- Hu tir lien (ludn, ludn ludn) Thi dy: Udng hdu het, nguoi L4 Ngg
chgy den Igy lien chdng dimg (tr 429)
Hu tir nay, den till ki XVU, XVII van cdn dupe dimg rat pho bien nhu dupe
ghi trong Phep gidng tdm ngdy ciia
A de Rhodes, Sdch sd sang chep cdc
vi^c ciia Philiphe Binh
- Hu tir wa chd (chu:, thdil) Thi dy: khuyin lam sir nhdn ma chd (ti- 97) nhiiTig cimg vdy xem ma
chd (ti- 249)
Trang 7Hu tiir., 21
- Hu tir mgc (di, di md): Hu tu
nay chi nguyen nhan ho^c co sd ciia
hanh dpng Thi dy: Cdo nuong hiim
m^c ra oai (tr 146) xin liiu ndt
minh mac trd on (tr 149)
- Hu tir ngo (nhdm, de, de cho)
Thi dy: Ngd (di) chdng phu tiit Idnh
(tr 111) Ngd khd (de cd the) trdng
chung trgn sdng (tr 150)
- Hu tii nhdn (din, tdi) Thi dy:
Xua nhan lgi (tr 94) Tir qua ddi
nhan sau (tr 233)
- Hu tir nira (hon) Thi dy: Chung
thiep m?nh mdng nfta to bay, minh
nh^ dudng la rying (tr 122)
- Hu tir thira: Thudng dupe d$t
trudc tir chinh trong kit ciu chinh
phy, bieu thi y nghia sd hiiu (ciia)
ho^c y nghia tuong duong vdi nghia
ciia gidi tir ve Thi dy: mimg thiia
ve md Ig thiia s\r vgy; ( ) Lgi qua
thira chdn dy (tr 151)
- Hu tu thira mgc: Neu nguyen
nhan, li do dl giai thich cho hanh
dpng (tuong duong vdi sd di trong
Han van, xem [lib]) Thi dy: Theo
nghia thita m ^ theo chdng vgy (tr 57)
vua Tryi nhd Thuong thiia m^c mdt
nude (tr 33)
- Hu tir xdy (bdng, chgrt) Thi
dy: Xay thdy xe mdy (tr 98); Xay
thdy con gdi tre do xanh (tr 207)
- Hu tir ru (sao, hay sao?) Thi
dy: chdng ben che bdn thdt ddng
ru? (ti- 29-30) Tir ndy din dau till
ki XX trong Nam Phong tgp chi van
cdn dupe dimg, nhung nay chi cdn
g^p trong mpt loi ndi gia co nao dd
Cac hu tir cdn lgi: bay! chin, dudng
(nhu), hd (chdng cd le ndo lgi ), hdng
hdu, ludng, phuong chi (huong chi,
huong hd), song le, tdy (bang), vay!
la nhiing hu tir ma nay van cdn cd thi hieu dupe
3.2 Ben cgnh cac hu tir cd neu tren, la nhiing hu tir din nay van ton tgi va hogt dpng rat tich eye trong tilng Vi?t hi?n dgi, nhung trong ban giai am, m§t ngii nghia va ngii phap cua chiing vira cd nhiing dilm tuong ddng, lgi vira cd nhiing diem khac bi?t, nhieu khi rat Idn so vdi hi?n nay Nghia cd, each dimg co, kha nang ket hpp tu khac Ig tdn tgi cimg vdi (nhiing) y nghia, chiic nang dupe dimg nhu trong tilng Vi?t hi?n dgi chinh la nhiing khac bi?t dd Thi dy:
a) Hu tii bdng\ (nhu)
Bdng trong TKML van dupe sii
dyng trong nhiing kit ciu so sanh
nhu thdi Qude dm thi tgp, Hong Dirc
qude dm thi tgp ma nay tieng Vi?t
hifn dgi khdng cdn dimg nhu thi niia
Thi dy: Ddnh phd nude Ngd bing
khua Id kien (tr 31); sgr s$t bing chim ndn cung (tr 121)
b) Hu tir bdi
Ben cgnh y nghia chi nguyen nhan nhu trong tieng Vi?t ngay nay
(thi dy: Thua mgt trgn bdi cd co tren (ti- 30)), ti-ong TKML, khi kit hpp vdi dpng tir, bdi dupe dime vdi nghia
cd, bieu thi "noi chon xuat phat cua
sy vi?c, hanh dpng dupe ndi din"
Thi dy: con gdi d^p bdi thdn Ddng
md ra (ti- 72) chdng biet bdi ddu
md lgi (tr 75)
Bdi dupe dung tuong ling vdi
tu tiing va tir do trong Han van xem
[ l i b ]
c) Hu tir mgt
Trang 822 Ngdn ngiir sd 11 nam zuiu
Trong ban giai am, tir mgt \a so
tir, cd the dupe dimg trong kit hpp
vdi danh tir nhu hi?n nay, nhung nd
ciing cd nghia "chi cd moi mpt" Thi
dy: mpt nguoi Tir Hu chdm leu
chdn mg (tr 231) Y nghia va each
dimg cua mgt vdi tu each hu tir (da
trinh bay tgi diem 2.2.5 ben tren) cimg
vdi y nghia "chi cd mdi mgt" nhu
vira thay d day, chinh la hai diem khac
bi?t ciia nd so vdi hi?n nay Thi dy:
ldy mpt thdy xem dgo trdi vgy (tr 97)
mpt hd chung ddng hien trudc (= chi
thay xau hd vdi cac bgc hien nhan
ngay trudc) (tr 271)
d) Hu tir nhiing
Y nghia "toan, toan la" ciia nhiing
trong Truyen ki mgn luc gidi dm la
mpt diem khac Ig so vdi hi?n nay Vdi
y nghia nay, nhirng cd kha nang:
- Ket hpp vdi danh tir Thi dy:
nhiing (= todn la) khdch danh lgi
(ti- 169) nhiing (= todn la nhirng)
thgr hen (tT 249);
- Va dae bi?t la kit hpp vdi dpng
tu Thi dy: nhiing (= hoan todn)
khdc thdi thudng (tr 173) nhiing
(= tdt cd deu chi) ciing vdy quanh
xem (ti- 249)
e) Hu tir rdng
Dupe dimg song song d ca hai
cuong vi: dpng tir va gidi tir, giong
nhu tmh hinh trong Qude dm thi tap
va Hdng Dirc qude dm thi tap Thi dy:
Bdphu nhdn ring (tr 216) Nguoi
Trung Ngd cd khen rang (tr 75)
f)HutiiraV • ' •
Tir nay de chi miic dp Trong
ban giai am, rdt cd each dimg gidng
nhu hi?n nay; thi dy: rat nghiem
md rat nhgt (tr 97), nhung cung cd
each dimg rat khac Ig so vdi nay Cy till la:
- Nd cd thi kit hpp vdi danh tu
Thi dy: ddi d rdt dinh nui Phugmg hodng (tr 166); Nhdn chi niii Phupng hoang rit dmh (tr 175) Qudn di chon rat nha ben Tay (tr 173)
- Cd the dung sau vi tir bieu thi trgng thai tam li, cd danh gia thang
dp (nhu tinh tir), thi dy: vui rat md
ra thuong (tr 172); vd cd the dung trudc cd dgng tit lam (mpt each kit
hpp rat Ig so vdi lii?n nay), thi dy: Rit
lam cha m§ thira ddcyeu (tr 174)
3.3 Phan cdn lgi la nhiing hu tir khdng ho^c gin nhu khdng biln
ddi tir thdi Truyen Id mgn luc den nay
Sd hu tir nay cimg vdi nhiing hu tir cdn lgi den nay nhung cd bien doi
rd r?t trong y nghia, chiic nang (nhu vita neu d diem 3.2 tren day) tat nhien chilm da so (89/ 125 tir = 72%) Dd
la nhirng hu tir nhu: ben, dd, duong, (dang), hay, md, mdi, thi (thdi), timg, vira, chd, dimg, rdt Thi dy:
Dem dy ben cimg ndm (tr 96) tieng sang tan da Idu (tr 123) duong giua dudng md dung
xem [lib]
phuc Di Thdnh vay hay vg
Dl Thdnh vay (a 426)
rdt nghiem vak rdt nhgt chd hdn ma chd trdch (tr 97)
He ngudi mdi thdc (tr 92) Den thi thdy di^n nhd cao cd
Hg Phiing thdi gidu md hg Tir thdi khd(ti.4%)
Trang 9Hu tii
tung trgmyeu (tr 95) timg
choi bdi sdng (tr 349)
Vira ve den nhd thi ki rude ddu
dd djnh vdy (ti 120)
chd hdn md chd trdch (tr 97)
dimg de dn ndn ngdy sau (tr 166)
Loi rat cuong thdng (tr 195)
4 Tir nhirng phan tich trinh bay
ben tren, chiing tdi thay cd the di tdi
mpt sd nhgn xet sau day:
4.1 Ldp hu tir ciia tieng Vi?t the
hi?n trong Truyen ki mgn luc gidi dm
la ldp hu tir da kha phdt triln ca ve
so lupng Ian nang lye bilu hi?n, nhung
chua phong phii nhu hi?n nay; va so
vdi nay, nd cd nhung khac bi?t Dieu
nay la duong nhien
Trong ldp hu tii dd, cac tieu logi
deu da hi?n di?n day du nhu ngay nay;
nhung nhin tren toan eye, dd la mpt
h? thong dang phat trien, dang hoan
thi?n Trgng thai nay, mpt m^t la bieu
lii?n phat trien cua tilng Vi?t ndi chung,
mat Ichac la de dap ling nhu cau cd
mpt h? thong cac cdng cy ngir phap,
quan h? cii phap, cau tnic cii phap
de phye vy cho vi?c thi hi?n (viet)
cac dien ngdn bing van xudi Vao
thdi ki ra ddi ciia TKML, ngdn ngii
viet van xudi Vi?t, d^c bi?t la cii phap
ciia ngdn ngii vilt van xudi cdn dang
dd dam tun tdi va xay dyng, chii chua
cd dupe day dii mpt ngii phap va tir
vyng "ciia ngdn ngii viet van xudi"
dupe quy thiic hod nhu ve sau nay
va hi?n nay Cac tdc phim giai am
(dich) dau tien nhu TKML (\k Phgt
thuyit dgi bdophyi mdu dn trgng kinh,
Thien tdng khod hu ngir liic gidi nghia
trudc dd) chinh la nhiing budc di
khdi dau cho vi?c chuan bi de hinh
23
tiianh nen van xudi Vi?t cimg vdi cii phap van xudi Vi?t
4.2 Nhiing dilm khac bi?t noi bgt de nhgn ra hon ca d cac hu tir trong
Truyen ki mgn luc la:
a Nhutig hu tir nay da trd thanh tii cd, da hoan toan biln mit di ho^c chi cdn dl lgi tan du ciia chiing trong
ddi song tilng Vi?t ngay nay (mua, thira, bui, nhdn, xdy, dd md ) Tuy
nhien con so nay khdng nhieu
b Nhiing y nghia co, chiic naiig
CO cua mpt so tu, m$c dii thdi Truyen
ki mgn l\ic dupe dimg pho biln, rpng
rai, nhung nay khdng cdn dupe dimg niia, trong khi cac tir bilu thi nhimg y nghia chiic ning dd hi?n van ton tgi
va hogt dpng trong tieng Vi?t ngay nay
(bdng, rdt, bdi, nhiing, mgt, rdng )
c Trong so cac hu tu cdn lgi den
nay, cd mpt so van giii y nguyen y nghia, chiic nang cua chiing, nhung mpt so khac, nhieu hon, da cd nhiing thay ddi va/ hoac phat trien bang eon dudng bo sung, md rpng y nghia, chirc nang (day la con dudng chii yeu), h o ^ thu h?p y nghia, chiic nSng ciia chiing lgi, ho|Lc vua md rpng them y nghia, chiic nang nay, vira thu h?p y nghia, chiic nang khac
Vi thi, trong van ban dupe khao sat, nhieu hu tir cd ho^c chua he cd nhiing y nghia va / ho^c chiic nang ngu phap, ngii dyng nhu chiing dang
cd lii?n nay
4.3 Trong cac hu tu hi?n di?n
trong TKML, cd mpt so dang kl xuat
phat tir nguon goc Han Dieu nay, mpt m^t thi hi?n xu thi ty nhien trong qua trinh tilp xiic, vay mupn dl lam giau tu vyng; m^t khac, ciing dong
Trang 10|l lu^ I
thdi la de bd sung, hoan thi?n h? thong
tir lam cdng cy ngu phap cua tilng
Vi?t Thi dy, doi chieu ban giai am
vdi ban Han van, ta thay rit rd cac
tuong ling xem [1 lb]:
- hu tir chi vdi cac tixphti, u, vu
(ciing cd khi khdng ung vdi tir nao
ciia Han van);
- hu tir ben vdi cdc tir ndi, togi tire;
- hu tir (fa ling vdi cac tir di, ki;
- hu tii duong vdi cac tir duong
va thich;
- hu tir Twa vdi nhi;
- hu tir mdi vdi cac tii so, thiiy;
- hu tir thi (thdi) vdi tir tdc;
-hutuftiwgvdicactir«3«g; thudng
Trong qua trinh "giai am" (dich)
tir van ban Han van sang tilng Vi?t
(viet bing chii: Ndm), cd nhieu y nghia
cua hu tir trong nguyen ban Han van
da dupe dich gia - ngudi Vi?t - cd
ging tim each the lii?n bing y nghia
tuong duong ciia tir ngii tilng Vi?t
Ket qua la: ngoai nhung hu tir tilng
Vi?t tuong duong vdi hu tir tilng Han
dupe sir dyng, cdn cd nhiing thyc tii
tieng Vi?t cd y nghia tuong duong
ciing dupe su dyng, dan dan dan den
qua trinh ngii phap hoa cua chiing,
Ichien chiing trd thanh hu tir ho^c cd
y nghia phai sinh dl dupe dimg vdi
tu each ciia hu tii
Lay tu d lam thi dy ching hgn
Tir nay ndi ve noi chon, khoang thdi
gian ma hanh dpng, s\r vi?c dien ra
Nd ling vdi cac dpng tir cu, chi, luu
va hai gidi tir tgi, u trong Han van
[1 lb] So sanh vdi nhttng nguon ngii
li?u khac, sdm hon TKML nhu Phgt
thuyit dgi bdophu mdu dn trgng kinh, Thiin tdng khod hu l\ic gidi nghia,
tinh hinh ciing tuong ty nhu vgy Dieu nay cimg vdi tiiyc tl hogt dpng ciia
d the lii?n ring: nd ciing nhu nhieu
hu tii khac cd chiic nang noi dpng tir vdi cac thanh to phy (ciia dpng tir) "cd nguon goc la dpng tir va diu dang cdn it nhilu giur lgi dupe tinh
chat dd" [lib, 4] Thi dy: Giri minh
a chung chdn rgr man (tr 49) Hdi
di, Idm Idnh a ngudi, lam phuc cho ngudi Idnh a trdi (tr 99) ^
Nhiing dpng tir chi hudng vgn
dpng nhu: ra, vdo, len, xudng, ve, lgi, sang, qua ho^c nhirng tir chi vi tri nhu: d, tren, trong, trude, giiia, cgnh, ben rat cd the da trai qua qua trinh
ngii phap hoa de roi dupe su dyng vdi tu each ciia gidi tir trong chieu hudng chung nhu vgy
CHU THICH
Con sd ndy khdng the ndi Id tuy$t ddi vi nd cdn 14 thuQC mpt phdn vdo vi^c xac djnh hutird nhung trudng hgp cd the
cd nhung khd nang quyet dinh khdc nhau
Nhdm tir ndy, cd nhd nghien ciru khdng coi Id hu tir, nhung a day, chimg tdi khdng dgt vdn de thdo lugn li lugn ve
hu tir niia, md chap nhdn chung theo cdch
"truyen thdng", coi nhu mgt tieu logi
Bdn phien dm cua Dao Duy Anh [12] phien Ndm Id ^'Thuyen khdch chcri thu gdc luat cheo" Chiing tdi lay "cdc I?
cheo" theo bdn A
* Theo N Stankkvitch [lib], a day, kit cdu chung 16ng thien h?., cua tiing Vi?t img vdi kit cau trong Hdn vdn Id thien
hg chi tam ; nhimg vi trong tiing Vi$t,
dinh ngir cho danh tir phdi dimg sau danh tir nen vdn viet tieng Vi^t thi ki XVI da