Su xuat hien eiia cac van ban thugc loai dien le, nghi thuc, trd diin se din tdi viec hgp nhlt cac dang ciia tie'n trinh ky hieu hda khac nhau vl nguyen tic va kit cue la din tdi sir x
Trang 1m TMWAT
jr ^ ^ ^
IMmmMiihMiii&iMlM
dM
((y hieu hoc van hoa
va khai niem van han
T.M.LOTMAN
Co the nhan ra hai Ithuynh
huiiing qua dgng thai phat trien
cua l<y hieu hgc trong vong
muoi lam nam trd lai day
Khuynh hudng thd nliat tap
trung vao viec san djnh nhdng
khai niem nen mdng va xac lap
cac phuong thdc tao sinh
Tham vgng mo hinh hda mgt
each cliinh xac din tdi viec
sang lap bg mdn sieu l<y hieu
hgc: ddi tugng nghien cdu cua
idioa hgc nay i(hdng phai la
cac van ban nhu nd vdn cd ma
ia md hinh cac van ban, ia md
hmh cua cac md hinh,
Khuynh hudng thd hai iai ddn
Sd quan tam vao boat dgng ky
hieu boc cua van ban thuc te
Vdi khuynh hudng
thii nhai, nlu sir mau thuin, thieu hgp ly vl phuang dien cau triic, sir pha trdn cac van ban
cd kie'n tao khac nhau trong pham vi td chitc eiia mgt van ban duy nhat, tfnh khdng xle djnh ngu nghla ehi la nhiing da'u hieu ngiu nhien, khong hoat ddng, bj loai khdi sieu elp do md hinh hda van ban, thi vdi khuynh hudng thir hai, chiing lai la nhung ddi tugng dugc ehii y dac biet Diln dat theo he thdng thuat ngir ciia Ferdinand de Saussure, ed thi ndi, di theo hudng thir nhat, nha nghien eiiu xem xet ldi ndi nhu II sir vat chat hda cac luat le ca'u triic ciia ngdn ngir;
theo hudng thir hai, su ehii y CLia nha nghien ciiu lai nhim vao cac binh dien ky hieu ed
su venh lech vdi eau true ngdn ngir Ne'u hudng thii nhai dugc thuc thi trong sieu ky hieu hgc, thi hudng thir hai tat ye'u
se din tdi su ra ddi ciia mdn
ky hieu hge van hda Sir ra ddi ciia ky hieu hgc van hda - mgt
bg mon khoa hgc ed nhiem vu khao sat su tuong tac giifa cle
he thdng ky hieu cd ca'u triic khac nhau, khim pha sir venh lech, khdng ddng bg tu ben
trong eiia khdng gian ky hieu hgc, nghien cii'u sir ein thiet phai hilu biet nhieu ngdn ngit van hda va ky hieu hge - se gdp phin quan trgng lim thay ddi cae quan niem ky hieu hgc truyin thdng Trudc hit, khai niem van ban se phai thay ddi
ve CO ban Nhtrng djnh nghia khdi thiiy vl van ban - loai djnh nghla thudng nhin manh ban chat thdng nhat eiia ky hieu, hoac su thdng nhat khdng thi chia tach ciia cac chire nang trong mdt ngir canh van hda nhai djnh, hay nhiing phlm chai khic nao day - diu
ed y mud'n ndi mdt each kin dao hay cdng khai, ring van ban la m6t phat ngdn trong mgt ngdn ngu bat ky nao dd Quan niem ay 16 ra ngay su khilm khuyei ciia nd khi phai xem xet khai niem van ban tren binh dien ky hieu hgc van hda Ngudi ta da phat hien ra ring, mgt thdng bao nao dd de
ed the dugc xem la mdt vdn
bdn, ft nhai, nd phai cd hai lln
dugc ma hda Ching han, mgt thdng bio dugc xem la mdt
dgo ludt khac vdi doan mieu
ta trudng hgp pham tgi hinh su nao dd d chd th6ng bao ay vira thudc ngdn ngtf tu nhien, vtra thudc ngdn ngu phap luat, bdi
Sd319
Thang 1-2011
Trang 2le, trong trudng hgp thir nhai,
th6ng bao ay se slp xep mgt
chudi ky hieu cd nhirng y
nghla khac nhau, cdn trong
trudng hgp thu hai, doan mieu
ta lai td ehiie ky hieu cd ddi
chiit phirc tap vdi mdt y nghla
duy nhai Cung cd thi ndi nhu
the vl cac van ban thugc loai
kinh khdn nguyen
Trong trudng hgp nay,
cung nhu nhilu trudng hgp
khic, qua trinh phit trien eiia
tu duy khoa hgc da lap lai
I6gic phit trien ljch sir ciia ban
than ddi tugng Bdi vay, cd thi
gii djnh: vl mat ljch sir, mgt
phat ng6n trong ng6n ngit tu
nhien liic diu la cii khdi
nguyen, eai thii nhat, vl sau,
nd chuyin vao mdt djnh thiie
ed tfnh diln pham, dugc ma
hda bang mdt ngdn ngti thir
hai nao dd, tiie la bien thanh
van ban Su hgp nhat cle djnh
thiic nao dd vao mgt van ban
thugc trinh tu thii hai la giai
doan diln ra sau Khi cae van
ban dugc lien kit lai vdi nhau
trong nhiing ngdn ngir hoin
toan khic nhau, vf nhu lien ket
mgt djnh thu'c bang ldi vdi mdt
ddng tic 11 nghi, nhung trudng
hgp nhu the se lam nay sinh
mdt y nghla cau triie dac biet
van ban thude trinh tu thit hai
cd dugc nhd kit qua ay se
dung nap trong ban than nhilu
van bin ngim dugc phan bd
tren cting mdt ngudng ding
cap bing nhtrng ngdn ngir
khic nhau va khong lan ludt
lln nhau Su xuat hien eiia cac
van ban thugc loai dien le,
nghi thuc, trd diin se din tdi
viec hgp nhlt cac dang ciia
tie'n trinh ky hieu hda khac nhau vl nguyen tic va kit cue
la din tdi sir xuai hien nhtrng van dl phire tap eiia sir chuyin
ma, cLia tfnh tuang dugng, ciia nhtrng chuyin djch cic diem nhin, eiia sir hgp nhat cac
gigng khic nhau trong mgt
chinh thi van ban duy nhat
Vl mat sang tao, budc tie'p theo se la sir xuat hien cle van ban nghe thuat Vat lieu da gigng dieu se tim dugc su thdng nhat bd trg bing each tu phdng thuat trong ngdn ngii ciia mgt nghe thuat cu the
Ching han, viee biln nghi ll thanh ballet bao gid cung keo theo viec chuyin djch toan bd van ban ngim vdi nhitng eau true khac nhau sang ngdn ngir vii dao Ngdn ngii vu dao dugc truyin dat bing dieu bd, ddng tac, ldi ndi, tilng reo hd va ban than cae dieu mtia ma trong dd chiing dugc tang cudng vl mat
ky hieu hgc Tfnh da ca'u triic dugc gitr lai, nhung nd gin nhu bj gdi chat trong ldp vd bgc da cau triie eiia thdng tin trong ngdn ngtr eiia mgt nghe thuat cu thi Cd the nhan ra dilu dd rat rd trong dac trung the loai ciia tilu thuyet, mdt thi loai ma vd bgc, thdng tin bing ngon ngir tu nhien, che da'u, gdi chat ben trong mdt cudc tranh luan ctrc ky phiic tap, dly mau thuin ciia nhitng thi gidi ky hieu hge hit siie khac nhau Qui trinh phat triln tie'p theo ciia cle van ban nghe thuat mdt mat nhim tdi viec nang cao tfnh chinh the
va sir khep kfn ngi tai, nhung mat khic, lai tang cudng tfnh
da tap ky hieu hgc d ben trong, tfnh mau thuin eua tac phlm, phat trien trong dd nhiing van bin ngim tuong phin - cau triic cd xu hudng tu trj, tu tiie,
tu man ngay cing ldn Su dao
ddng trong trudng thudn nhdi
ky hieu hgc da tgp ky hieu hgc
dang tao ra mdt trong so nhiing sinh dao ciia qui trinh tie'n hda ljch sir van hgc Giifa nhiing binh dien quan trgng khac eua nd, cin nha'n manh sir cang thing giira xu hudng lien ket - biln ngtr canh thanh van ban va xu hudng phan ra -bie'n van ban thanh ngtr canh Trong qua trinh ay, quan diem eiia ngudi dgc va ciia tac gia
cd the khdng triing khdp: noi
ma tie gii nhin thay mdt van ban toan ven duy nhat, thi ngudi dgc lai cd thi xem dd mgt tap hgp cac truyen vtra va tieu thuyei va ngugc lai Ljch sit timg biei nhtmg trudng hgp
vl su tie'p nhan mgt tac phlm nao dd ciia ngudi dgc chju su chi phdi bdi danh tieng eiia an phlm da edng bd nd, nhtmg ciing cd nhtrng trudng hgp, dieu dd ching cd chiit y nghla
gi vdi doe gia
Nhtrng mau thuin van hda ljch sir phiic tap ed thi lam cho khuynh hudng nay hay khuynh hudng khac ndi len Nhung ea hai khuynh hudng a'y vin hien hiru tilm tang trong timg van bin nghe thuat vdi sir canh tranh cang thing phiic tap ciia chiing
Sang tao ra tie phlm nghe thuat la danh dau mdt giai doan mdi vl chat trong viec phiic tap hda cau triie cita van
Sd319 Thang 1-2011
Trang 3ban Mdt van ban da tang va
tap chiing vl phuang dien ky
hieu hgc se khdng cdn la mdt
thdng tin so gian chuyin ttr
ngudi phat tdi ngudi nhan, ma
ed kha nang gia nhap vao cac
quan he phii:c tap vdi ca ngir
canh van hda bao bgc quanh
nd, lln cdng chiing dgc gia
Tim dugc kha nang ket tu
thdng tin, van ban chiem hifu,
sd die ky lie Ddng thdi, nd cd
dugc phlm chat ma Heraclite
ggi la ldi tu ldn len O giai
doan lam phirc tap hda cau
triic a'y, van ban cd dugc
nhiing phlm chat ciia mdt td
chirc trf tue: nd khdng ehi
chuyin tai mdt thdng tin dugc
dua ttr ben ngoai vao dd, ma
lam thay ddi thdng tin va tao
ra nhtrng thdng tin mdi Trong
nhtrng dilu kien ay, chirc nang
giao tie'p xa hdi ciia van ban se
trd nen dae biet phirc tap Cd
thi khai quit chiic nang ay vao
nhtrng qua trinh nhu sau
Giao tie'p gitra ngudi phat
va ngudi nhan Van ban thue
hien chtfc nang thdng bao,
chuyen ttr ngudi dai dien
thdng tin tdi cir tga
Giao tie'p giiia cir tga va
truyin thd'ng van hda Van ban
thuc hien chire nang cua ky ire
van hda tap thi Vdi tu cich
a'y, mdt mat nd cd dugc kha
nang bd sung lien tuc, mat
khac nd danh thiic mdt loat
binh dien ciia thdng tin dugc
dua vao dd va mdt loat binh
dien khac tam thdi bj lang
quen hay bj quen hoan toan
Giao tilp ciia ngudi dgc vdi
chfnh ban than minh Van ban
- dieu nay dac biet quan trgng
vdi cac van ban truyin thd'ng,
cd xua, mang tfnh each luat cao do - khdi ddng nhirng binh dien nhan each eiia ca nhan ngudi tie'p nhan Trong qua trinh giao tie'p nay eiia ngudi nhan thdng tin vdi ban than minh, van ban thuc hien vai trd eiia nhan td trung gian giiip tai tao nhan cich eiia ngudi dgc, lam thay ddi sir tu djnh hudng ca'u triic ciia ea nhan va trinh do ket ndi gitra nd vdi cac eau true sieu van hda
Giao tie'p giiia ngudi dgc vdi van ban Bgc 16 nhiing thugc tfnh trf tue, van ban ed
td chirc eao khdng cdn la nhan vat trung gian trong hanh vi giao tilp Nd trd thinh ngudi ddi thoai binh ding cd trinh do dgc lap eao Nd cd the hoat ddng nhu mgt td chitc trf tue ddc lap, gitr vai trd tfeh cue, khdng le thude trong ddi thoai,
ca vdi tie gia (ngudi giri), lln ngudi dgc (ngudi tiep nhan)
Vl mat nay In du thdi xua
ddm dgo vdi sdch hda ra cd y
nghla sau sic
Giao tie'p giira van ban vdi ngtf canh van hda d) trudng hgp nay, van ban hoat ddng trong hanh vi giao tiep khdng nhu mdt thdng tin, ma nhu mgt chii the, mdt ngudi tham gia cd dil quyin nang ciia ngudn coi hay la ngudi tiep nhan th6ng tin Quan he gitra van bin vdi ngir canh van hoa
ed thi cd tfnh each In du khi van ban dugc xem la vat thay the cho toan bd ngQ canh m l
nd cd gia trj tuong duong trong mdt tuang quan cu thi, hoac ed tfnh hoan du khi van
ban trinh bay ngtr canh nhu mdt phin nao dd - la eai ehinh thi Han nira, vi ngtr canh van hda 11 hien tugng phire tap va khdng ddng chat, nen mdt van ban ed thi tham gia vao nhung quan he khac nhau vdi nhirng eau true ting bac khac nhau eua nd Cudi cting, cac van bin, nhu nhimg td chitc ed djnh gidi va mang tfnh dn djnh eao, thudng ed xu hudng chuyin ttr ngQ canh nay sang ngQ canh khac, va dilu nay thudng xay ra vdi nhung tac pham nghe thuat cd tudi thg gin nhu trudng ciru: khi chuyen qua ngu canh van hda khic, chiing hanh xir nhu mgt ngudi cung cap thdng tin dugc chuyin sang mdt hoan canh giao tie'p mdi, chiing kfch hoat trudc tien nhQng binh dien tilm an trong he thd'ng ma
khda ciia minh Sir chuyen md
cua chinh bdn thdn cho phu
hgp vdi hoan canh nhu the lam
Id ra su tuong ddng giQa hanh
vi ky hieu eiia ca nhan va van ban Bdi vay, mdt mat, vi gan gid'ng nhu mdt the' gidi van hda vl md, van ban trd thanh hien tugng cd y nghla quan trgng han chfnh ban than va sd die nhung dac dilm ciia mgt
md hinh van hda, mat khac, nd
cd khuynh hudng thuc hien mdt tu each ddc lap tuong tu nhu mdt ea nhan tu quye't Van dl giao tiep giQa van ban vdi sieu van ban se la trudng hgp dac biet Mdt mat, van bin c l biet nay ng trong quan he vdi ngQ canh van hda
CO thi giu vai trd ciia mdt
(Xem tiep trang 60)
U , so'319
Thang 1-2011