Diing vay, nhffng cau chuyen ddi thudng, dien ra mgi liic mgi ndi da dUdc cac nha van Nam Bd trong thap ky 1930 ghi lai mdt each chan thUe, khdng kem phan sau sac ve hinh thffc cung nbu
Trang 1Khao cufu!
BlfliC eilKNG HIEN M l HOA VAN HOC GHJIQUJJG NGJI QUA MOT SO TRUYEN NGAN NAM Bfi DAU THE KY XX
Trong bai "Tua" md dau cho cud'n
truyen Thdy Lazaro Phien (1887), tac
gia Nguyen Trgng Quan viet: "Dd
bie't rang: xUa nay ddn ta chang thie'u chi tho,
vdn, phu, truyen ndi ve nhdng ddng anh hung
hdo kiet, nhdng tay tdi cao tri cd rdi dd; md
nhiing ddng dy thudc ve ddi xUa chd ddi nay
chang cdn nda Bdi dd tdi mdi gidm bdy ddt mgt
truyen ddi ndy Id sU thudng cd trudc mat ta
ludn, nhu vdy se cd nhieu ngudi lay long vui md
dgc, ke thi cho quen mat chd, ngudi thi cho ddng
gidi phien mdt giay "
Diing vay, nhffng cau chuyen ddi thudng,
dien ra mgi liic mgi ndi da dUdc cac nha van
Nam Bd trong thap ky 1930 ghi lai mdt each
chan thUe, khdng kem phan sau sac ve hinh
thffc cung nbu ndi dung bieu hien
Dgc truyen ngan Nam Bd dau the ky XX,
cbiing ta tha'y hien len mdt xa hdi trong budi
dau tie'p xiic vdi nen van boa phffdng Tay ve
mgi mat Cd the ndi ludng gid van hoa mdi
phUdng Tay da lam chao dao nhieu gia trj van
boa, tinh than ciia con ngffdi Viet Nam trong
budi dau khi nd du nhap vao viing da't nay Cay
tff tffdng Nho hgc bam r l bao ddi trong tam
* ThS LE DiJc DONG
THPT Chuyen Nguyen Thi Minh Khai - Sdc Trdng
thffc con ngffdi Nam Bd ciing lay chuyen theo tffng cdn ldc Tay hgc
The hien rd nha't ciia qua trinh hien dai hoa van hgc la sfflya chgn detai, chii de nhy la mdt dieu kien can cd Luc bay gid, nhttng tac pham van hpc dang thjnh hanb deu la nhttng truyen
Tau, "it thdy cd truyen ndo ndi viec xU minh
Nay tdi ngu y soqn mdt bdn ndi viec xd minh, dung tie'ng tdm thudng cho mgi ngUdi de hieu ddng ( ) Truyen ndy tuy la dd huye't, song theo cugc ddi thudng tinh thien hq hang cd nhU vdy ludn, chdng ndi viec di doan sang ddng qud tri khdn cho con ngudi" (Trdn Chdnh Chie'u)
Nhu vay, tac gia Tran Chanh Chie'u da ndi
rd y djnh vie't de phan anh nhttng dieu mat thay tai nghe trong xa hdi Viet Nam liic bay gid, khdng can vay mffdn ciia ngffdi ngoai nffa Cd nhff vay mdi ndi he't each nghT, each cam cua con ngffdi Viet Nam trffdc nhffng tinh hudng trong cudc sd'ng ddi thudng
Vi vay, de tai khdng cdn bd hep trong
"trung, hie'u, tie't, nghla" ma nd da dang, phong
phii nhu cudc sd'ng dien ra hang ngay NgUdi
Trang 2dpc dudng nhu tffng chffng kie'n, dudng nbu
tha'y dypc tam ty, suy nghT, tinh cam ciia minh
gdi gam vao trong tffng cau chuyen, tffng ldi
thoai ciia nhan vat
Dd la nhffng cau chuyen rat ddi thffdng ciia
nhan tinh the thai, rat gan giii ma ngUdi dpc
tffng tha'y xay ra xung quanh
Khi lan sdng Au boa tran sang nUdc ta ndi
chung, vung da't Nam Bd ndi rieng da tao ra sU
phan hoa giai cap manh me Nen kinh te hang
hoa budi sd khai, sU thdng thUdng budn ban da
tao ra mdt ldp nha giau mdi Vi mdi ndi len nen
hp thudng tu dac, cd ve hdn ngUdi Hp hpc ddi
nhieu thff, trong dd cd sU hpc ddi lam sang
nham khoe khoang ve "phong luu" ciia ke nha
giau Truyen ngan Chu nhd phong lUu (1911)
da phan nao kbac hoa nen chan dung nhffng ke
hdm minh ay Cau chuyen ve mdt ngUdi "mdi
ndm gdp udc ddng 4, 5 chuc ngdn gig lua, cho
nen cd y tap tanh sda hinh cho ra ve nhd phong
luu, ngudi chu hd" Anh ta mUdn mdt ngUdi d
va can dan rang: "Tanh tao la ngudi phong luu,
nho nhd ( ) he mdi luc tao md mieng ra ndi mdt
tie'ng chi, mdy phdi hieu cho xa md ldm cho du
viec" Cud'i cung anh ta bj ngUdi d "hieu cho
xa" da sam sffa quan tai, do cung, rUdc thay
chua vao chua'n bj lam dam ma vi trUdc dd anh
ta than: "Sdm mai gid tao bgn dg ldm nhumudn
tho, nen dn khdng ddng" Theo "y td md suy"
thi ngudi day td hieu la chu nhd sap che't den
ndi nen da lam nhttng viec cUdi ra nUdc mat
nhu tren Cau chuyen cd y nghTa phe phan
nhttng ke trUdng gia hpc lam sang, bat chUdc
mpt each kech cdm, mang tieng che cUdi cua
thien ha
Tmyen Thdi su tieu thuyet (Huynh Minh
Phung -1911) de cap den mdt de tai khae Dd
la coi trpng con ngUdi cd chi, lam an thffc thdi, thie't thyc va bie't lam rang danh gia dinh, giup ich cho ddi, cho nffdc Cau chuyen ke ve mdt gia dinh, nhan ngay hpp mat, sau anh em mdi ngUdi dUa ra cai chi hUdng sd'ng, lam an ciia minh Mdi ngUdi deu ed nhffng y hUdng rieng
va anh Ca da cha'm cho ngUdi em thff nam la
nhfft ''Thdng Ndm rd thdng thdi vu; ldm trai
nhu vdy nen phong, hgc hdnh Id sU nd nang ai chdng md nhdng ngUdi lich sU, (trdi viec) Chdm gdp: thang ndm bUc nhdt, thang bd'n bUc nhi, thdng ba ddng biXc ba "
De tai tinh yeu ddi lffa ciing dffdc quan tam
de cap va quan diem sang tac cd nhffng bUdc
tie'n rat xa Neu trong van hpc trung dai (trd
mdt so it oi), de tai tinh yeu lffa ddi la dieu cam
ky thi nay trong truyen ngan Nam Bd da thoat
ly vdi nhttng anh hUdng dd Cau chuyen ve tinh yeu ngang trai, eo le da lam thay ddi suy nghT ciia ngUdi dpc ve de tai tinh yeu mudn thud nay
"Oi! Ai tinh" la mdt tmyen ngan ha'p dSn,
cd nhieu tinh hudng bat ngd, lam ly cua tac gia Cdng Binh (1922) Cau chuyen ke ve md'i tinh giffa thay VD va cd Le Thj, con gai dng HUdng
Ca nha giau Mau thuan nay sinh khi cd Le Thj khdng chju sU ep ga cho con nha giau ciia dng
Ca va cd chii ddng tim de'n vdi thay VD giai bay uan khiic TrUdc ngay cUdi, mdt lan nffa ed
Le Thj tim de'n thay va hp ban each trdn nha len Sai Gdn ta tiic Bat chap mpi sU ngan can
Trang 3ciia dng HUdng Ca, hp nen vd nen chdng va
thay VD vi khdng chiu dUde sff hat hui ciia dng
Hffdng Ca, da ddi len Sai Gdn day hgc
Nhttng tffdng ddi lffa se hanh phiic ben
nhau nhUng tff khi len chdn phdn hoa dd hdi,
thay VD theo ban xa'u ni re, sa vao chdn an
chdi, bd mac cffa nha, vd con va bi ten ban lam
phan Thay bi mdt a giang hd lffa gat; vd thay
vi dau budn ma quyen sinh Thay VD bd'i ban,
phat dien va che't tham
Cau chuyen de cao dao dffc gia dinh, gia
dinh la nen tang ciia xa hdi nen mdi ngUdi phai
cd bdn phan gitt gin hanh phiic, cudc sd'ng gia
dinh Cau cbuyen la mdt ldi canh bao cho mgi
ngffdi: hanh phiic gia dinh cd trong tay ta neu ta
bie't vun bdi nd va ngffdc lai
De tai ve thdi cudc, ve trach nhiem ciia
cdng dan, ve dao lam ngUdi, ve viec hgc de md
mang dau dc trong thdi cudc mdi cung dUdc de
cap trong truyen ngan "Gidc mdng " (Bdu Dinh
-1926)
Trong mdt gia'c mdng, tac gia gap mdt bac
tien bd'i kha kinh cung dam dao ve sy bgc rat
tam dac Qua cau chuyen ddi, chiing ta tha'y tac
gia quan niem bgc lam nd le thi de, hgc de hieu
minh, hieu ngUdi; hgc de tff lap thi mdi la khd
Gang bie't hgc khd bao nhieu cang kinh phuc sy
hgc bay nhieu
Ben canh dd la quan niem rat mdi ve dao
lam ngUdi trong xa hdi "Ldm ngudi md bie't dau
bie't kho, bie't nhuc bie't gidn Met gid lgi quyen
cho minh, biet binh vUc lgi quyen cho ngUdi,
bie't thuong ke ldm nqn, bie't khuyen ngUdi cd
qud, thd'y gidu phi nghia chdng mdng, thdy sang bdt nhdn chdng ham, phdi thi ldm, trdi thi thdi, chdng khinh ngUdi ngheo, chdng hie'p ngUdi ye'u"
Mat khae, tac gia phe phan nhttng ke cd tU tffdng hgc de Iam dng nay dng ng, chi bie't cai ldi ciia rieng minh ma khdng mang de'n van
nffdc (nhieu khi tdi hoi ddi thdy thdng ngdn, ky
luc rang: "Sao quy thdy (!) cU lap hdi dn hodi
md khdng chiu lap hdi hgc?" Hg ddp rang:
"Ldn rdi (!) vd ldm viec cd tien rdi (!) cdn chi phdi hgc nda!")
Nam trong mang de tai dd, tmyen ngan Do
hen mqt (Thuc Anh - 1931) da phe phan manh
me nhffng ke mat gd'c, nhud'm mui kim tien ma quen mat bdn pban dd'i vdi que hffdng, da't nffdc Hai ngffdi ban dang ngdi ngam canh ben rach Thj Nghe, mdt ngffdi la thay giao Tmng Ngdn va ngffdi kia la dng Tii tai Cao Qud'c ST mdi du hgc ben Phap ve Thay Tmng Ngdn cho rang khi hau mat me, canh httu tinh, tam hdn thd thdi cdn Tii Cao nghT ngffdc lai: khi hau ndng, canh vat d ta khdng bang canh vat ben Phap
Tii Cao nhd thay Trung Ngdn lam mai vdi dieu kien con gai nha giau mdi cd ciia hdi mdn Idn; dang phan nao bii dap cdng sffc hgc va xffng vdi cai bang Tii tai cua dng ta
Tii Cao cho rang: "Vgcho dung dan la phdi
cd cua hdi mdn cho nhieu Anh nghi coi nhutdi hgc hdnh mudi mdy ndm trdi, cue tri ndo, met tinh thdn mdi dugc chUc Tu tdi ndy chd phdi de ddng gl Cd ndo mud'n ldm vO tdi, hudng quyen
Trang 4tudc ciia tdi thi it nda phdi bu chi cho tdi mdi Id
cdng binh chU( ) Ddi ndy Id ddi kim tien, mdi
mdn gi cung phdi cd tien mdi la xong, anh con
Iggisao?"
Tac gia mUdn ldi thay Trung Ngdn de phe
phan hang ngUdi bie'n chat dd: "Ai ai cung
trdng mong mau thdnh tdi ddng dem cdi hgc
thudt cda dng ve bdi bo cho non sdng to qud'c,
khai hod ddm ddn ngu, nUng cao qudc hdn Viet
Nam Ndo hay dng ve tdi xU sd dng che khi hdu,
khinh thi giang san, Iqi cdn bdy to cdi tdm ly khd
dcua dng ra nda Ong hgc nhieu, nhieu lam,
nhieu cho de'n ndi dng quen dng la An Nam
Ong dem vdn bang dng trUng ra de ldm mdi cdu
cua hdi mdn; dng khdng mud'n hieu nghia
"hqnh phudc" trong gia dinh theo d ddng; dng
cdlo due lgi khdng ke gi td't xdu, khdng qudn chi
nhan nghia, dng thiet la "dd hen mqt"
De tai ve nhan tinh the thai tuy md - tip cu
nhUng mang ndi dung mdi, each ke mdi
Truyen Trdi Phdt cdng binh (Trdn Quang
Nghiep- 1929) ke ve mdt vu an mang xay ra
tren mdt chuyen tau lffa tff Nha Trang di Sai
Gdn Ke thu ac gie't che't mdt ngffdi, cffdp ciia
rdi nhay xud'ng tau tau thoat Tren dffdng chay
trdn, ban tha'y mdt ngdi nha ben dffdng va dy
tinh vao tim chd nghi chan Nao ngd day la
hang d ciia hai vd chdng chuyen nghe cffdp ciia
gie't ngffdi Ten cffdp bj hai vd chdng gie't che't
va bat ngd hg nhan ra dffa con trai ciia minh
phieu dat may nam nay khdng ve Quan niem
"dc gid dc bdo" ciia dan gian dUdc nang len d
mpt tam giao hua'n mdi
Xet tren binh dien nghe thuat, cbiing ta tha'y tmyen ngan Nam Bd trong giai doan nay
cd nhffng bffdc chuye'n bie'n manh me ve cac mat nhu ke't ca'u, bd cue, dUng canh; tao ra mdt sffc sd'ng mdi tren bffdc dffdng hien dai hoa van hpc
Ve ke't ca'u, hau bet cac truyen ngan neu tren deu cd ke't cau chat che, tinh tie't cau
chuyen dUa ra mdt each tff nhien (Chu nhd
phong lUu, ThdisUtieu thuye't, (Di! Aitinh )
Quan niem ve nhan vat kha rd rang qua
each xay dyng nhan vat (Oi! Ai tinh) Ngdi ke d day la ngdi thff nha't (Tdi) lam cho cau chuyen
trd nen khach quan, chan thUc Mdt net kha
hien dai la ke't ca'u "truyen long trong truyen"
rat gan vdi ke't ca'u ciia truyen ngan the ky XX!
Md dau truyen "Oi! Ai tinh" la mdt mau tin
tren bao, sau dd tac gia ngypc ddng thdi gian
ke lai Hoac dang ke, dffng cau chuyen lai va dUa ra ldi nhan xet, binh pha'm vl nhan vat va
ke tie'p Ket thiic cac cau chuyen deu d dang
md, lam cho ngUdi dpc phai suy nghT, nghiin ngam ve nhan vat, ve eau chuyen, ve the thai nhan tinh
Cd sU giang co, dien ra am tbam nhUng khdng kem phan quye't liet giffa tff tffdng eu va
tff tffdng mdi Tff tffdng "Cha me ddt ddu ngdi
day", "do mdc khdng qua khdi ddu" hoac "mdn ddng hd dd'i" d trong truyen "Oi! Ai tinh" da
xung kbac nhau kha manh me vdi tff tUdng tU
do yeu dUdng (Nhdn vat Le Thi Id con gdi dng
Huang Cd dd chu ddng trong tinh yeu, chu ddng
Trang 5tim de'n thdy VD de bdo ve cho tinh yeu cua
minh)
Cach dien dat mdi me, hien dai; ngdn ngff
binh dan, de hieu da lam cbo cac cau chuyen
sat thttc vdi ddi sd'ng hdn Ben canh nhffng cau
van bien ngau (da dugc Nam Bd hod) la nhttng
cau van hien dai (cd cdu ddi tdi 102 chd, sd
dung 11 ddu ngat cdu trong truyen Chu nhd
phong lUu) Cau van trong sang, dien dat rd
rang, de hieu Cau bien ngau trong van hpc
hien dai kbac vdi cau bien ngau d van hpc
trung dai vi nd cd phan thoang hdn It bj gd bd
hdn ve niem luat (so sdnh vdi cdu bien ngdu
trong Truyen ky mqn luc - Nguyen DU)
Mdt dilu ciing can Iffu y la nhan vat tuy
mang net xffa, dang dap xUa nhttng mang suy
nghT mdi me, thffc thdi (nhdn vdt cu gid: ddu
ddi khdn nhieu do, ddi mat sdng nhU sao, mui
cao tai ldn, trdn hoi nhdn md hai md cdn trdn,
rau bqc phdt pho ddi tdi run, tay chd'ng gdy tre,
chon di ddi dep quai, tdc do sdu mUOi md sUc
cdn mgnh)
Ben canh dd, nghe thuat dttng canh that
ha'p dan, ldi cud'n va nen canb cd tac dung hd
trd cho tinh each nhan vat (cdnh trong truyen
Trdi Phgt cdng binh: cdnh tdu Ida chgy trong
rdng ban dem vang ldng, cdnh mUa to gid ldn,
sdm chdp noi len nhubdo trudc mdt dieu bdt an
cho nhdn vdt ; cdnh tren ben dudi thuyen, top
ndm top ba ddng vui nhdn nhip trong Do hen
mqt ) Dyng canh sinh ddng ciing la yeu to, la
bieu hien ciia qua trinh hien dai boa van hpc
Canh da dang, phong phii, khdng cdn mang
tinh Udc le (du la roi rdt dd'u vet) hau nhff
khdngcdn
Xung dot giffa cai cu (Nho hgc) va cai mdi
(Tdy hgc) cung la sU xung dot gitta mdt ben la
tutudng mud'n bao tdn cai bdn gdc; cai hdn, cai dep ngan xffa ciia dan tdc va mdt ben la mud'n xoa bd nhffng gi lac hau, cd hu dang can trd con dudng di tdi ciia cudc sd'ng •\\- Cud'i ciing, nhffng net dep tinh hoa cua dan
tdc, nhffng gi phii hdp vdi quan niem ciia nhan dan deu dffdc bao tdn nhff ldng yeu que hffdng, da't nffdc; nbU dd'i nhan xff the dung dan, cd thuy cd chung, trgng nghTa khinh tai, bao dung,
dd Iffdng Nhffng gi khdng dung nap dffdc deu
bj len an, dao thai nhff ldi sd'ng vi tien, thieu nhan nghTa, thieu trach nhiem vdi dan tdc, vdi cdng ddng ,
Do van hgc Nam Bd trong giai doan nay di sat cudc sd'ng ddi thffdng nen hinh thanh mdt cdng chiing van bgc binh dan rdng rai, deu khap va da tac ddng trd lai mdt each tich eye cudc sd'ng liic bay gid nen nhieu tac pha'm lan lypt xua't hien de dap ffng nhu cau thffdng thffc, giai tri cua mgi tang ldp ddc gia •
i": ; ! • ^ l
i i i M i
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
- NhUng budc ddu cua bdo chi, truyen ngan
vd tho mdi 1865-1932 - Bui DUc Tinh - NXB TP
Ho Chi Minh, 2002)
- Vdn xudi Nam Bd nda ddu theky 20 (Tap
1, Tap 2) NXB Vdn Nghe TP Ho Chi Minh -Trung tdm nghien cdu qud'c hgc, 1999