Ngheo tiing va hong thi, bat man v d i thdi cudc den bac, xdt xa phan minh, thuong vq, thuong con, thuong cho bao kiep ngudi ciing canh ngd da khien cho nhung van tho chua chat, sac ben,
Trang 1V A K I M S A T K A T ( H A N QUOC)
LY XUAN CHUNG*
7V7ghien cuu lich sir van hoc hai nuoc
1 • Viet N a m va Han Quoc, mot dieu
khien chiing toi thay thii v i la hai nha tho noi
tieng vao thai ky can dai ciia hai nuoc: T i i
X u o n g va K i m Sat Kat co nhieu diem khong
hen ma thanh, trong do, noi bat la noi bat
hanh trong cuoc ddi, tho ca mang dam tinh
hien thuc, tinh trao phiing va t r u tinh, co su
pha each trong nghe thuat sang tac X i n
duoc gidi thieu so luge de m o i ngudi ciing
tham khao
1 Sy t r d t r e u cua cuoc d d i
Tii Xuong sinh ngay 5 9 1870 (tuc 10
-8 nam Canh N g o ) d lang V i Xuyen, huyen
M y Loc, tinh N a m D i n h cu, nay la pho Hang
Nau thuoc noi thanh N a m Dinh Ong hoc
chu nho tir nho, 15 tuoi da leu chong di thi
huong nhung khong do H a i khoa tiep theo
cung di thi, lai khong do M a i den khoa Giap
Ngo (1894) ong m d i dau t i i tai Sau do, ong
tiep tuc di thi mong sao dugc do Cir nhan de
co viec lam, bdi manh bang T i i tai thdi bay
gid may lam cung chi co the lam ong do day
hoc d nha C i i ba nam mot lan, nam 1897 roi
1900, 1903, 1906, ngudi ta deu thay ong T i i
V i Xuyen gop mat ma khoa nao cung trugt
Khoa tiep theo thi khong thay ong nua, ong
da mat each do hai nam do b i cam nang
trong mot lan ve que ngoai an gio tai lang
De T i i , huyen M y Loc nham ngay ram thang
chap T i i X u o n g lay v g sdm, v g ong la ba
Pham Thi Man, hon chong mot tuoi, ngudi
goc Hai Duong nhung sinh ra va ldn len d
Tien si, Giam ddc Trung tam Nghien ciru Han Qudc,
Vien Nghien cuu Ddng Bde A
N a m Dinh, la mot ngudi dam dang, chiu thuong chiu kho, quanh nam buon ban tan tao nuoi chong an hoc, di thi va 5 diia con nho dai
Ngheo tiing va hong thi, bat man v d i thdi cudc den bac, xdt xa phan minh, thuong vq, thuong con, thuong cho bao kiep ngudi ciing canh ngd da khien cho nhung van tho chua chat, sac ben, danh thep trong con ngudi dng cii the tudn trao V d i tai xuat khau thanh tho, dng sang tac rat nhieu, nhung thudng la doc cho ban be, ba con nghe ma khdng ghi chep lai B d i the, tho ciia dng that lac nhieu, ngudi ddi them bdt cung nhieu Sd luqng tho con lai den ngay nay la do be ban va con chau nha tho nhd duqc ghi lai, con sd cung tdi may tram bai
K i m Sat K a t (1807 - 1863) ten that la K i m Byung Yeon, v d n con nha ddng doi quy tdc Yangban, nhung b d i dng ndi b i khep tdi
"phan nghich", dau hang nghia quan ndng dan" ma ddng hq nha dng gap hoa "tru di tam tdc" K h i do, dng m d i 6 tudi, duqc mdt nha hq K i m ciiu thoat dua ve que nudi nang Ong vdn thdng m i n h hieu hoc, ngd rang sau nay thi cir do dat se ra lam quan, nhung v i ddng hq cd van de n h u the nen dng khdng duqc du thi, udc m o ciia dng bdng dung tan
v d Ong ngd ra cudc ddi day ray bat cdng rdi
td thai dd phan chi, bd di phieu bat khap cac tinh trong ca nude va sang tac tho ca bay td ndi phan uat, su mia mai ddi v d i thdi cudc, cham biem thdi h u tat xau ciia xa hdi phong kien Choson thdi mat van, ddng cam v d i nhung ngudi ngheo khd nhu minh V d i tai tho trdi cho, K i m Sat Kat sang tac rat nhidu
60
Trang 2Nhung tha ong lam ra thuong doc cho ban
be va cac ba con thon x o m ong tung di qua
nghe nen bi t h i t lac nhieu, them bat cung
nhieu Viec x u i t ban tap tha cua ong duqc
lam vao nam 1939, tuc hon 70 nam sau k h i
ong mat cung chi gom nhung bai duqc ghi
lai trong dan gian hoac ba con, be ban ghi
chep lai
Chi can doc qua doi net ve hai tac gia, ta
nhan ro mot dieu, su tra treu cua cuqc ddi da
van vao hai nha tha tai hoa cua hai nude
K i m Sat Kat von thuoc dong doi the phiet
tram anh bong choc t r d thanh ke co toi, noi
bat hanh cua K i m Sat Kat ldn hon T u X u o n g
khi khong con chut ca hqi nao de thi tho tai
nang nai trudng 6c So v d i K i m Sat Kat, su
uu ai cua cuqc ddi doi v d i T u X u o n g la duqc
dem but nghien di thi, nhung su u u ai do
nguqc lai con t r d treu han doi v d i ke han sT
thi truqt mai b d i quan trudng dot nat va
nhung quy dinh x a cung, ngat ngheo cua che
dq khoa cu thai thuc dan nua phong kien
Chinh su trd treu cua cuqc ddi doi v d i hai
nha tha da tao ra mot net chung la hq sang
tac tha cham biem, trao long rat nhieu L a i
nua, viec sang tac ay khong phai de dong
thanh tap luu truyen hau the, de t r d thanh
nguai noi tieng ma la doc cho nhan dan
nghe, cho be ban nghe, phan anh ddi song
hien thuc mang tinh lich su ro net K i m Sat
Kat di khap cac neo dudng cua dat nude, den
dau ong cung co tho hai hudc, cham biem xa
hqi va duqc dong dao nhan dan duong thai
quy men T u X u o n g khong di nhieu nhu
K i m Sat Kat Buc tranh xa hqi trong tha T u
Xuong la thanh pho N a m B i n h Song cung
co the hieu rang y nghTa nhung bai tha cua
ong khong bo hep vao mot dia phuang ma
co tinh each tieu bieu cho xa hqi duang thai
2 S y gap g d t r o n g t h i ca
2.1 Phan anh chan thuc, sau sdc xd hpi
duang thdi
X a hqi Viet N a m thai T u X u o n g la xa hqi dang trong buoi giao thai tir mot xa hqi phong kien suy tan chuyen sang xa hqi thuc dan nua phong kien T h i ca cua T i i X u o n g la nhung net ky hoa mang dam tinh chan thuc
va lam noi bat su chuyen hoa cua xa hqi ong dang song Trong tha ong, co hinh bong nhung con ngudi va sinh hoat ciia xa hqi phong kien suy tan, dong thai, cung co ca hinh bong va sinh hoat cua nhung con ngudi
la san pham ciia xa hqi thuc dan H i n h bong nhung ten tham quan 6 lai, quan trudng am
oe, thay doc, thay lang, cau am, co chieu, boi
bep, gai d i , ba dam va cac sinh hoat che ruau, cao lau, an cac do thit quay, lap xudng, mac nhung do quan vdn do xuyen, hut thudc la, uong ca phe deu duqc T i i
X u o n g dua vao tha cham biem mot each t u nhien, tai tinh
X a hqi Choson thai K i m Sat Kat cung la mot xa hqi phong kien dang d vao giai doan cuoi ciia thai k y suy tan L a n song khai hoa
da tran vao ban dao Han, mau thuan giua hai the luc bao thii va tien bq da gay nen nhung bat on trong xa hqi H a n nua, anh hudng ciia phong trao k h d i nghTa nong dan B o n g hoc
va phong trao Thuc hoc da khien cho xa hqi Choson day ray nhung mau thuan khong co hudng giai quyet B d i the, quan tren thi tham nhung, dan chiing khon cung, su phan biet tren dudi, phai trai, diing sai, ngay gian khong co chuan muc V a n dan Choson cung tir do ma phat trien, soi noi han han nhung thai k y trudc Tieu bieu cho dong van hoc hien thuc phe phan thdi k y nay la K i m Sat Kat T u su phan chi ciia ban than, ghet cay ghet dang che do phong kien Choson thai mat k y thoi nat, ong di thuc te khap vung nong thon, thanh thi, lay chat lieu t h i
ca tir ddi song thuc te va sang tac tha ca mia mai, gieu cat, vach tran bq mat xau xa cua
xa hqi duong thai
6 1
Trang 3Bay la diem gap gd dang luu y nhat cua
hai nha tha a hai nuac Dau van noi rang,
tho ca phai phan anh cuoc song nhung duoi
ngoi but cua T i i X u o n g va K i m Sat Kat,
cuoc song a day con mang "tinh lich sir cu
the" va each phan anh, each phe phan ciia
hai ong co phong each rieng, sac sao ma sau
cay, quyet liet ma chua chat G* day, chi x i n
neu mot cau tho tieu bieu ciia T i i X u o n g va
K i m Sat Kat phe phan quan lai an tien:
Chu "y" chic "chieu" khong phe den,
Ong chi quen phe mot chu "tien"!
Tii X u o n g
Doc sdeh mot quyen lai do a?
Te ra nghin quyen chdng bang tien!
K i m Sat Kat Doi vai xa hqi den bac dao dien, chan gia
diing sai, dai khon khon dai khong co ranh
giai, hai tac gia deu co nhung van tho cham
biem, da kich, len an thoi ddi rat sau sac
Trong kha nhieu bai tha loai dd, x i n neu hai
bai tieu bieu ciia hai tac gia cd nhung net
giong nhau:
The su dua nhau ndi dai khon,
Biet ai la dai biet ai khon
Khon nghe cd bac la khon dai,
Dai chon van chuang dy dai khon
May ke nen khon deu cd dai,
Lam ngudi cd dai mdi nen khon,
Cdi khon ai ciing khon la the,
Mdi biet trdn gian ke dai khon
Tii X u o n g Thi thi phi phi phi thi thi,
Thi phi phi thi phi phi thi
Thi phi phi thi thi phi phi,
Thi thi phi phi thi thi phi
(Dung dung sai sai sai diing dung,
Dung sai sai diing sai sai dung
Diing sai sai diing diing sai sai,
Dung diing sai sai dung diing sai.)
K i m Sat Kat Tam trang bat kha tri (khdng the biet) da
duqc hai tac gia dien ta thanh tho cho thay
the su duong thai ddi trang thay den chi trong nhay mat Su tai tinh trong sir dung ngdn ngu da lam tang them hieu ling phe phan xa hdi, cham bidm thdi ddi bac beo
2.2 Tir trao long - cdi tdi dac biet cua hai tdc gid
Su ddi den bac, cudc sdng dao dien va phan n i i deo dang hai nha tha suot cudc ddi chinh la chat lieu dac biet tao ra mdt net dac biet trong nhung van tha t u trao long, thd hien cai tdi rat dien hinh ciia hai tac gia
Tii X u o n g la cai ten ma cdng chiing yeu men nha tha xua nay van goi (ten day dii ciia dng la Tran Te X u o n g , t u la Mac Trai, hieu
la M d n g Tinh), do thi truqt mai, t d i khoa Quy Mao nam 1903, dng ddi ten lay may la Cao Xuong, mong sao dau duqc cai bang cii nhan Vay ma, hdng thi van cii thi hdng, dng viet ve chuyen nay:
Te ddi thanh Cao ma chd the, Kien trdng ra Tiep hdi trdi ai!
M d t sd nha nghien cuu ve T i i X u o n g d
Viet Nam khang dinh rang, cdi tdi trong tha Tit Xuang la mdt dien hinh nghe thudt.^ C)
bd phan trao phiing, cai tdi ciia T i i X u o n g la chua chat, ngdng nghenh, an chai cho quen
su ddi, cho quen ndi sau ciia ke hdng thi 6"
bd phan tru tinh, cai tdi ciia T i i X u o n g la mdt con ngudi cd nhieu cam xiic, day dut Nha tho K i m Sat Kat cung cd nhieu net tuong t u nhu T i i X u o n g Neu phien am chu Han, ten that ciia dng la Binh Uyen, t u Tinh Tham, hieu la Lan Cao Ngoai ra, dng con cd
cac biet hieu la Nhi Minh, v d i y nghia bat
binh v d i xa hdi thdi nat ma len tieng, ndi len tieng ndi ciia ban than minh, ciia nhirng ngudi dan ngheo muon cd su thay ddi cudc
sdng, va Kim Lap, {2
\ bdi suot cudc hanh
trinh ngao du khap dat nude, dng ludn ddi chiec ndn la
XIX, Nxb DDH va THCN 1976, tr.306
Trang 4The hien cai toi trong tho cua minh, K i m
Sat Kat kheo hoa quyen giua net tru tinh v o i
chu Han Bai Tu than cua ong co cau:
Ba nghin dam lang thang phieu bat,
Bdn muai nam den sdeh qudng di
Va cuoi ciing, d cau k i t , ong than dai
chua xot:
Tren dai nay, ai hieu duac ta?
K i m Sat Kat
K i m Sat Kat han su ddi khong cho phep
minh duqc di thi de roi do dat, mang tai nang
ra giiip ddi Con T i i X u o n g han minh thi
truqt thi sao co co hqi giiip cho gia dinh, cho
dat nude thoat ra khoi nghich canh:
Mot viec van chuang thoi cung nhdm,
Tram nam than the co ra gi
Tii X u o n g
6" bai Vinh non Id, K i m Sat Kat da t u noi
ve minh va qua day, ta co the hieu duqc con
nguoi hq K i m lang t u ma trong sang nay:
Non Id bong benh tua thuyen khdng,
Cupc ddi thoang chdc bdn muai thau
(thu)
Muc ddng do mong theo trdu miet,
Ngu dng vdn thich ban hdi du
Say di cho het vdn vuang ddi,
Cao hung len lau ngam trang chai
Tuc tit be ngoai khoe mu do,
Ta chdng sau mua gid day trdi
K i m Sat Kat
Trong bai phii Thay dd day hoc, T i i
Xuong cung t u noi ve ong:
Con ngudi phong nhd,
O chon thi thdnh
Rau ram bang chdi,
Ddu to tdy gianh
Cung lam phen di do di day, that dien bdt
dao,
Cung nhieu liic chai lieu chai linh, tit ddm
tam khoanh
Nhd linh tinh quan; an rat nhitng thit
quay, lap xudng,
Mac rat nhung quan vdn do xuyen
Tii X u o n g
Bay diing la diem giong nhau kha dac biet ciia hai nha tho ngheo mang noi han doi, han minh lai viet ve cai toi v d i nghia cu the dac biet nhu vay!
2.3 Trie tinh vd trao phung - net dac sdc trong tha ciia hai tdc gid
Trong so nhung van tho ma hai tac gia de lai, ta thay ro co hai loai la t r u tinh va trao phiing Cong bang ma noi, net t r u tinh trong tho ciia hai ong cung dac sac khong kem mot nha tho nao duong thdi Chang han, mot
so bai nhu Thuong vo, Chot giac, Dem he, Dem ddi ( T i i X u o n g ) ; Khai thdnh, Bach tudng lau, Phieu Nhien Dinh, Ldn thit hai qua Hoai Duang ( K i m Sat Kat) deu duqc
thim nhan la nhung bai tho hay, gay duqc an tuqng ve mat cam xiic, nhung co dieu, cung nhu moi ngudi van thua nhan, thanh tuu chinh ciia hai nha tho chii yeu d linh vuc trao phiing, bdi vay ma linh vuc t r u tinh bi m d nhat di
Nghe thuat trao phiing ciia hai tac gia da duqc nhieu the he ngudi Viet N a m va Han Quoc cung nhu cac nha nghien ciiu chuyen
sau danh gia la dat den dinh cao M o t tai tho
thien bam cong v d i cam xiic nhay ben ciia mot tam hon, mot con t i m co chieu sau lai gap canh trd treu ciia cuqc ddi da tao ra nhung van tho mang net dac sac rieng biet ciia hai tac gia N o i den nhung cau tho trao phiing hay nhat ve cai ngheo, thi hong hoac khong duqc du thi, cham biem bqn quan lai, quy tqc kech com, dot nat, da kich nhung con ngudi xau, thoi h u tat xau ciia xa hqi thi nhan dan hai nude deu ke den ten hai nha tho T i i X u o n g va K i m Sat Kat
Tho trao phiing ciia T i i X u o n g thudng diing the tho B u d n g luat nhung ngon tir trong cau la ciia ngudi Viet Hoac noi each khac, day la tho N o m theo the B u d n g luat Chinh v i su dung chu N o m , su dung ngon tir Viet ma nhieu t u ngu mang yeu to hai hudc, cham biem duqc nha tho kheo leo xep dat da
Trang 5tao ra mot phong each rieng ciia T u X u o n g
N o i mot each hoi khac di mot chut, mot sir
pha each trong su dung ngon ngu da xuat
hien ro net tir T u X u o n g Nhirng tir ngu dan
da, thong tuc, tham chi tuc tru cung duoc sir
dung rat tai tinh khien cho tinh cham biem
hai hudc dat den trinh do cam xiic cao
Tho trao phiing ciia K i m Sat Kat ciing co
nhieu net tuong t y nhu vay Tha chu Hdn
ciia Kim Sat Kat cho thay tinh chdt tuang
trung ciia su bien doi van hoc chu Hdn thai
ky ndy.° J Do la thdi k y tho trao phiing d Han
Quoc da sir dung xen lan chu Han v d i chu
Han trong mot cau tho, nhirng ngon tir dan
gian chi cac doi tuong xuat hien trong ddi
song thuong nhat nhu con mudi, con nhen,
con ran, con chudt cung duoc dua vao tho
mot each tir nhien Tho trao phiing cua K i m
Sat Kat duoc coi la dai bieu va sir pha each
trong tho ciia ong duoc danh gia rat cao
Day co the coi la sir gap go thii v i trong
nghe thuat lam tho trao phiing ciia hai nha
tho xuat sac
Doc tho ciia hai ong, chiing toi con thay
mot so diem gap go nira giua hai nha tho, v i
du nhu sir cam thong v d i nhirng ngudi ngheo
cung canh ngd, cham biem mia mai cac dng
nghe, dng cdng ddt nat, phe phan dao Nho
suy ddi, phe phan nhung thdi xau, kech com
ciia nhung con ngudi m d i phat len nhd budn
ban hoac theo Tay
3 L d i ket
Cd the khang dinh rang T i i X u o n g va
K i m Sat Kat khdng hen ma nen, thi ca ciia
hai dng cd nhieu diem gap nhau va deu duoc
danh gia cao trong lich sir van hoc hai nude
thdi can dai, duoc ddng dao cdng chiing yeu
men va tiep nhan H o n nua, nghe thuat sang
tac tho cd tfnh chat trao phiing ciia h?i dng
da cd siic anh hudng rd ret ddi v d i ddi sau
Ly Xuan Chung va Jeon Hye Kvung djch, Nxb Dai hoc
Qudc gia Ha Noi 2006, tr.300
N o i theo T i i X u o n g , d Viet Nam, nhieu nha tho da sang tac tho ca trao phiing, dac biet la
d thdi k y chdng Phap, chdng M y Ngay nay, kinh nghiem sang tac cua T i i X u o n g cang can duoc hoc hdi de sang tac nhirng bai tho
m d i nham phe phan nhung thdi h u tat xau trong xa hdi kinh te thi trudng N o i theo K i m Sat Kat, nhieu nha tho Han Qudc da hoc tap ldi lam tho trao phiing ciia dng, sir dung nhieu chu Han trong tho that ngdn rdi dan phat trien len lay van Ga N a Da ciia chu cai Han de hiep van, dac biet la d thoi ky chdng Nhat, da hinh thanh mdt ddng tho da kich Nhat, phe phan bon tay sai than Nhat
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Kim Dong Hue, Qudc vdn hoc su, Nxb
Nhat Tan, Seoul 1997
2 V i Hue Thang Trieu Tien van hoc su, Nxb
Dai hoc B i c Kinh, 1985
3 Ly Xuan Chung va Jeon Hye Kyung dich,
Hdn Quoc vdn hoc sir, Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia
Ha Ndi, nam 2006
4 Nguyen Ldc, Van hoc Viet Nam nua cuoi the ky XIX, Nxb Dai hoc va Trung hoc chuyen
nghiep, Ha Ndi 1976
5 Lai Nguyen An, Tit dien van hoc Viet Nam tic nguon gdc den het the ky XIX, Nxb Dai hoc
Quoc gia Ha Noi
6 Mot sd tuyen tap tha ciia Tran Te Xuong