(TIỂU LUẬN) hospitality and tourism management THE tây sơn ERA (18TH CENTURY)

Nguyễn Cừ and Nguyễn Tuyển believe that according to Thunder Status, there is a saying: "Phá điền thiên tử xuấấ́t, bấấ́t chiếấ́n tựạ̣ nhiên thành"Vỡỡ̃ ruộạ̣ng thiên tử ra, không đánh tựạ

FACULTY OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

Hospitality and Tourism Management

Lecturer: Mã Xuân Vinh

Code of Class: DL2001

SEMESTER 2THE SCHOOL YEAR 2021 – 2022

Hospitality and Tourism Management

Lecturer: Mã Xuân Vinh

Group: 8

Students:

2 Nguyễn Ngọc Thắng ID: 20DH130071

SEMESTER 2

Hồ Chí Minh City, …/…/2022

2 The Crisis of the Trịnh regime in the North

2.1 The Agrarian Crisis

2.2 The Political and Administrative Crisis

3 Peasant revolts under the Trịị̣nh

3.1 The cause of peasant revolts

3.2 Major peasant revolts

3.2.1 The revolt of Nguyễn Dương Hưng (1737) .

3.2.2 The revolt of Nguyễn Danh Phương (1740-1751) .

3.2.3 The revolt of Nguyễn Hữu Cầu (1741-1751) .

3.2.4 The revolt of Hoàng Công Chất (1739-1769) .

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The feudal society built under the first Lê kings in the 15th century flourished for about

a hundred years, but the structures set up had ceased to play a positive role as early as the16th century, and decadence manifested itself more and more clearly in the 17th,culminating in a deep and inreversible crisis in the 18th

Under the nominal authority of the Lê kings who established themselves in ThăngLong, two administrations were set up - one in the north under an aristocratic family, that ofthe Trinh, and the other in the south under the sway of the Nguyên lords Throughout the17th century, without the ability to put an end to secession, the country was de facto divided

at the Gianh River, which did not, however, prevent continuous expansion to the south

In the 18th century, elements of crisis and change began to accumulate: an agrariancrisis, the development of handicrafts and trade, a political and administrative crisis,ideological crisis, contact with the outside world, and corruption among ruling circles Thecountry was shaken by great peasant uprisings which culminated in the Tây Sơn movement.With the Tây Sơn, Vietnam experienced one of the shortest but most brilliant periods in itshistory The nation's culture, inspired by the great peasant insurrections and more or lessliberated from feudal bonds, began to flourish

2. The Crisis of the Trịnh regime in the North

2.1 The Agrarian Crisis

At the beginning of the 18th century, private

ownership of land flourished The appropriation of

land by landowners, notables and mandarins had

greatly increased, especially in the north, the

domain of the Trinh, where uncultivated land was

scarce In the area of Outer, two main parts of land

owned by the State and privately owned exist and

interact with each other The State is still the

manager of the land system including plantation

fields, mandarin fields, public lands in villages and

Figure 1 Lord Trịnh's government.

In 1711, through an edict the Trinh forbade "great families, functionarics and notables taking advantage of ruined peasants to enlarge their estates under cover of buying."

Public fields in villages are also used by the State to provide officials in the Stateapparatus such as emissaries and mandarins from academic backgrounds

In 1739, the aristocratic court had to admit that "there remains nothing for the peasants

to live on."

In 1740, the Trịnh lord planned the nationalization of all lands for redistribution topeasants who would pay land rents to the State But the entire mandarin bureaucracy andlandowning class opposed the project, which was quickly buried

The peasants were deprived of their meager private land and were not allowed to sharemuch of the communal land, so they were heavily dependent on the landlords Tax rent,labor, and military service of the feudal state were also increasing day by day, weighingheavily on their heads

The years of floods, droughts, crop failures, and famines that have pushed farmers intopoverty and dispersal are favorable opportunities for landlords to expand the process ofaccumulating land in communes and villages

The increasing number of lawsuits involving the appropriation of land, but the peasantswho appeared before mandarin courts were illtreated, had to pay bribes, and finally oftenlost the case Complaints reached the court in such great numbers that in 1723 the Trinhwere compelled to set up a real supreme court of appeal at the gates of the palace

The number of ruined peasants wandering about the country increased so dramaticallythat in 1730 the Trinh had to appoint 12 high-ranking court dignitaries to try to return them

to their homes, but in vain A census showed that 1,730 villages were particularly affected

down the number of pleasure trips undertaken by the court and reduce the number ofadministrative inspection tours.

The Trinh lords ordered the building of many recreation facilities, pagodas andmansions, requiring excessive contributions and labor from the population Ceremonieswere held amidst great pomp

In the 18th century the Trịnh instituted, with the help of a loyal mandarin, Nguyễn CôngHằng, a new system of taxes and duties which encompassed all areas of production, leavingnothing outside state control The principle of this financial reform was stated in 1721 asfollows: “Formerly, expenditure was set on the basis of receipts; now we are going to setreceipts to be collected on the basis of expenditure.”

3. Peasant revolts under the Trịị̣nh

3.1The cause of peasant revolts

Farmers' land is occupied by landlords and mandarins,

agricultural production has stagnated

Drought, flood, consecutive crop failures occurred The

dykes of the Red and Mã River have been broken for many

years Dozens of districts were flooded, and houses were

drifted

The emperor lived luxuriously, taxes became more and

more extensive, making people in Outer extremely

miserable, rice was not enough to eat, and clothes were not

worn Begging, full of sugar, tragic situation

Figure 2 The terrible famine of

3.2Major peasant revolts

- Time: 1737

- Location: Sơn Tây (Ha Tây, Vinh Phú)

- Background: In 1737, monk Nguyễn Dương Hưng rebelled in a revolt in Tam Đảo In

1739, Vũ Đình Dung rebelled in Ngân Già (should be called Ngân Già enemy),descendants of the Mạạ̣c (changed their surname) Nguyễn Cừ, Nguyễn Tuyển and VũTrác Oanh rebelled in Hải Dương Nguyễn Cừ and Nguyễn Tuyển believe that according

to Thunder Status, there is a saying: "Phá điền thiên tử xuấấ́t, bấấ́t chiếấ́n tựạ̣ nhiên thành"(Vỡỡ̃ ruộạ̣ng thiên tử ra, không đánh tựạ̣ nhiên thành) should raise the flag of insurrection.Not long after that, they were subjugated, but their underlings Hoàng Công Chấấ́t andNguyễn Hữu Cầu continued to gather forces and became the two great rebel armies andthe Trịnh army's generals

In Tam Đảo, after Nguyễn Dương Hưng's defeat, Nguyễn Danh Phương rebelled andalso became a major uprising for many years The cousin of Lê Dynasty, Lê Duy Mật,also intended to make a mutiny in Thăng Long to overthrow the Trịnh surname butfailed to withdraw to the uprising and live hidden 30 years

- Result: failed

3.2.2 The revolt of Nguyễn Danh Phương (1740-1751)

- Leader: Nguyễn Danh Phương (also known as Quân Hẻo), he was born in Tiên Sơn,Yên Lạc district, Sơn Tây town (now in Tam Đao district, Vinh Phúc province) He camefrom a poor peasant family

- Time: 1740-1751

- Location: Take Tam Đao mountain (Vinh Phúc) as a base and spread it throughout Sơn Tây and Tuyên Quang

of Nguyễn Hữu Cầu Danh Phương extended his operation, occupied Tam Đảo moutainand called himself as “Thuận Thiên khải vận đạạ̣i nhân” Occupying Ngọc Bộạ̣i mountain(located in the middle of Tam Dương and Bình Xuyên) as his rebellion headquarter tobuild his own palace and establish his own reign Danh Phương also built manygarrisons around the headquarter including Trung garrison in Hương Canh (Vĩnh Phúấ́c),Ngoạạ̣i garrison in Ức Kỳỳ̀ (Bắc Thái) and many other garrisons scattered along Tam Đảo,Lâm Thao, Đà Dương Wherever his troops occupy, they always used the land forfarming and rice storage His troops took control of all valuable materials from bamboo,wood, mine for construction and weapon production in order to supply for long termresistance against the imperial court.

In 1751, after defeating Nguyễn Hữu Cầu Trịnh Doanh (Lord Trịnh) gathered his forces

to launch an attack on Danh Phương’s territory Many imperial generals had beenmobilized including Hoàng Ngũ Phúấ́c, Nguyễn Nghiêm, Đoàn Chúấ́ The imperial armythrew the first strike in Ức Kỳỳ̀ garrison and after that was Hương Canh garrison

After a fierce battle, Hương Canh garrison had been overwhelmed and the rebelliontroops withdrawn back to Ngọc Bộạ̣i

Under the order of Trịnh Doanh, general Nguyễn Phan launched a major attack on NgọcBộạ̣i moutain With the constant attacks from the imperial army, Nguyễn Danh Phươnghad no choice but to retreat back to Độạ̣c Tôn mountain and after that was his last retreat

to Tĩnh Luyện District (Vĩnh Phúấ́c) where Nguyễn Danh Phương got arrested and hisrebellion got suppressed

- Result: failed

3.2.3 The revolt of Nguyễn Hữu Cầu (1741-1751)

- Leader: Nguyên Hưu Câu (also known as Quân He), he was born in Lôi Độạ̣ngcommnue, Thanh Hà district, Hải Dương province He came from a poor peasant family,his father died early, and his mother worked hard to raise children

- Time: 1741-1751

- Location: Widely operating throughout Hai Phòng, Sơn Nam, Thanh Hóa, Nghê An

and got defeated in Cát Bạạ̣c (Hải Phòỳ̀ng) After many victories, Nguyễn Hữu Cầuannounced himself as “The great general of Đông dạạ̣o tổng quốc bảo dân” havingcontrol of the entire Northeast coastline The rebellion army usually robbed from thewealthy and rice from merchant ships to share it for poor people, that’s why the rebellionreceived many supports With the risk of losing the flourish land where all the taxincome came from, Trịnh Doanh gathered his forces in an effort to suppress therebellion Two high-ranking mandarins known as Hoàng Công Kỳỳ̀ and Trần cảnh tookcontrol of the infantry and the marine for their attack.

After many battles, the imperial army was defeated and Trần Cảnh was summoned toremove his title 1743, Hoàng Ngũ Phúấ́c was sent to battle as reinforcement in order tosave the besieged imperial army in Thanh Hà After a succesful escape, Hoàng Công Kỳỳ̀was summoned back and became the defender of Sơn Nam

Phạạ̣m Đình Trọng was his new replacement and soon launched an another major attack.Nguyễn Hữu Cầu retreated his army back to Đồỳ̀ Sơn and successfully defended Đồỳ̀ Sơnagainst Hoàng Ngũ Phúấ́c

In 1744, Hoàng Ngũ Phúấ́c and Phạạ̣m Đình Trọng joined forces in order to attack Đồỳ̀ Sơn.Nguyễn Hữu Cầu retreated his army from Đồỳ̀ Sơn after a fail resistant, followed Bạạ̣chĐằỳ̀ng river to Kinh Bắc and occupy Thọ Xương (Thương river, Lạạ̣ng Giang) Thedefender of Kinh Bắc, Trần Đình Cẩm gathered his troops against Nguyễn Hữu Cầu butgot defeated in Trai Thị and retreated back to Thị Cầu Nguyễn Hữu Cầu’s troopscontinued the pursuit and successfully occupied “Trấấ́n thành” The bad news spread toLord Trịnh, he mobilized his entire forces to defend the surrounding communes and sent

a ultimatum to Hoàng Ngũ Phúấ́c Ngũ Phúấ́c withdrawn his troops back to Võ Giàng (BắcNinh) and begged for redemption Trịnh Doanh gathered his forces with Trương Khuông

to launch a new attack against Nguyễn Hữu Cầu

disbanded without a fight.

Trịnh Doanh summons Trương Khuông and replaces him with Đinh Văn Giai Therebellion army continued to grow and received much support from other rebellionleaders, Hữu cầu rushed his army to attack Văn Giai and continued to reclaim Thị Cầu.Văn Giai was summoned and replaced by Hoàng Ngũ Phúấ́c

In 1745, Hoàng Ngũ Phúấ́c and Phạạ̣m Đình trọng once again joined forces to launch anattack against Nguyễn Hữu Cầu in Xương Giang One of Nguyễn Hữu Cầu’s bestgenerals was killed and Hữu Cầu had no choice but to retreat his army back to HảiDương In 1746, with the nonstop attacks of Phạạ̣m Đình Trọng, Nguyễn Hữu Cầudecided to bribe Đỗ Thếấ́ Giai mandarin in order to surrender Trịnh Doanh (Lord Trịnh)agreed and granted him a new title, however Phạạ̣m Đình Trọng refused and despite ofLord Trịnh’s order, Đình Trọng launched a sneaky attack to Nguyễn Hữu Cầu’s fortwhich forced Nguyễn Hữu Cầu continue to retreat

In 1748, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu decided to launch a sneaky attack to Bồỳ̀ Đề and crossed theriver straight to the citadel but gets detected and forced him to withdraw back to SơnNam to joined forces with Hoàng Công Chấấ́t In 1749, with many successful occupies inSơn Nam, the imperial army under command of Hoàng Ngũ Phúấ́c and Phạạ̣m Đình Trọnglaunched a new attack as forcing Nguyễn Hữu Cầu continue to retreat back to HảiDương

In 1750, the rebellion army suffers from many defeats but still able to maintain theirnumbers Until 1751, when Nguyễn Hữu Cầu suffered from a major defeat in Bình Lục,Vĩnh Lạạ̣i then retreats back to Nghệ An and relies in Nguyễn Xiêm’s army ( An oldbrother in arm) but continued to suffer from Phạạ̣m Đình Trọng attacks Nguyễn Hữu Cầuafter that, decided to cross the sea back to Hải Dương but gets caught under storm,therefore abandoned his ship and headed forward to Hoàng Mai mountain (North ofNghệ An) Eventually got arrested by Phạạ̣m Đình Trọng’s general, Phạạ̣m Đình Sĩ

Trịnh Doanh (Lord Trịnh) had no intention of killing Nguyễn Hữu cầu but Nguyễn HữuCầu finally got executed for trying to escape prison Nguyễn Hữu Cầu’s wife, NguyễnThị Quỳỳ̀nh commits suicided in front of her husband’s shrine after

- Leader: Hoàng Công Chấấ́t (Hoàng Công Chấấ́t is from Đạạ̣i Lan village, Đông Andistrict ( Đạạ̣i Quan, Châu Giang, Hưng Yên) with documents recorded in Phúấ́Xuyên(Hà Tây) or Vũ Thư (Thái Bình))

- Time: from 1739 to 1769

- Location: Sơn Nam, Northwest region

- Background: Since 1739, Hoàng Công Chấấ́t had been gathering poor farmers forthe rebellion around Sơn Nam, his troops are experts in guerrilla combat According

to Nguyễn Đình Hoàn, the rebellion forced only deploy in dense forest or jungleareas and they only attacked from where we least expected

The imperial army launched many attacks but fail to accomplish The rebellion armytook control in Khoái Châu (Hưng Yên) In 1746, Hoàng Công Kỳỳ̀ was sent to becomethe defender of Sơn Nam and eager to dispand the rebellion but gets killed by therebellion At that time, the royal court of Lê – Trịnh was focused on dealing withNguyễn Hữu Cầu’s rebellion so Hoàng Công Chấấ́t can easily expand his operation to theentire eastern area and forge his own currency within the area

After losing in Bồỳ̀ Đề 1748, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu withdrawn his army back to Sơn Nam andjoined foreces with Hoàng Công Chấấ́t in order to attack Thần Khê and Thanh Quancommune (Thái Bình), besieged Hoàng Ngũ Phúấ́c’s main military fort in Ngựạ̣ Thiênwhich forced the imperial army to send more reinforcement and the rebellion armysuffered a major defeat in Bình Lục

In 1751, Hoàng Công Chấấ́t withdrawn in Thanh Hóấ́a and joined forces with Thành, theleader of the local rebellion in Hưng Hóấ́a, together they fought against the royal court Inthe middle of 1751, Thành was arrested in an attack of the imperial army and HoàngCông Chấấ́t once again had to withdraw to Ninh Biên (Lai Châu) Thanks to goodrelationship and connection with the local monirities, Hoàng Công Chấấ́t’s rebellion armyeasily took control of a vast area including Điện Biên, Sơn La, Hòỳ̀a Bình,… At that time,