Ebook FCE use of English 2 (Teacher''s book): Part 2

Ebook FCE use of English 2 (Teacher''s book): Part 2 presents the following contents: Reported speech, passive voice/causative form, conditionals/wishes / unreal past, nouns/articles, determiners/pronouns, questions/short answers, inversion/emphatic structures.

Reported Speech

• Think of the word which best fits each gap Write only one word in each one

The Kakapo (which means 'night parrot' in Mao ) is (0) one of the most unusual birds in the world Not only is

it nature's only flightless and nocturnal parrot, (1) it is also its largest and longest living parrot Sadlythe Kakapo is

o e of the world's most endangered species: there are only 86 left (2) on the entire planet

Kakapos are found only in New Zealand They are incredibly gentle birds and can live more (3) than 60 years They

have an owl-like face and exceptionally soft, moss-green coloured feathers on (4) their body This green colour

provides them with excellent camouflage in the New Zealand bush One of the (5) most striking characteristics of the

kakapo is their extremely strong smell It is very sweet and (6) has been described as 'honey-like', 'fruiy', and

'flowery'

There were once millio s (7) of kakapos in New Zealand The story of

their decline is a sad one When kakapos feel threatened, they do n t

(8) run away or attack Instead they try to hide They do this by

standing completely still (9) to 'blend' in with their surroundings When

humans arrived in New Zealand (bringing rats, cats and other

predators) the kakapo was an easy meal to catch

Today, everything is being d ne to try to stop the kakapo from going

extinct Hopefully the effort to save them has n t come (10) too late

·- t·) iii I •1§14 (.).,,I t§I t t • - - - - - -~ - ·

(See Suggested Answer section)

In pairs, students look at the first picture and make up a short dialogue based on the

situation given Next, a pair of students act out the dialogue while the rest of the class take

notes The students report the conversation Do the same with the other picture

Last month Monica and Philip went on a cruise

What could they have been talking about?

Sharon met her friend Joan last Monday What could they have been talking about?

-4

Folder ~

Look at Appendix 2, then fill in the correct particle(s)

1 Even though the police wen t after the

criminals, they didn't catch them

8 Yes, of course - bring some friends with you

There should be plenty of food to go round

2 "His line is engaged at the moment Do you want

to hold on or ring back later?"

9 She held back some very important information which she refused to reveal

3 John won't be at work today; he's gone down with

the flu

10 Even though Joe was very angry, he managed to

hold in/back his anger

4 Sorry for being late but I was held up in the traffic

5 Melanie is going to go in for the dancing

competition

1 1 Even though the police wen t over the evidence many times, they didn't find anything

6 The fire will go out if you don't put more wood on it

7 The robbers held up the bank and escaped with

thousands of pounds

12 The villagers fear that the supply of water will not

hold out for the summer

Look at Appendix 3, then fill in the correct preposition(s)

The surgeon is going to operate on my father 13 His arguments are lacking in logic

Ireland qualified for the World Cup Finals in 1990 15 Sally prides herself on b ing very honest

He insisted on having his lawyer present 16 Carmel is very proud of her daughter's

Mary has been married to John for nearly 5 years achievements

If he persists in coming to work late every day, I'll 17 She paid for her new dress by cheque

have to speak to him 18 As the shop didn't accept credit cards, I had to

6 Continuous neglect of our environment has pay in cash

caused this problem 19 You can't expect Joe to know everything He's

7 Frank is a very cheap person He finds it very still relatively new to the job

difficult to part with his money 20 He was presented with a gold watch on his

8 There were many objections to the council retirement

buiding another shopping centre 21 I sometimes mistake Clare for her sister on the

9 Mary was very nervous about having a blood test phone

10 Many people are ignorant of/about the long-term 22 I'm hoping for a second interview next week

effects of pollution 23 John is notorious for telling lies

11 He wrote a cheque for £250 24 He's fortunate in having many good friends

12 The student showed a complete lack of respect 25 She quarrelled with Andrew abouVover which

• Complete the sentences using the words in bold Use two to five words

1 We stayed in and didn't go to the cinema

instead We stayed in instead of going to the cinema

2 You didn't need to buy me this ring

have You needn't have bought me this ring

3 The director has called a meeting so that he can introduce the new manager

order The director has called a meeting in order to introduce the new manager

4 "Will they give me the job?" she kept asking herself

wondered She wondered if/whether they would give her the job

5 He lost his job because he was extremely disorganised

result He was extremely disorganised and as a result he lost his job

6 Mary isn't capable of taking over the company

ability Mary doesn't have the ability to take over the company

7 They didn't want to spend a lot of money so they booked a self-catering holiday

avoid They booked a self-catering holiday to avoid spending a lot of money

8 Take your own pillow with you because Sue might not have enough in her house

case Take your own pillow with you in case there are not enou h in Sue's house

9 Mrs Smith wasn't sure whether she should submit her proposal

doubtful Mrs Smith was doubtful about submitting her proposal

10 "Students are not allowed in the classrooms during breaks," the teacher said

insisted The teacher insisted on students staying/remaining outside during breaks

11 "Of course I didn't give them your name," he said to me

having He denied having given them my name

12 David does not intend to move house soon

intention David has no intention of moving house soon

• Explain the meaning of the idioms in bold

1 Mary has agreed to help us raise the money but her heart isn't in it She isn't very enthusiastic about it

2 The students were told to learn the poem by heart as they would be asked to recite it in class the

next day by memory

3 That's the third glass she's broken this morning She's all fingers and thumbs very clumsy

4 I don't know how Carla manages with two small children and a husband who never lifts a finger to help never does anything

5 My grandmother never looks at a recipe She prefers to cook by rule of thumb following her own practical experience and not a set of rules

6 If you put your back into it , I'm sure you'll manage to finish all this work by tonight make a great effort

7 Max has been drawing up contracts for so long that he can now do it standing on his head very easily

8 Sue is looking very down in the mouth this morning Has she had bad news? depressed

9 Larry never had to advertise his business as people heard about him through word of mouth through people telling each other about him

10 The employee was stealing company property right under our noses openly but without having been noticed

Expressions with "Do " Expressions with " Make "

one's best/worst, business with sb, a 1 allowances for, an appointment, an acquaintance, an arrangement, crossword, damage (to), one's duty, an ~ a bargain, the beds, the best of, a cake, certain, changes, coffee, a exercise, an experiment, somebody a 1 deal with sb a decision, a difference, a discovery, an effort, an favour, good, one's hair, harm, homework, 1 enemy of, ends meet, an excuse, friends with, a fortune, haste, fun housework, a job, sth for a living, miracles 1 (of), a fool of sb, an impression, improvements, a joke, a mes , a (for), research, right/wrong, a service, the 1 mistake, money, a note, a nuisance, (a) noise, an offer, peaceshopping, a good turn, a translation, the 1 preparations, a profit, progres , sure, a translation, trouble, war, a washing-up, wonders, work, etc l will, etc

~ Fill in do or make in the correct form

1 I enjoy doing the crossword in The Guardi a

2 I's not a good idea to make an enemy of Clare

3 We had better start making preparations for the

party

4 Pete has done a great deal of damage already

5 It's your turn to do the washing-up tonight

6 The boy promised to do his best in the test

7 She does her exercises every morning before

work

8 Pat doesn't appreciate being made a fool of

9 I made friends with some people from Germany while I was travelling to Budapest

10 They find it difficult to make ends meet

11 Mum has promised to make a cake for the party

12 A man phoned earlier to make an appointment

13 He asked me what I did for a living

14 Our neighbours are always making noise

15 Can't you at least make an effort?

16 It appears that she made a fortune when she was living in Japan

America's national symbol is that great bird which is known (0) D

the bald eagle However the number of this species has dropped from 50,000 in the 1940s to less than 300 today Fortunately, America has taken (1) by starting to breed these eagles This takes place at a research centre in Oklahoma, where 300 eagles have been bred and then released into the wild The eggs are (2) from wild eagles' nests, found (3)

the country, and are flown straight to the centre by aeroplane During the journey,

they are kept (4) in a special container which (5) them from sunlight, which

could easily kill them Once they are at the centre, they are continually (6) until they hatch Eight hours afte the birds emerge, they are given their first meal, consisting of little

pieces of a special meat At 6 weeks old, they are taken outside to get used to the cooler

temperature The (7) stages of the bird's introduction to the wild take place at the top

of a(n) (8) tower where they are kept in a big cage and fed on fish As time (9)

by, the cages are removed and the birds eventually (10) to fly All would agree that the (11) of these beautiful birds flying high in the southern skies makes all the

(12) worthwhile

2 A assembled B concentrated c piled @ collected

1 25 1

Practice Test · ~

L. -~ -P · art 2

For questions 13-24 , read the text below and think of the word ~hi~h best fits each gap Use only one word in each gap There is an example at the begmnmg (0)

Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETIERS in the answer boxes provided

We all love to eat between meals, (O) . . it ' s a bar of chocolate after breakfast or a packet of crisps before dinner But when we think (13) about it, most of these ' snack' foods are (14) full of fat , salt and sugar and thus contain a (15) lot of calories Another disadvantage is that after (16) having consumed these foods , there is a temptation to eat more (17) as they still leave you feeling hungry But who says snack foods have to be bad (18) for you? They can, in fact, be very healthy if you just choose carefully

One of the best and healthiest snack options is dried fruit It ' s really tasty and makes a brilliant, easy-to-eat snack, as (19) well as leaving you satisfied There is also a (20) great/wide variety to choose from, with dried bananas, apricots, grapes and apples available at (21) all / most / many supermarkets You can enjoy dried fruit during morning and afternoon breaks, at school or at work, i n the car

or (22) while watching television Dried fruit also makes the perfect fast food for late-night homework sessions So next time you fancy (23) something sweet, try the healthy option and you'll (24) be pleasantly surprised

some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line There is an examp l e

at the beginning (0)

Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS in the answer boxes provided

Rice

the world 's most important crop

It is (0) when and where humans first started

farming rice, but (25) historians agree it was being grown in Asia at

least 10,000 years ago Today, rice is the most (26) valuable food

crop in the world About 3 billion people (27) totally depend on it for

(28) survival

The (29) significance of rice is reflected worldwide in many myths and

legends One Chinese legend tells of a time when a (30) terrifying flood

destroyed all the crops One day, (31) starving people saw a dog with

(32) unusual yellow seeds on its tail

They planted the seeds in the waterlogged soil and rice grew

The importance of rice can also

be seen in language and culture (33) worldwide In Japan and China, the words for 'rice' and 'food' are identical In Asia, wedding guests throw rice to bring (34) prosperity and fertility to the bride and groom And in China, cheering people welcome in the New Year with the words "May your rice never burn !"

CERTAIN HISTORY VALUE TOTAL SURVIVE SIGNIFY TERRIFY STARVE USUAL

WORLD

PROSPER

Practice Test m

Part 4

For questions 35-42 , complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence , using the word given Do not change the word g i ven You must use between two and five words , including the word given There is an example at the beginning (0)

Example :

O "Jack never tells the truth," Pat said

NOTORIOUS

Jack , according to Pat

Write the missing words IN CAP I TA L L ETTERS in the answer boxes provided

35 It was thoughtless of her to treat Dan with such rudeness

so

She should not have been so rude to Dan

36 He couldn't run fast because of his swollen ankle

PREVENTED

His swollen ankle prevented him (from) running fast

37 "I'm sorry I spoilt your plans," he said

FOR

He apologised for spoiling my plans

38 He wishes he hadn't rented a house which was so big

REGRETS

He regrets renting/having rented such a big house

39 The doctor won't let him do any strenuous exercise

ALLOWED

He won't be allowed to do any strenuous exercise

40 Peter prefers skiing to going on hiking trips

RATHER

Peter would rather ski than go on hiking trips

41 Helen's daughter has sufficient talent to become a successful actress

ENOUGH

Helen's daughter is talented enough to become a successful actress

42 It's unlikely that I'll reach my destination on time

TO

I'm not likely to reach my destination on time

Passive Voice The passive is formed with the appropriate tense of the verb to be + past participle Only transitive verbs (verbs

~ P~~~~~t··51·~·p·i~···i···H~··91;~~ i~~t~~-~~···r-L~~t~-~~~-~~~·91~~~·:···:

l Present Continuous l He is giving a lecture l A lecture is being given '

! Past Simple l He gave a lecture ! A lecture was given

! Past Continuous ~ He was giving a lecture ! A lecture was being given

! Future Simple l He will give a lecture ! A lecture will be given

! Present Perfect ~ He has given a lecture ! A lecture has been given

! Past Perfect l He had given a lecture ! A lecture had been given

! Future Perfect ~ He will have given a lecture ! A lecture will have been given

l Present Infinitive l He should give a lecture ! A lecture should be given

l Perfect Infinitive l He should have given a lecture ! A lecture should have been given

l -ing form l She remembers him giving a lecture l She remembers a lecture being given

! Perfect -ing form l Having given the lecture, ! The lecture having been given,

: ~~~~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ - ~ ~ · i · ~~ ~ - ~~ - ~ ~ - ~~ - ~ : l ~ ~: ~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~ - ~ - ~ - ~~~~ - ~ : :

• Present Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous are not normally used in the passive

• Get is used in colloquial English instead of be to express something happening by accident

She' ll get in trouble if she goes on dri ving like that

Use The passive is used: a) when the person who performs the action (agent) is unknown, unimportant or obvious

from the context Her flat was broken into yesterday (by a burglar - obvious agent) b) to emphasise the agent

He r w edding dress was delivered to her by the dressmaker herself yesterday c) to make statements more

formal or polite My dress has been ruined (more polite than saying "You have ruined my dress.) and d) when

we are more interested in the action than the agent, such as in news reports, formal notices, instructions, processes, headlines, advertisements, etc The meeting will be held tomorrow

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive form

1 Holland is said (say) to be one of the prettiest countries in Europe

2 I hate being told (tell) lies

3 My television will be delivered/is being delivered/is going to be delivered (deliver) tomorrow

4 Their telephone was installed (install) yesterday

5 Teachers ought to be paid (pay) a higher salary

6 Hotel rooms must be vacated (vacate) by 12 noon

7 The villa will be sold/is being sold/is going to be sold (sell) by public auction next week

8 She hopes her home will have been built (build) by May

9 Heartbreak House was written (write) by George Bernard Shaw

10 My car is being resprayed (respray) at the moment

11 Hopefully, she will have been promoted (promote) by the end of next month

12 I wish I had been taught (teach) how to type when I was at school

13 Your application should have been handed in (hand in) last Monday 's too late now, I'm afraid!

14 The wedding reception must be booked (book) a month before the wedding

15 The building had been evacuated (evacuate) ten minutes before the storm hit

1 29

Passive Voice I Causative Form

Read the following headlines and write full sentences

BABY BOY RESCUED

BY DOG IN

Smoking banned Extensive droughts and extreme

CD in public places in ® weather conditions caused by @ Air pollution and

processed foods believed

to cause- an increase in asthma attacks

@ Mobile phones

considered responsible for

causing headaches

VINCENT VAN GOGH'S

@ PAINTING SOLD FOR £20

MILLION AT AUCTION IN

LONDON LAST WEEK

® Remains of 111clenl cHJ discovered in Chino

@ NEW EDUCATIONAL LAW BROUGHT TO PARLIAMENT NEXT WEEK ® NEW JAMES BOND FILM SCREENED NEXT MONTH

1 Smoking has been/is banned in public places in Europe

2 Extensive droughts and extreme weather conditions

are caused by global warming

3 Air pollution and processed foods are believed to

cause an increase in asthma attacks

4 A baby boy was rescued by a dog in Brighton

5 Remains of an ancient city have been discovered in China

6 Mobile phones are considered (to be) responsible for causing headaches

7 Vincent van Gogh's painting was sold for £20 million at auction in London last week

8 A new educational law will be brought to parliament next week

9 The new James Bond film will be screened next month Changing from Active into Passive

• The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the passive sentence The active verb changes into a passive form and the subject of the active verb becomes the agent, which is either introduced with by or is omitted : ~~~ i ~~ Y ~~~ ~ :

! subject l verb l object :

They revealed the truth • The truth was revealed (by them is omitted)

• Verbs which take two objects (give, offer, etc) form their passive in two ways; it is more usual to start the sentence with the animate (person) object, not the inanimate (thing) object They offered Ann a bunch of flowers • Ann was offered a bunch of flowers (more usual than: A bunch of flowers was offered to Ann )

• Verbs followed by a preposition (accuse of, take down, etc) take the preposition immediately after them when turned into the passive She took down the mi nutes of the meeting • T he minutes of the meet i ng were taken down

• In passive questions with who, whom or which we do not omit by Who gave you th i s informat i on? • Who were you given this i nformation by?

• Hear, help, make, see are followed by a to-infinitive in the passive She made me work overt i me • I was made to work overtime Note that hear, see, watch can be followed by a present participle in the active and passive We saw her crying • She was s een crying

Change the sentences from the active into the passive Omit the agent where it can be omitted

1 Professor White will give a lecture on the benefits of technology tomorrow A lecture

on the ben e fits of techno l ogy will be gi v en by P ro f esso r White t o m orrow

2 Bad organisation spoiled their holiday Their holiday was spoiled by bad organisation

3 Teachers mark hundreds of exam papers every year Hundreds of exam papers are marked

by teachers every year

4 Who wrote Romeo and Julien Who was Romeo and Juliet written by?

5 You should dry your hair before you go out Your hair should be dried before you go out

7 She likes people taking her to the theatre She likes being taken to the theatre

8 Why didn't they give her the job? Why wasn't she given the job?

9 She told them not to tell anyone They were told not to tell anyone

10 They should have given us a bonus We should have been given a bonus.IA bonus should have been given to us

11 The doctors will bring him in for an examination He will be brought in for an examination (by the doctors)

12 Fog has delayed all flights All flights have been delayed by fog

13 She didn't send me any parcels I wasn't sent any parcels./No parcels were sent to me

14 She had cleaned the house before I got there The house had been cleaned before I got there

15 When we arrived at the hotel, they had filled all the rooms When we arrived at the hotel, ll the rooms had been filled

16 Why haven't you invited Mary to the party? Why hasn't Mary been invited to the party?

17 Paula will help you finish your project You will be helped by Paula to finish your project

18 The mayor is opening the new community centre next week The new community centre is being opened by the mayor next week

19 We heard her complaining strongly to the manager She was heard complaining strongly to the manager

20 You can leave your bags with the left-luggage service Your bags can be left with the left-luggage service

21 Workmen found some antique vases in the old house Some antique vases were found in the old house (by workmen)

22 The architects have drawn up plans for the new library Plans for the new library have been drawn up

23 Who gave him the new car? Who was he given the new car by?/By whom was he given the new car?

24 They are going to set the lion free next week The lion is going to be set free next week

25 What time do you expect him to arrive? What time is he expected to arrive?

Change the sentences from the passive into the active

1 Who was the Mona Lisa painted by? Who painted the Mona Lisa?

2 The old barn has been pulled down They have pulled down the old barn

3 The results will be published in July They will publish the results in July

4 The trip was ruined by bad weather Bad weather ruined the trip

5 The letter should have been posted last week They should have posted the letter last week

6 Who was the money raised by? Who raised the money?

7 Why hasn't the house been painted yet? Why haven't they painted the house yet?

8 She was heard shouting They heard her shouting

9 How much were you paid? How much did they pay you?

10 His car has been stolen Someone has stolen his car

11 I can't bear being cheated I can't bear people cheating me

12 A famous actress will be chosen to advertise the product They will choose a famous

actress to advertise the product

13 John was made to do the washing up They made John do the washing up

14 The ozone layer is gradually being destroyed by pollution Pollution is gradually destroying the ozone layer

15 A bring-and-buy sale is being held next month They are holding a bring-and-buy sale next month

16 Our house was done up by a famous interior decorator A famous interior decorator did up our house

17 The cracks in the wall were caused by the earthquake The earthquake caused the cracks in the wall

18 Thousands of rare birds are killed by hunters every year Hunters kill thousands of rare birds every year

19 Her purse was stolen on the bus Someone stole her purse on the bus

20 When will we be told the time of his arrival? When will they tell us the time of his arrival?

21 An ancient village has been uncovered by archaeologists Archaeologists have uncovered an ancient village

22 Why hasn't the dishwasher been repaired yet? Why haven't they repaired the dishwasher yet?

23 A new drug is being developed by scientists Scientists are developing a new drug

24 A new breed of cow is to be introduced into the country by farmers Farmers are to introduce a new breed of cow into the country

25 The furniture will have been removed by noon They will have removed the furniture by noon

26 Who were you going to be replaced by? Who was going to replace you?

27 The island is being ruined by tourists Tourists are ruining the island

28 Two rooms had been booked for her by her travel agent Her travel agent had booked two rooms for her

29 She was seen to leave the building They saw her leave the building

30 Seats should have been reserved a week ago They should have reserved seats a week ago

13 1

Passive Voice I Causative Form

lm) Fill in by or with

1 The Magu s was written by John Fowles

2 Who was the radio invented by?

6 The glass was cut with a special tool

7 Her hair is coloured with henna

3 The cyclist was knocked down by a bus

4 Soup is eaten with a spoon

8 'Born in the USA' was sung by Springsteen

9 The roast was flavoured with wine

5 The car was fixed by a mechanic 10 Music will be played by the local band

l@l Change into the passive

A Polce are investigating a series of bre k-ins in the Hat ersby area Residents have heard noises, but no ody has actually seen a ything suspicious The recent rise in crime in the neighbourhood has shocked residents Locals are

discussing matters of security with the police and they have requested greater p lice presence in the area A series of break-ins in the Hattersby area are being investigated by the police Noises have been heard by residents, but nothing suspicious has actually been seen Residents have been shocked by the recent rise in crime in the neighbourhood Matters of security are being discussed with the police and greater police presence in the area has been requested

B A wealthy businessman has just bought the Black Swan Hotel The Barrett family owned it for many years and they should have restored the building many years ago, but they couldn't find enough money The new owner is

closing the hotel for a few months for redecoration At the moment, workmen are p lshing the floors and

The verbs believe , expect , feel , hope , know , report , say , think , etc are used in the following passive patterns

in personal and impersonal constructions The police report that she is in France

Turn the following sentences into the passive , as in the example

1 They think he is lying 6 They expect he will pass his driving test

He is thought to be lying

It is thought that he is lying

2 They believe he got lost in the forest

He is believed to have got lost in the forest

It is believed that he got lost in the forest

3 They say she has been very ill

She is said to have been very ill

It is said that she has been very ill

4 They said the president had been in a meeting

The president was said to have been in a meeting

It was said that the president had been in a meeting

5 They believe she was responsible for the accident

She is believed to have been responsible for the accident

It is believed that she was responsible for the accident

He is expected to pass his driving test

It is expected that he will pass his driving test

7 They said she was wrongly accused

She was said to have been wrongly accused

It was said that she was wrongly accused

8 They believe he is leaving soon

He is believed to be leaving soon

It is believed that he is leaving soon

9 They say his health is very poor

His health is said to be very poor

It is said that his health is very poor

10 They report that some papers have been stolen Some papers are reported to have been stolen

It is reported that some papers have been stolen

complete the sentences using the words in bold Use two to five words

1 Many people believe that eating too fast causes indigestion

believed It is believed that eating too fast causes indigestion

2 The teacher will send you out if you keep on talking

be You will be sent out by the teacher if you keep on talking

3 They are going to transfer him to Portugal

be He is going to be transferred to Portugal

4 They will have completed the construction by September

been The construction will have been completed by September

5 They are holding the caretaker responsible for the problems

is The caretaker is being held responsible for the problems

6 A journalist is going to cover the story

be The story is going to be covered by a journalist

7 They will have appointed a new director by the end of the week

been A new director will have been appointed by the end of the week

8 They gave him a gold watch when he retired

was He was given a gold watch when he retired

9 The mother told her son off for shouting

was He was told off by his mother for shouting

10 They are opening the new restaurant this evening

is The new restaurant is being opened this evening

Mr Owen Gibbon has discovered a valuable oil painting in the attic of

his house in Rochester George Stubbs, a famous animal artist, painted

the work in 1760 Mr Gibbon's great-grandfather bought the picture in the 1890s, but after his death the family stored it away in the attic Art historians are examining the painting and have valued it at £50 ,000

Mr Gibbon has offered the work to the National Gallery, where experts will restore the picture to its former glory They will have finished the restoration work by June

A valuable painting has been discovered by Mr Owen Gibbon in the attic of his house in Roch ster The work was

painted by George Stubbs, a famous animal artist, in 1760 The picture was bought by Mr Gibbon's great-grandfather

in the 1890s, but after his death it was stored away in the attic by his family The painting is being examined (by art historians) and has been valued at £500,000 The work has been offered to the National Gallery (by Mr Gibbon), where the picture will be restored to its former glory The restoration work will have been finished by June

li!!1 R ewrite the following texts i n the p a ssive

A The Winter Production Company has finally released the film which the public has been waiting for so long:

The Hawk The Winter Company was originally going to release the film in August but they decided to wait until October as they know that fewer people go to the cinema in the summer Richard Able directed The

Hawk and critics are encouraging people to see it Cinemas report that British audiences have boug t a lot

of tickets and that they are sure The Hawk will be a success

The film which the public has been waiting for for so long, The Hawk , has finally been released by the Winter Production Company It was originally going to be released by the Winter Company in August but they decided to wait until October, as it is known that fewer people go to the cinema in the summer The Hawk was directed by Richard Able and people are being encouraged (by critics) to see it British audiences are reported to have bought a lot of tickets, so the Hawk is sure to be a success

Passive Voice I Causative Form

B Over the past ten years oil spills have polluted the seas surrounding Britain Tankers spill oil onto the coast and this harms many forms of wildlife Environmentalists say that they need a lot of volunteers if they are to minimise the damage In future, the government has promised that it will prosecute the owners of any tankers that pollute the North Sea in this way The government also hopes that they can prevent such incidents by building more lighthouses along the coastline

Over the past ten years the seas surrounding Britain have been polluted by oil spills Oil is spilled onto the coast (by tankers) and many forms of wildlife are harmed It is said by environmentalists that a lot of volunteers are needed if the damage is to be minimised It has been promised by the government that in future the owners of any tankers that pollute the North Sea in this way will be prosecuted It is also hoped that such incidents can be prevented if more lighthouses are built along the coastline

- - - • - - - • • • • • · - • • - 1 (See Suggested Answer section)

A fire broke out yesterday at Chelsea Look at the notes below, then report the incident You may use ideas of your own Use passive forms

• fire -department store - 11.00 pm last night

• passer-by notice flames 2nd floor

• call firefighters - try to put it out

• 2 night watchmen trapped - taken to hospital

• now treated for third-degree burns

• half building destroyed

• reason for fire: electrical fault

A fire broke out at 11.00 pm last n i ght Flames were noticed 0t1

th e 2 nd floor by a passer-by

Causative Form (have sth done)

• We use have + object + past participle to say that we arrange for someone to do something for us H e a s ked Sally to type the l e ers H e had the letters typed (He didn't do it himself -Sally did it.)

:·· , · ;~~~ · ~1 · 5 · i~pi~ ··· · ··· · ··· · ···1·· sh · ~ · ~~ · k~~ · ci~~~ ~~~: ··· · ··· · ··· · 1·· sh~ ·· h~~ ·· ci · ~ ~~~ - ~~ ·· ~~ci · ~ ···:

! Present Continuous ! She is making a dress ! She is having a dress made !

! Past Simple ! She made a dress ! She had a dress made !

! Past Continuous ! She was making a dress ! She was having a dress made !

! Future Simple ! She will make a dress ! She will have a dress made !

! Future Continuous ! She will be making a dress ! She will be having a dress made !

! Present Perfect ! She has made a dress ! She has had a dress made !

! Present Perfect Continuous ! She has been making dresses ! She has been having dresses made !

! Past Perfect ! She had made a dress ! She had had a dress made !

! Past Perfect Continuous ! She had been making dresses ! She had been having dresses made !

l Infinitive l She can make dresses l She can have dresses made l

! ~ ~~~.~~~~ l ~~- ~ 1 ~~: ~ ~~ · ~ · i · ~ · ~ ·· ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~: l ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~! ~ ~ ~ ~: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :

• The verb to have , used in the causative, forms its negations and questions with do / does (Present Simple) or

did (Past Simple) H e doesn't have h is shirts i r oned Did he have the brakes checked?

• Get is often used in the causative instead of have Did yo u have / get yo ur nails po l is h ed?

• The causative can be used instead of the passive to express accidents and misfortunes He had hi s nose broken in a fig ht = His nose was broken in a fight.)

_ Write the sentences in the causative , as in the example

1 The reception was organised by caterers

They had the reception organised by caterers

2 I'll ask her to make the appointment for Friday I will have the appointment made for Friday

3 He was mending the table for Sophie Sophie was having the table mend~d

4 He took his boots to be re-heeled He had his boots re-heeled

5 Has your leg been X-rayed? Have you had you leg X-rayed?

6 I will tell James to cancel the meeting tomorrow I will have the meeting cancelled tomorrow

7 Don't ask them to post the letters Don't have the letters posted

8 I'll get the men to move this for you by this evening I'll have this moved for you by this evening

9 The mechanic is repairing her car She is having her car repaired by the mechanic

10 They renovated the Smiths' house last year The Smiths had their house renovated last year

11 They are going to clean our swimming pool We are going to have our swimming pool cleaned

12 Where do they take their photographs to be developed? Where do they have their photographs developed?

13 He doesn't mind the barber cutting his hair short He doesn't mind having his hair cut short

14 You should ask someone to water your plants while you're on holiday You should have your plants watered while you're on holiday

15 Will she get someone to deliver the computer? Will she have the computer delvered?

16 She prefers sending her clothes to the dry cleaner's She prefers having her clothes dry cleaned

17 My father likes people taking his photograph My father likes having his photograph taken

18 Our cooker was being repaired when the lights went out We were having our cooker repaired when the lights went out

19 Would you like someone to do the shopping for you? Would you lke to have the shopping done for you?

20 The beautician polished the model's nails The model had her nails polished

Wr i te the sentences in the causative , as in the example

1 The doctor examined Paul's ankle What did Paul do? He had hie ankle examined

2 Someone delivers her groceries once a week What does she do?

She has her groceries delivered once a week

3 A hairdresser has cut and styled Pamela's hair What has she done?

She has had her hair cut and styled

4 Someone will repair our leaking roof What will we do?

We will have our leaking roof repaired

5 Someone cut the lawn for them while they were away What did they do?

They had their lawn cut while they were away

6 Somebody had serviced their car before they went on holiday What had they done?

They had had their car serviced before they went on holiday

7 A builder will do up Jan's attic What will Jan do?

Jan will have her attic done up

8 Someone is designing some furniture for him What is he doing?

He is having some furniture designed

9 A detective investigated the case for her What did she do?

She had the case investigated by a detective

10 Someone has written the actor's life story for him What has he done?

He has had his life story written

11 Someone is organising a birthday party for her What is she doing?

She is having a birthday party organised for her

12 The secretary had prepared the agenda for him before the meeting Wh t had he done?

He had had the agenda prepared before the meeting

13 He was building their swimming pool What were they doing?

They were having their swimming pool built

14 He had someone paint his daughter's portrait What did he do?

He had his daughter's portrait painted

Passive Voice I Cau sative Form

• Make / Have + object + bare infinitive are used to express that someone causes someone else to do something, but their meaning is slightly different She made John do the shopping (She insisted that John

should do the shopping.) She had John do the shopping (She asked John to do the shopping.)

• Get + object + to-inf shows that someone persuades someone else to do something She got Ann to tidy her room (She persuaded Ann to tidy her room.)

1 She insisted that they go to the meeting She made them go to the meeting

2 We are going to ask the plumber to install a new shower We are going to have the plumber install a new shower

5 The dentist insisted that George sit still The dentist made George sit still

6 Mrs Jones will ask the attendant to fetch her car Mrs Jones will have the attendant fetch her car

7 The doctor persuaded her to go to the hospital The doctor got her to go to the hospital

8 My brother insisted that I give him back his book My brother made me give him back his book

9 She persuaded her friend to help her with the cleaning She got her friend to help her with the cleaning

10 We'll ask the receptionist to give him his key We'll have the receptionist give him his key

12 My father persuaded me to help him wash his car My father got me to help him wash his car

13 Mr Smith insisted that Jane stay late at work Mr Smith made Jane stay late at work

14 I'll ask Pam to turn down the radio I'll have Pam turn down the radio

15 Sue persuaded the caretaker to fix the door Sue got the caretaker to fix the door

1 The hairdresser will have to cut your hair

have You'll have to have your hair cut

2 A large dog has attacked my cat

been My cat has been attacked by a large dog

made Her mother made her buy a new dress for the party

4 Someone will steal your purse if you don't look after it

be Your purse will be stolen if you don't look after it

made Jane made me have some more cake

resurfaced We are having our drive resurfaced tomorrow

have We will need to have our furnace serviced soon

have I have my house cleaned every week

get How did he get you to do it?

made She had an evening dress made by a friend

had I had my parents pay for my flight home

14 She doesn't like ironing so the cleaner does it for her

done She doesn't like ironing so she has it done by the cleaner

had He had his books brought over from England

· - ~~iiiiiiiiiiii~~

I

{See Suggested Answer section) The local council has decided to improve the children ' s park Read the notes below, then make sentences using the causative You can also use your own ideas

things already done

things being done

the end of the month

complete first-aid room, put in drinking fountain

Complete the sentences using the words in bold Use two to five words

7 Shopkeepers are forced to work on Sundays

9 She insisted that we come home early

had We will have had the contract drawn up for you by the time you get bac

1 37

Folder b

m Look at Appendix 2, then substitute the underlined words with keep, let or look and the

• · appropriate particles

1 Mary had to stay away from school as she was ill

2 You should sta awa from fattening foods

3 They continued climbing despite the heavy snowfall

to be kept away

keep off/keep away from kept on

4 He had to run to move at the same speed as the boys

5 You have to continue to be informed of the latest news

keep up with keep up with

6 It was raining so heavily that I thought it would never become less strong let up

7 We thought we would be fined but fortunately the policeman didn't punish us

8 Sarah is growing so chubby that I have to make her clothes bigger

let us off let her clothes out let us down

9 He really disappointed us by not keeping his promise

10 Can you take care of my children this afternoon? look after

11 My grandfather fondly remembers the days of his youth

12 She looked guickly at her notes before entering the office

13 Do visit us some day!

looks back fondly on

looked through

look in on

14 She despises people who don't have a university degree

15 They examined the flat before they rented it

looks down on looked round looked over look it up

16 She examined the contract before she signed it

17 If you don't understand a word, look for it in a dictionary

\J4 Lo ok a t Appendix 3, then fill in the correct preposition(s)

1 Ireland relies on tourism to boost its economy

and provide employment

2 My teeth are very sensitive to cold things such as

5 The quarrel resulted in Catherine leaving the house

6 The results of the competition were announced

yesterday

7 Carrots are rich in vitamin A

8 Everyone joins in with the choir at the end of the

service

9 Doctors are meant to be sympathetic to/towards

their patients' fears

10 Sally was able to sympathise with my situation as

she'd been through something similar before

11 Has it ever occurred to you that you need more

interests in your life?

12 The reason for the closure of the club was lack of

membership

13 I tried to reason with David but he was just too

upset to listen

14 I decided to leave the club rather than submit to

its new rules

15 The builders have submitted their plans for approval by the council

16 Joe succeeded in reaching the airport on time despite the heavy traffic

17 Jim is such a horrible person - he's rude to everyone

18 I had to lean against/on the wall because I felt as

if I was going to faint

19 The police searched the premises for weapons

20 The burglars ransacked the house in search of valuables

21 Although they spoiled our plans, they weren't a bit sorry about it

22 Don't say you're sorry for annoying me if you don't mean it

23 I'm really counting on all the family being there

24 I don't think they'll offer her the job I think her age will count against her

25 The relationship between a mother and her baby

is a very special one

26 John has got such a great relationship with Clare

27 Spain is very popular with British holiday makers

28 Children are prone to illnesses such as chickenpox, mumps and measles

1 John became extremely angry with the waiter after getting his order wrong twice

3 He asked his mum to shorten his trousers

4 Alex finally managed to persuade his father to buy him an iPod

6 The President's hotel room was full of flowers

12 Eilleen doesn't get on well with Helen

C hoose the correct verb to complete the sentences

2 The audience their breath until the

a business on his own

4 They're trying to help their child the

habit of telling lies

5 Don't heart -I'm sure you'll succeed if

trouble all the time

7 The doctor may be able to help you, but don't expect him to miracles

9 I think we ought to a party for Tim's birthday

shouldn't expect her to always the bill

time in prison

the line at your staying out all night

O A hear B listen C attend D observe 0 -A c:::J B c:::J C c:::J D

Visitors to the famous Tate Gallery in London can now (O) A the

British artist David Hockney talk about ne of his paintings, which

is (1) The Bigger Sp la s h Following the example of the

French who have (2) such a system in the Louvre in Paris, technology is coming to both the Tate and the National

Gallery, two of Britain's (3) prestigio s art institutio s The Tate is now offering Tateinform, a personal audio guide to

the paintings and sculptures on (4) ,and to the themes

of certain displays At the (5) of a button visitors can

listen to artists, art critics and gallery curators explaining any

work that (6) their interest; they can stop, start, rewind

or fast-forward their electronic devices (7) they want Many of the commentaries on works of art (8) several

layers of information Style, content and symbols may be explained,

or you may even be given details of particular paints the artist has

used Some of the artists (9) on the inspiration for their own works David Hockney, for (10) ,talks about his interest in the

surface and movement of water in his commentary for The Bi gger Sp la s h

The (11) of audio guides is a great help to people wanting to (12)

a better understanding of art

2 @ brought in B brought on c brought about D brought along

4 A presentation B exhibition © show D sight

10 A illustration B sample © instance D case

Use only one word in each gap There is an example at the beginning (0)

Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS in the answer boxes provided

For thousands of years, cultures across the world have

(0) special significance to the owl In (13)

courage (15) to bad luck, dishonesty and death There

In ancient Greece, on the other (19) hand, owls were

associated with wisdom If an owl flew above soldiers

before a battle, the Greeks believed it was a sign that

they would (20) be victorious

Today, owls are (21) no longer regarded with such fear

and superstition Owls are incredibly beautiful and

fascinating birds with many special characteristics, such

(23) which muffle the sound of their wings and make

their flight virtually silent This allows owls to 'creep' up

on (24) their prey

,

Practice Test fJ

some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line There is an example

at the beginning (0)

,,

lived and hunted in groups, (33) unlike other cats that are

lions do today

~ -~ -~- -~- - -

~~-CORRECT GRASS ENVIRONMENT SIMILAR

POWER FRIGHTEN LONG ABLE STRONG LIKE PEACE

the first sentence , using the word given Do not change the word given You must use

Example:

BELIEVED

She to take over the company

35 The children can't wait for the summer holidays to begin

LOOKING The children are looking forward to the summer holidays

36 Is it OK if I park my car here?

OBJECTION

Is there any objection to me/my parking my car here?

37 Since no one was interested, the meeting was cancelled

INTEREST Due to lack of interest, the meeting was cancelled

38 Why did the clients insist that we sign a new contract?

MADE Why were we made to sign a new contract by the clients?

39 I haven't been to the theatre for ages

TIME The last time I went to the theatre was ages ago

VIEW

41 He is too cowardly to start an extreme sport

BRAVE

He is not brave enough to take up an extreme sport

42 It's a good idea to avoid foods with too much fat, if possible

AVOIDED Foods that are rich in fat should be avoided, if possible

Conditionals I Wishes I Unreal Past

Conditionals

If-clause (hypothesis) l Main clause (result clause) [ Use

···1~-~~·· ··· ···r···it -·~ ~~~-~;~~ -~~ f~;~·-···i···F~~~;~;i~~ -~~~;~~···r···~-~~-~ ~~-·i;k~i~-~~··· real present j (Present S., Present Cont j can/may/might/must/should j happen in the

j or Present Perteet) j + bare inf/Present Simple j present or future , .: ;

j If you play with matches, you will burn yourself

j If you have taken the books , you can start working on your essay

j If you see him , tell him to come immediately

··· · ··· · ···· · ··· · ·('· · ··· · ··· · ···· · ··· · ···· · ··· · ··· · ··· · ···· · ··· · ···· · ··· · ···· · ··· · ··· · ··· · ··· · ··· · ···· · ··· · ··· · ··· · ···· · ··· · · Type 2 1 If + Past Simple ! would/could/might + bare ! untrue in the present; also unreal present [ or Past Continuous [ infinitive [ used to give advice

···:r;·~-~··3···r···i1 ··~··p~~t-r~-rt~~1·~~···:···~~-~ici/~~~-ici·i~i~ht··~··h~~~····:··· ~~9·~~~ ~it~~!i~~ ~·~·~1;~~-···· unreal past l Past Perteet Continuous i + past participle j to facts in the past; also used

r···;, · ;;~ ·· h~d · -;~;1~ - ~~d - hi~ ·· ;;~;~~,; ;· ~d~i~~ ~ h~ ~~~ - ;d~ · ; i · h~ - ~; · ;~;i ·- ~1 ; · t; 1 ~ ·· ;;; · ~~~;; : ·· ··· · ···· · ···

• When the if-clause precedes the main clause, we separate the two clauses with a comma If you are ill, you must

stay in bed BUT You must stay in bed if you are ill (no comma)

• Conditionals are usually introduced by If Other expressions are: unless, (=if not), providing, provided (that),

as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for + -ing form/noun, otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, only if Unless she stops eating like that , she ' ll have heart problems Get up now or else you ' ll be late for school Note that when only If begins a sentence, the subject and the verb of the main clause are inverted

Only if you have a ticket will you be allowed in

• In conditionals type 2 in formal English we normally use were instead of was after if for all persons If he

were/was rich , he would travel round the world

• We do not normally use will, would or should in if-clauses If you buy this , you may regret it (NOT: ifye1:1 vii/I l3t:JY )

However, will, would or should can be used in if-clauses to make a request or express annoyance, doubt/uncertainty or insistence If she should call, put her through to me (doubt/uncertainty -I doubt that she will call ) If you will / would be quiet , we'll watch the video (request - Will you please be more quiet?)

Put the verbs i n brackets into the correct tense , then identify the types of conditionals

1 If you don't do (not/do) your homework, you won't be allowed to go out (Type 1)

2 If he took out (take out) a loan, he'd be able to buy a car (Type 2)

3 Keep the noise down or else someone will hear (hear) us (Type 1)

4 The state of the economy will improve (improve) provided that there is a change of government (Type 1)

5 I won't go on holiday unless you come (come) with me (Type 1)

6 If you talked (talk) less, you would be able to concentrate on your work (Type 2)

7 If she had read (read) the newspaper, she would have known about the earthquake (Type 3)

8 If the food hadn't been (not/be) so good, we wouldn't have eaten so much (Type 3)

9 If you stopped (stop) complaining, we would be able to get some work done (Type 2)

10 Even if I had phoned (phone) them, it would have been too late to change their minds (Type 3)

11 Unless you turn down (turn down) the music, I won't be able to concentrate on what I'm doing (Type 1)

12 Unemployment will decrease provided the government takes (take) appropriate measures (Type 1)

13 If you continue to threaten me, will have to (have to) se k legal advice (Type 1)

ing behaviour (Type 2)

15 I wouldn't have been able to pass the exam if you hadn't helped (not / help) me (Type 3

16 What would he say (he / say) if you told him the truth? (Type 2)

17 If you watch this film, you will get (get) an idea of how difficult life is for these tribes (Type 1

18 If you had returned (return) the product within the time limit, we would have given you a full refund (Type 3

19 If she had realised how late it was, she wouldn't have rung (not/ring) us (Type 3)

20 We would have some fresh air if you opened (open) the window (Type 2

Chris Isles often thinks how different his life 1) wo u ld become (become) if he 2) were (be) more adventurous He's a rather cautious man who 3) will take (take) risks only provided that they 4) do not unsettle (not / unsettle)

his cosy, well-organised life Yet he sometimes feels that if he 5) made (make) braver decisions, his life 6) might change (change) for the better, although deep down he knows that there's not much likelihood of this happening For example, three years ago they offered him a job in Africa If he 7) had accepted (accept) the o er,

he 8) would have had (have) to live in Africa for two years and he 9) would have enjoyed (enjoy) an enormous

increase in his salary as well But Chris is not the type of person who will give up the security of his home unless

he 10) feels (feel) even more secure about his new circumstances Only if that job offered to him 11) had been

(be) close to home, 12) would he have taken (he / take) it His friends try to convince him that he 13) would

discover/will discover (discover) the fun in life if he 14) decided/decides (decide) to be a little more daring Ye

Chris says that as long as he 15) remains (remain) happy with the way things are he 16) will not make/will not be making (not/make) any dramatic changes to the way he lives

1 You have to go to Athens to see the Acropolis

If you go to Athens, you can see the Acropolis

2 You need to pass your driving test before you can drive

Unless you pass your driving test, you can't drive

3 You must study harder to pass your exams

If you don't study harder, you won't pass your exams/If you study harder,

you will pass your exams

4 As long as the rain continues, we can't play football

Unless the rain stops/it stops raining, we can't play football

5 Tom had to ask for a pay rise or he wouldn't have got one

Unless Tom had asked for a pay rise, he wouldn't have got one

6 You need all the right spices to make an authentic Indian meal

If you have all the right spices, you can make an authentic Indian meal

7 Going there by bus will be cheaper than going by train

If you go there by bus, it will be cheaper than going by train

8 Entering this competition could win you a mountain bike

If you enter this competition, you could win a mountain bike

9 We will have to leave without him if he doesn't arrive in the next 10 minutes

Unless he arrives in the next ten minutes, we will have to leave without him

10 We will be able to go swimming if the weather improves

Unless the weather improves, we won't be able to go swimming

1 As long as it rains, I'll stay at home

If it rains, I'll stay at home Only if it rains will I stay at home I won't stay at home unless it rains

2 I'll save money, then I'll go to France on holiday I'll go to France on holiday only if I save enough money If I save enough money, I'll go to France on holiday Only if I save enough money will I go to France on holiday won't go to France on holiday unless I can save enough money As long as I can save enough money, I'll go to France on holiday

I must save enough money, otherwise I won't be able to go to France on holiday

145

Conditionals I Wishes I Unreal Past

3 Wait five minutes and I'll give you a lift If you can wait five minutes, I'll give you a lift I'll give you a lift if you can wait five minutes Provided you can wait five minutes, I'll give you a lift Only if you can wait five minutes will I be able

to give you a lift As long as you can wait five minutes, I'll give you a lift I won't give you a lift unless you can wait five minutes You must wait 5 minutes, otherwise I can't give you a lift

4 I'll cook and you can do the washing-up afterwards If you do the washing-up afterwards, I'll cook I'll cook if you

do the washing-up afterwards Provided you do the washing-up afterwards, I'll cook Only if you do the washing-up afterwards will I cook As long as you do the washing-up afterwards, I'll cook I won't cook unless you do the washing-

up afterwards You must do the washing-up afterwards, otherwise I won't cook

Omiss i on of " if "

If can be omitted in if-clauses In this case should (conditionals type 1), were (conditionals type 2), and had (conditionals type 3), come before the subject

If he sho uld win the race , he will receive £1 , 000 • Should he win the race , he will receive £1 ,000

If I were him , wouldn ' t eat meat • Were I him , wouldn ' t eat meat

If I had seen her , would have spoken to her • Had I seen her , would have spoken to her

Rewrite the following sentences omitting if

1 If I were you, I wouldn't apply for the post of firefighter

Were I you, I wouldn't apply for the post of firefighter

2 If you should go to the post office, could you buy me some stamps?

Should you go to the post office, could you buy me some stamps?

3 If anyone should ring, will you take a message?

Should anyone ring, will you take a message?

4 If you had turned off the oven sooner, the pizza wouldn't have burnt

Had you turned off the oven sooner, the pizza wouldn't have burnt

5 If I were younger, I'd accept his offer

Were I younger, I'd accept his offer

Mixed Conditionals All types of conditionals can be mixed Any tense combination is possible if the context permits it

i:::::::::::::::::::::::::1::::~~ ~ : ~~~~~~ : ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~.~~.~ : ~ i ~.~~ · ~·:.-.·: : J.""""""""'·"""""""""'.]

: j (She was sleeping all day so she feels better now.) : :

l·· +yi>e ·· 2 ···1··· ;, ·;··~e~~··;i~h:··· i·;;~·~1d·h~~e·"b~~9hi·~··;~~·~~·~:··· ···-:··· :rvj>"e i 1

• ; ,

: ··· ··· ~ ··· ···~·· ··· ··· · ··· : :

• Rewrite the following as mixed conditionals

1 He's not a good worker, so he wasn't promoted

If he were a go o d wo r ker , he would have been p r o m oted

2 They walked 40 kilometres, so they're exhausted now

If they hadn't walked 40 kilometres, they wouldn't be exhausted now

3 You didn't make an appointment, so we can't see you tomorrow

If you had made an appointment, we would see you tomorrow

4 She didn't take the medication and now she's ill again

If she had taken the medication, she wouldn't be ill now

5 The flight left on time, so they will be in Moscow by now

If the flight left on time, they will be in Moscow by now

6 They were working in the rain all day, so they're soaking wet now

If they hadn't been working in the rain all day, they wouldn't be soaking wet now

7 Jake was cleaning all morning so his room must be very tidy now

If Jake was cleaning all morning, his room will be tidy now

8 He's so gullible that he believed everything you said

If he weren't so gullible, he wouldn't have believed everything you said

9 She was talking all day, so her throat is sore now

If she hadn't been talking all day, her throat wouldn't be sore now

10 He doesn't listen to anyone's advice, so he didn't do what you suggested

If he listened to anyone's advice, he would have done what you suggested

Co mplete the following sentences with an appropriate conditional clause

1 If you want an exotic holiday, you 5hould go to Singapore

2 Unless you give him enough notice, he won't ave it ready in time

3 If you hadn't overfed the cat, it wouldn't have been sick

4 Had I known she was in trouble, I would have tried to help her

5 Only if he apologises will I speak to him again

6 The argument wouldn't have started if you hadn't been rude to him

7 If I had more time, I would take up a hobby

8 You wouldn't have had so much trouble if you had been more

careful

9 Should I meet her again, I'll try and get to know her better

10 Had I known how late I was going to be, I would have rung you

11 Only if we start recycling will we solve the problem of waste

12 If you had tried harder, you would have done better

13 Had he given me clearer instructions, I wouldn't have made so many

mistakes

14 If we leave at six o'clock, we should get there by ten

15 Should she ring while I'm out, tell her to ring back later

Co mplete the sentences using the words in bold Use two to five words

1 You'd better cut down on sugar

2 Tom got lost because we didn't give him clear directions

have Tom wouldn't have got lost if we had given him clear directions

3 If you don't tell him what he is doing wrong, he'll never improve

unless He'll never improve unless you tell him what he is doing wrong

4 She doesn't have many friends because she is shy

147

Conditionals I Wishes I Unreal Past

5 We'll only sign the contract if he changes that clause

will Only if he changes that clause will we sign the contract

6 He's afraid of heights, so he won't come climbing

were If he were not afraid of heights, he would come climbing

7 Lucy can prepare the report, but she'll have to be given instructions

only Lucy can prepare the report only if she is given instructions

8 As long as you give it back by Friday, you can borrow my book ·

provided You can borrow my book provided you give it back by Friday

9 If you don't lend us some money, we won't be able to go to the theatre

unless We won't be able to go to the theatre unless you lend us some money

10 She missed the meeting because her car broke down

broken She wouldn't have missed the meeting if her car had not broken down

11 I need to get this to her, but I haven't got her fax number

had If I had her fax number, I could get this to her

12 He forgot about the invitation so he didn't go to the dinner

13 I think Bill should look for a better job

were If I were Bill, I would look for a better job

14 We didn't take a map so we got lost

taken If we had taken a map, we wouldn't have got lost

15 Mark didn't tell her it was a secret so she told Pam

have If Mark had told her it was a secret, she wouldn't have told Pam

Wishes

···~· · ··· · ···· ··· · ··· · ···~ · ··· · ··· · ·· · ··

(wish/regret about the present) l l situation we want to be different r::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::x ~~~~ : ~~ :: ~~!~ :: ?.~ : ~?.~~i.~i .::: ~ ! ~ : ~ :: ~ :: ~~o/ : ~~ :: ~~~ : ~ ' ~x ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::i

I wish (if only) ~ + could + bare infinitive ! wish/regret in the present

(wish/regret about the present) ~ ! concerning lack of ability

:···: : :

; · ~;~~ (;~ ~ · ~ · ;~)' T ~ ~~~~ · ~~~~~~ l ~~~ · ~~~ · ~~~~ · ~~~~~~ · ~~ · ~~ · ~~~ · ~ ~~ ~ · ~

[ ;~i~:i~i~:~f~r i~ ~ ~;[ !~~~~~~1; ~ iE ~~ ~ ~~ici,~ ' l:ji:~;~;t~~~1~s~to J

j I wish I would, He wishes he would ete ! polite request implying

l b) wish + Inanimate subject + would l dissatisfaction or lack of

l is used to express the speaker's ! hope

~ disappointment or lack of hope ~

t i ~ 1; ;; ;; · ~ ~~~'d ~ i~;; · 1;;i~9 : (aur " i " ci ~ ~ ; 1 · th i ~ k h · ~ ~1i · 1 ~ · ~i ~ h · 1~ · ~ · ~ · fu1~ · ~~ · ~ h · ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ · 1i · k~iv i ~ · h~ p · p~~) j

L ~!.~~ r.9.~ ~~~~~~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~~~.!!.~~' ? ~ ~~~ '.~9.9.~ : ( ~~~ ~~ ~! ~ ~~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~?.~E : : ~ ~g~ ~ ~~ i ~piy~ ~~ ! ~~ ~ ? ~ ~ P ~ ~ j

• After I wish we can use were instead of was in all persons I w is h he were / was more he l pfu l

P u t t he verbs in brackets into the correct tense

I've had a long career If I 1) hadn't been chosen (not/be/chosen) to play the

lead in my school play, I 2) wouldn't have become (not/become) what I am today I

was only nine and I'm sure I 3) would have felt (feel) nervous if I 4) hadn't ad

(not/have) my parents' support They encouraged me to take dancing classes

after that If only I 5) hadn't refused (not/refuse)! I love dance now and if I

6) were/was (be) younger, I 7) would study (study) ballet Apart from that, I don't

have many regrets about my career I wish I 8) had performed (perform) more in

the theatre, but I suppose if I 9) had (have), I 1 O) wouldn't have had (not/have)

time to do so many film roles

[fil Write sentences, as i n the examp l e

I wish I had watched the news If I had watched the news, I would have known there was a train strike

2 You work long hours and you can't spend much time with your family

I wish I didn't work long hours If I didn't work long hours, I could spend more time with my family

3 You wanted to travel abroad but you forgot to renew your passport

I wish I had renewed my passport If I had renewed my passport, could have travelled abroad

4 You can't drive a car so you can't get around easily

I wish I could drive a car If I could drive a car, I could get around easily

I wish I hadn't broken my racquet If I hadn't broken my racquet, I could have played tennis

6 You want to go swimming but you have lost your swimming costume

I wish I hadn't lost my swimming costume If I hadn't lost my swimming costume, I could go swimming

7 You want to climb the mountain but you are afraid of heights

I wish I weren't/wasn't afraid of heights If I weren't/wasn't afraid of heights, I could climb the mountain

I wish I had set my video correctly If I had set my video correctly, I would have recorded the film

9 You want to go out tonight but you haven't got enough money

10 You want to cook an Italian meal but you have no pasta left

I wish I had some pasta If I had some pasta I would cook an Italian meal

Rew rit e the text using wishes or if-clauses, as in the example

8 0 8

Dear Mary,

(See Suggested Answer section)

I just had to write and let you know what a terrible day I've had today As my neighbour 1s ill I offered to take her dog, Rex, for a walk My neighbour did warn me that Rex is very energetic but I didn't liste He dragged me

all around the park What a disaster! He was so excited that he knocked another neighbo r off h r bicycle

Unfortunately, she hurt her leg and she was very angry with me I shouldn't have ta en the dog for a walk To make matters worse, I had forgotten to lock the front door as we'd left the h use in a rush My h use was

burgled Why was I so stupid? l hadn't even re ewed our house insura ce My husband keeps going on about it

With love,

Lisa

I wish I hadn't had such a terrible day today

Conditionals I Wishes I Unreal Past

Complete the sentences using the words in bold Use two to five words

1 It's a pity I can't go to the cinema today, but I have to babysit

could I wish /could go to the cinema today, but I have to babysit

2 It's a shame we didn't go out for dinner

3 I don't have many friends here

had I wish I had more friends here

4 It's a pity I can't go out tonight, but I have to work late

5 It's a shame we didn't go to Italy for our summer holidays

6 If it weren't raining, we could go for a walk

7 It's a pity that I wasn't given the position

8 I've been offered a job in Spain, but I can't speak Spanish

9 If it weren't snowing, we could go for a drive

10 It's a shame we missed the beginning of the film

m C omp l ete the following sentences

1 If Bob hadn't broken his leg, he c ould have come with us

2 If only he hadn't lied to Sally, she wouldn't be so upset

3 If John is in trouble, we should help him

4 If only she had more patience, she would have a better relationship with her children

5 If she had won the competition, she would have gone to Hawaii

6 If Ann had set the alarm, she wouldn't have been late for work

7 If I hadn't left the oven on too long, wouldn't have burnt the dinner

8 If only I had written down her phone number, I could phone her now

9 If she hadn't been sitting in the sun all afternoon, she wouldn't have got sunburnt

10 If Tom hadn't forgotten to lock the door, he wouldn't have had his money stolen

Unreal Past

The Simple Past can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the present and the

Past Perfect can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the past This is called Unreal Past Unreal Past is used as follows:

Past Slmple

If I were you , would leave now

• wish (present)

I w ish she worked more efficiently

• I d rather / sooner sb (present)

I'd rather you left the files here, please

Suppose you found money in the street, what

would you do with it?

• as if / as though (untrue situation in the present)

He acts as if he were a genius

• it's (about / high) time

It 's about time you learnt to drive

Past Perfect Conditionals Type 3 (unreal in the past)

If I had known before , wouldn't have come

• wish (past)

If only he hadn't lied to me

• I'd rather / sooner sb (past)

I'd rather you had not spol<en like that yesterday

have remembered?

• as if / as though (untrue situation in the past)

before

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense

1 Suppose they had not turn ed up (not/turn up) to meet you, what would you have done?

2 If only I hadn't eaten (not/eat) so much last night

3 If she had told (tell) me it was a secret, I wouldn't have told anyone

4 Suppose you had missed (miss) the train, how would you have got home?

5 Suppose the teacher caught (catch) you cheating, what would you do?

6 I'd rather W€ left (leave) now

7 If only I hadn't stayed (not/stay) out so late last night

8 It's high time you took (take) some responsibility for your actions

9 Supposing you had tailed (fail) your exams, what would you have done?

10 It's time you lit (light) the fire - it's getting very cold

11 · She spends money as if she had (have) loads of it, but I know she's in debt

12 If we had installed (install) a burglar alarm, this wouldn't have happened

13 I'd rather we went (go) home now

14 I wish she studied/would study (study) harder instead of watching TV all the time

15 I'd rather she hadn't worn (not/wear) my dress last night She's ruined it

had better = should

• I had better + present bare inf (present/future reference)

H e had better not wait any longer (= He should not wait any longer.)

• It would have been better if + Past Perfect (past reference)

I t wo u l d h ve been better if he had phoned usto tell us not to wait ( = He should have phoned us to tell us not to wait.)

would rather = I'd prefer

• when the subject of would rather is also the subject of the following verb

I'd rather + { Present bare infinitive (present/future reference) I'd rathe r s t ay in ton i g ht

Perfect bare infinitive (past reference) I'd rather not have taken the bus , but I had no choice

• when the subject of would rather is different from the subject of the following verb

I'd rather sb + { Past Simple (present/future reference) I'd rather you didn ' t shout so much

· Past Perfect (past reference) I'd rather you had come w i th m e yesterday

• prefer + gerund/noun + to + gerund/noun (general) I r efe r watching TV to r eading books

• prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (general preference)

I prefer to eat what I w ant rather than count c a lories

• would prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare Infinitive (specific preference)

I ' d prefer to play fo o tball rather than watch it

• would rather + bare Infinitive + than + bare infinitive I ' d rather sk i than skate

1 You want to play tennis not squash / w ou l d r a t he r play t e nn is than play squash

2 You don't want her to invite him to the party I would rather she didn't/She had better not invite him to the party

3 You want to be left alone to read and don't want to go to the cinema I would rather be left alone to read than

go to the cinema

4 It would be more sensible for you to go and rest for an hour You had better go and rest tor an hour

5 I woul prefer to spend more time in Spain and not go home I would rather spend more time in Spain than go home

6 We stiould have waited for him at home It would have been better it we had waited tor him at home

7 Mary always wears horrible orange lipstick You wish she wouldn't I would rather Mary didn't wear that horrible

orange lipstick

8 Your friend turns up late and you are angry with him I'd rather you didn't always turn up late

Conditionals I Wishes I Unreal Past

Put the ve r bs i n brackets into the correct form

1 I'd rather go (go) fishing this afternoon

2 I'd rather you didn't wear (not/wear) my red dress to the dance tonight

3 I'd rather you had said (say) that you didn't want to come!

4 I'd rather h ve gone (go) by plane but I couldn't afford the air fare

5 I'd rather you didn't use (not/use) such bad language! It upsets people

6 We prefer watching (watch) films to watching (watch) political programmes

7 I'd rather you didn't tell (not / tell) them the news yet

8 I prefer to co k (cook) dinner rather than eat (eat) in that restaurant

9 We'd prefer to call (call) our child David, rather than call (call) him Stephen

11 He had better not tell (not / tell) her or I'll be furious!

in England

Fill i n the gaps with the appropriate auxiliary verb

1 She had her hair permed and now she wishes she hadn't

2 Her husband spends a lot of money and she wishes he didn't/wouldn't

3 I suspect they'll be late again but I wish they wouldn't

5 He invited 20 people for dinner and now he wishes he hadn't

6 She doesn't know how to use a computer but she wishes she did

7 They never ring before coming round but I wish they would/did

8 You're always interfering in my affairs and I wish you wouldn't/didn't

9 We didn't invite the Smiths but I wish we h d

10 You told them I could do the job but I wish you hadn't

P ut the verbs in brackets into the correct form

Dear Sarah,

I'm h ving an absolutely fabulous time here in Geneva I wish you

better if you were here I wish I 3) h d tried (try) harder to p rsuade you

to come with me If only you 4) would change (change) your mind!

I'm sure you could get time off work if you 5) asked (ask) If you can't

come to Ge eva, 6 ) will you consider (you/consid r) meeting in Rome

at the beginning of next month? Of course if you 7) h d come (come)

with me in the first place we 8) would be having (have) a great time

right now Anyway, if you 9) give (give) me a ring, I 10) will tell (tell)

you exactly what my plans are and then you can decide what you

want to do

Love,

Julia

0 C omplete the senten c es using the words in bold Use two to five words

1 Jo was about to get on the train when she realised it was the wrong one

if Jo would have got on the train if she hadn't realised it was the wrong one

2 He didn't go to the party because he didn't know where it was

known If he had known where the party was, he would have gone

3 I think you should have your hair cut

were If I were you, I would have my hair cut

4 You'd think she was a film star

though She behaves as though she were/was a film star

5 It would have been better if you had arrived on time

only If only you had arrived on time

6 He shouldn't have used my mug

used I'd rather he hadn't used my mug

7 We should leave now if we want to get the bus

time It's time we left if we want to get the bus

8 It would have been better if you hadn't told her that

only If only you hadn't told her that

9 It's a pity you missed the performance

had I wish you hadn't missed/had seen the performance

10 If John doesn't turn up, we won't be able to finish the project

should We won't be able to finish the project should John not turn up

11 She didn't buy a ticket for the theatre, so she is not coming with us tonight

if She would come with us tonight if she had bought a ticket for the theatre

12 I am afraid John won't accept our offer

would I wish John would accept our offer

13 You should have told me the truth

would It would have been better if you had told me the truth

14 As long as you have a ticket, you'll be allowed on the train

not Unless you have a ticket you will not be allowed on the train

15 You had better take an umbrella with you

were If I were you, I would take an umbrella

· t •>ti•· 141z4t.1 u It§; 1Ir • 11- - - - - -·

Look at the pictures , then m a e sentences using conditionals or wishes to say what each

person is thinking

S 1 I wish I didn't have so mu ch hom e wo rk etc

Folder rEJ

au Look at Appendix 2 , then fill in the correct particle(s)

1 Let's make fo r that island and wait for the 8 "I'll pay you back for that!" shouted Johnny to a

2 Can't you use a different pencil? I can hardly 9 I'll have to pay off my Visa bill or I'll be charged a

6 She passes out every time she sees blood 13 Pull yourself together and stop crying

em Look at Appendix 3 , then fill In the correct preposltion(s)

1 She has a talent for music so we try to 15 I feel obliged to be nice to Jack because he's given

shirts with green and orange striped jeans you

9 You should not worry about your exam results 23 You shouldn't let yourself get upset about such

change them 24 Her role in the film is definitely worthy of an Oscar

10 I'm very suspicious of that man in the corner - I'm 25 If you subscribe to this magazine now, you get a

sure he's been following me! 30% discount

suggest that I committed the crime 27 As Tom saw Julia at the airport, she promised to

the time

fll Complete the sentences using the words I n bold Use two to five words

1 She said she was sorry she had lost her temper

losing She apolog/e;ed for losing her temper

2 You were wrong to keep these facts from me

have You should not have kept these facts from me

4 People say he is very moody

said He is said to be very moody

5 You'd better hurry up!

were If I were you, would hurry up

6 I find his tone of voice really irritating

gets His tone of voice really gets on my nerves

7 He couldn't contact us because our phone line was cut off

prevented He was prevented from contacting us because our phone line was cut off

8 I changed my plans because you asked me to

would If you hadn't asked me to, I wouldn't have changed my plans

9 I am not in the mood for going out tonight

feel I don't feel like going out tonight

10 People believe she is planning to go freelance

believed She is believed to be planning to go freelance

11 We lost our way to the centre because we didn't follow the map

have We wouldn't have lost our way to the centre if we had followed the map

12 You have to be lucky to find a well-paid job these days

if Only if you are lucky can you find a well-paid job these days

13 I don't want to interfere in their business

rather I would rather not interfere in their business

appropriate idiom from the list

1 The business entrepreneur assured us that the deal was above board

2 It's no good trying to persuade her to change her mind She's too pig-headed

3 Alan was extremely cheesed off when Barbara cancelled their date

4 She must be quite well-off She's just bought an expensive new car

5 You're full of beans this morning You must really be looking forward to the school trip

6 Her husband is an unpleasant, big-headed man who always thinks he knows best

7 At the end of the marking weekend all of the examiners were dead beat

to prepare the exhibition, which includes more than 300 items, many of which are on (5) from international museums as far (6) as Australia It has generally been thought that European (7) in Egypt started with Napoleon Bonaparte's military campaign which lasted from 1798 to

180 I, but the exhibition shows that this is not the (8) There are examples of Egyptian influence (9) back to the early 17th century Queen Marie Antoinette, well known for her (10) of strange and exotic things, (11) an important role in starting the (12) for Egyptian art in France Her bedroom ceiling in Versailles is painted with

Egyptian images, and there are chairs and tables decorated with small statues of young Pharaohs

impressed

used loan

along attraction state

like took

fashion

Use only one word in each gap There is an example at the beginning (0)

Example: ~ I A I S I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

The ancient Egyptians used a form of wntmg known (O) 'Hieroglyphics' for over three thousand years But with time, hieroglyphics became replaced (13) by another form of writing and

, eventually no one (14) could read it any more This meant that the things the Egyptians had written

( 15 ) on the sides of their pyramids and tombs,

(16) were a mystery

Then, in 1799, the ' Ro setta Stone' was found in Lower Egypt on (17) which Egyptian scribes had writte~ the same piece of information three times: once in

hieroglyphics, once in (18) another ancient Egyptian script and o ce in Greek The discovery of the Rosetta Stone enabled linguists to ( 19 ) work/figure out how to

read Egyptian hieroglyphics By reading the text

written in Greek, they were able to understand

(20) what the other texts stood for

The key person in the breakthrough was Jean Francois Champollion He could speak over ( 2 1) a dozen languages by the time he was a teenager Before the

Rosetta Stone was discovered, many people were trying

to understand hieroglyphics but no o e was having

( 22 ) any luck Finally, Champollion realised that Egyptian hieroglyphics represented sounds of the Egyptian language (23) Due/Thanks to this realisation,

the mystery of (24) this ancient script was solved

Practice Test EJ

For questions 25-34 , read the text below Use the word given in capitals at the end of

s ome of the lines to f orm a word tha t f i ts in the gap in the same line There is an example

at t he beginning (0)

Egypt is the most (0) populated country in the

Middle East with (25) approximately 80 million people Located in North

Africa, Egypt is an extremely dry land as the (26) majority (96%) of it is

desert The (27) remaining 4%, consists of the famous river Nile and its

rich fertile banks The Nile runs the entire (28) length of the country

Almost the entire Egyptian (29) population lives along its banks

(31) civilisations and richest cultures the world has ever seen Ancient

The Sphinx at Giza

Egypt is a (33) fascinating country which remains just as vibrant

and (34) culturally rich today as it was in the past

HEAVY APPROXIMATE MAJOR

REMAIN LONG POPULATE REMARK CIVILISE ARCHAEOLOGY FASCINATE CULTURE

the first sentence, using the word given Do not change the word given You must use between two and five words, including the word given There is an example at the beginning (0)

Example:

O Brad and Angie are the same age

OLD

Angie , Brad

Write the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS in the answer boxes provided

35 He will probably be late for the interview

UNLIKELY

He is unlikely to be on time for the interview

36 The detective asked the witness to describe the suspect in detail

FULL

The detective asked the witness to give a full description of the suspect

37 It's a two-hour drive to the seaside

TAKES

It takes two hours to drive to the seaside

38 You won't get promoted if you don't work hard

BY

Only by working hard will you get promoted

39 I was completely unaware of Sue's decision to leave school

IDEA

I had no idea that Sue had decided to leave school

40 Shall I help you with the washing-up?

LIKE

Would you like me to help you with the washing-up?

41 They're advertising a new detergent at the moment

BEING

A new detergent is being advertised at the moment

42 I'd prefer you to see to it personally

~ RATHER

I would rather you saw to it personally

~ Choose the correct item

2 Stop sweets or you'll get fat

7 Unless you how to swim, you have to

wear a life jacket

D will know

8 I don't know when she to you about it

9 helpful people they are!

11 He his house broken into last week

14 She wishes she to see that play las night

15 I prefer watching television reading books

16 If he were better off, he a house of his own

B bought D will buy

17 I don't know how to people's fortunes

18 If she behaved better, people her a lot more

@ would like C will like

home

21 He goes on even though it annoys everyone

@ whistling C whistle

B have whistled D to whistle

22 She her father to collect her from school

24 The new theatre next month

A has been opened © will be opened

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb in brackets

I wish I 1) had (have) more money Life 2) would be (be) much easier if I 3) had (have) some savings in the bank

If only I 4) had saved (save) my money when I was young At the time, though, I lived only for the moment I wish

I 5) had known (know) then what I know now If I 6) had been (be) careful, then I 7) would have made (make) my

life much easier If only I 8) could turn (turn) back the clock

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb in brackets

Jennifer wishes she 1) were/was (be) a vet "If I 2) had studied (study) biology at school, maybe things 3) would have turned out (turn out) differently," she says However if she 4) were/was (be) honest with herself she 5) would admit (admit) that being a vet was never a possibility Lots of people wish they 6) did/could do (do) something

for which they are not qualified If Jennifer 7) were/was (be) more realistic, she 8) would tell (tell) you that in reality she's allergic to animals

1 Never behave badly in class if you don't want to be sent out

2 He regrets ever having met her

3 I didn't buy a new car because I didn't have enough money

5 "You never listen when I talk to you," said Pat

6 My father pays someone to wash his car every week

7 She was miserable because it had been raining all weekend

due She was miserable due to the fact (that) it had been raining all weekend

8 He asked the landlord to change the lock

had He had the lock changed by the landlord

9 Somebody took my car keys while I was in the shop

had I had my car keys taken while I was in the shop

10 "Yes, I left the door unlocked," said Daisy

11 She worked hard because she wanted to be promoted

12 "Would you like me to help you with your homework?" said my mother

13 She was friendly, but Peter didn't like her

14 Mike insisted that I do the washing-up

me Mike made me do the washing-up

15 He said he was sorry he had forgotten my birthday

for He apologised for forgetting my birthday

16 She wouldn't walk home alone because she was afraid of being mugged

17 "Don't touch the wires because you might get electrocuted," he said to us

not He warned/told us not to touch the wires because we might get electrocuted