Handbook of Police Administration pdf

Miller Administration, edited by Jack Rabin and James S.. State and Local Government Administration, edited by Jack Rabin and Don Dodd 29.. Handbook of Public Budgeting, edited by Jack R

Handbook of

Police Administration

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY

A Comprehensive Publication Program

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

EVAN M BERMAN

Huey McElveen Distinguished Professor Louisiana State University Public Administration Institute Baton Rouge, Louisiana

2 Comparative National Policies on Health Care, Milton I Roemer, M.D.

3 Exclusionary Injustice: The Problem of Illegally Obtained Evidence,

Steven R Schlesinger

5 Organization Development in Public Administration, edited by

Robert T Golembiewski and William B Eddy

9 The States and the Metropolis, Patricia S Florestano

and Vincent L Marando

Selecting the Approach, William A Medina

Jack Rabin and Thomas D Lynch

edited by Jack Rabin, Thomas Vocino, W Bartley Hildreth,

and Gerald J Miller

Administration, edited by Jack Rabin and James S Bowman

23 Making and Managing Policy: Formulation, Analysis, Evaluation,

edited by G Ronald Gilbert

25 Decision Making in the Public Sector, edited by Lloyd G Nigro

and Brian S Morgan

and Robert T Golembiewski

28 State and Local Government Administration, edited by Jack Rabin

and Don Dodd

29 Public Administration: A Bibliographic Guide to the Literature,

Howard E McCurdy

and Edward M Jackowski

edited by Donald C Rowat

33 The Politics of Terrorism: Third Edition, edited by Michael Stohl

and Marcia B Steinhauer

36 Ethics for Bureaucrats: An Essay on Law and Values, Second Edition,

Michael L Vasu, Debra W Stewart, and G David Garson

46 Handbook of Public Budgeting, edited by Jack Rabin

Steven W Hays and Cole Blease Graham, Jr.

edited by Thomas D Lynch and Lawrence L Martin

53 Encyclopedia of Policy Studies: Second Edition, edited by

Stuart S Nagel

David H Rosenbloom and Richard D Schwartz

56 Handbook of Public Sector Labor Relations, edited by Jack Rabin,

Thomas Vocino, W Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J Miller

58 Handbook of Public Personnel Administration, edited by Jack Rabin,

Thomas Vocino, W Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J Miller

and Rosemary O’Leary

John J Gargan

James L Garnett and Alexander Kouzmin

64 Public Budgeting and Finance: Fourth Edition, edited by

Robert T Golembiewski and Jack Rabin

and Mark T Green

68 Organizational Behavior and Public Management: Third Edition,

Michael L Vasu, Debra W Stewart, and G David Garson

Kilpatrick and James A Johnson

71 Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration, edited by

Gerald J Miller and Marcia L Whicker

72 Handbook on Taxation, edited by W Bartley Hildreth

and James A Richardson

73 Handbook of Comparative Public Administration in the Asia-Pacific

Basin, edited by Hoi-kwok Wong and Hon S Chan

74 Handbook of Global Environmental Policy and Administration, edited by

Dennis L Soden and Brent S Steel

75 Handbook of State Government Administration, edited by

John J Gargan

76 Handbook of Global Legal Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel

78 Handbook of Global Economic Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel

79 Handbook of Strategic Management: Second Edition, edited by

Jack Rabin, Gerald J Miller, and W Bartley Hildreth

80 Handbook of Global International Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel

81 Handbook of Organizational Consultation: Second Edition, edited by

Robert T Golembiewski

82 Handbook of Global Political Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel

83 Handbook of Global Technology Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel

84 Handbook of Criminal Justice Administration, edited by

M A DuPont-Morales, Michael K Hooper, and Judy H Schmidt

85 Labor Relations in the Public Sector: Third Edition, edited by

88 Handbook of Global Social Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel

and Amy Robb

89 Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective, Sixth Edition,

Ferrel Heady

and Peter M Leitner

91 Handbook of Public Management Practice and Reform, edited by

Kuotsai Tom Liou

Ali Farazmand

Second Edition, edited by Ali Farazmand

Alan Walter Steiss and Emeka O Cyprian Nwagwu

96 Handbook of International Health Care Systems, edited by Khi V Thai,

Edward T Wimberley, and Sharon M McManus

97 Handbook of Monetary Policy, edited by Jack Rabin

and Glenn L Stevens

98 Handbook of Fiscal Policy, edited by Jack Rabin and Glenn L Stevens

99 Public Administration: An Interdisciplinary Critical Analysis, edited by

Eran Vigoda

100 Ironies in Organizational Development: Second Edition, Revised

and Expanded, edited by Robert T Golembiewski

101 Science and Technology of Terrorism and Counterterrorism, edited by

Tushar K Ghosh, Mark A Prelas, Dabir S Viswanath,

and Sudarshan K Loyalka

102 Strategic Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations,

Alan Walter Steiss

Second Edition, edited by Aman Khan and W Bartley Hildreth

and Jerri Killian

and Policy, edited by Wallace Swan

107 Public Productivity Handbook: Second Edition, edited by Marc Holzer

Gedeon M Mudacumura, Desta Mebratu and M Shamsul Haque

109 Bioterrorism in Medical and Healthcare Administration, Laure Paquette

Regional, Cultural, and Political Boundaries, edited by David Levi-Faur

and Eran Vigoda-Gadot

111 Handbook of Public Information Systems, Second Edition, edited by

G David Garson

edited by M Peter van der Hoek

114 Nonproliferation Issues for Weapons of Mass Destruction,

Mark A Prelas and Michael S Peck

Administration, Professions, and Citizenship, Charles Garofalo

and Dean Geuras

Approach, Second Edition, edited by Thomas D Lynch

and Peter L Cruise

Huque and Habib Zafarullah

118 Sustainable Development Policy and Administration, edited by

Gedeon M Mudacumura, Desta Mebratu, and M Shamsul Haque

120 Handbook of Juvenile Justice: Theory and Practice, edited by

Barbara Sims and Pamela Preston

121 Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Threat to Occupational Health

in the U.S and Canada, edited by William Charney

edited by David Greisler and Ronald J Stupak

124 Handbook of Public Administration, Third Edition, edited by Jack Rabin

125 Handbook of Public Policy Analysis, edited by Frank Fischer,

Gerald J Miller, and Mara S Sidney

126 Elements of Effective Governance: Measurement, Accountability

and Participation, edited by Kathe Callahan

127 American Public Service: Radical Reform and the Merit System,

edited by James S Bowman and Jonathan P West

128 Handbook of Transportation Policy and Administration,

edited by Jeremy Plant

129 The Art and Practice of Court Administration,

Alexander B Aikman

130 Handbook of Globalization, Governance, and Public

Administration, Ali Farazmand and Jack Pinkowski

131 Handbook of Globalization and the Environment, edited by

Khi V Thai, Dianne Rahm, and Jerrell D Coggburn

Sixth Edition, Norma M Riccucci and Katherine C Naff

133 Handbook of Police Administration, edited by Jim Ruiz

and Don Hummer

Available Electronically

Principles and Practices of Public Administration, edited by Jack Rabin, Robert F Munzenrider, and Sherrie M Bartell

PublicADMINISTRATIONnetBASE

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Handbook

of Police Administration

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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Ruiz, Jim (James M.) Handbook of police administration / Jim Ruiz, Don Hummer.

p cm ‑‑ (Public administration and public policy ; 133) Includes index.

ISBN 1‑57444‑559‑6 (alk paper)

1 Police administration‑‑United States‑‑Handbooks, manuals, etc

2 Law enforcement‑‑United States‑‑Handbooks, manuals, etc 3 Police administration‑‑Handbooks, manuals, etc I Hummer, Donald C (Donald Charles) II Title III Series.

R Alan Thompson and Lisa S Nored

Section iii the Role of empirical Research,

education and training, and technology in Police

Section iV Special topics in Police

organization, Management, and Administration

“normal” challenges and responsibilities associated with managing a large urban.

police department, Commissioner Johnson defended himself for months against

those.calling.for.his.resignation.as.Philadelphia’s.homicide.rate.ballooned.to.a.level

not seen in more than a decade At the same time, he was the figurehead of the

department at a concerned neighbors’ meeting where the major issues revolved

emerge and subsequently diminish with time, what remains static is the need for.

police leaders who anticipate challenges and implement strategies for addressing

the.problem.at.hand.with.a.rational.approach It.is.hoped.that.the.readings.selected

for.this.book.will.help.foster.the.kind.of.creative.thinking.necessary.to.lead.in.a

dynamic.environment

Jim Ruiz Don Hummer

Anna Corbo Crehan, Ph.D.

School.of.Policing.Studies.and.Centre

for.Applied.Philosophy.and.Public

EthicsCharles.Sturt.UniversityGoulburn,.New.South.WalesAustralia

Doug Dailey

Department.of.CommerceTexas.A&M.UniversityCollege.Station,.Texas

Venessa Garcia, Ph.D.

Kean.UniversityDepartment.of.Criminal.JusticeUnion,.New.Jersey

Randy Garner, Ph.D.

College.of.Criminal.JusticeSam.Houston.State.UniversityHuntsville,.Texas

Albert J Gorman

Department.of.Criminal.JusticeMonmouth.University

West.Long.Branch,.New.Jersey

Craig Hemmens, J.D., Ph.D.

Department.of.Criminal.JusticeBoise.State.University

Boise,.Idaho

Pamela Preston

Pennsylvania.State.UniversitySchuylkill.Haven,.Pennsylvania

Jim Ruiz

Pennsylvania.State.UniversityMiddletown,.Pennsylvania

Barbara Sims, Ph.D.

Pennsylvania.State.UniversityMiddletown,.Pennsylvania

R Alan Thompson

Department.of.Administration.of

JusticeThe.University.of.Southern.MississippiHattiesburg,.Mississippi

Thomas S Whetstone

Cassandra.Consulting.Group,.LLCLouisville,.Kentucky

Deborah G Wilson

Department.of.Justice.AdministrationUniversity.of.Louisville

Louisville,.Kentucky

Barry O Williams, Ph.D.

Pennsylvania.State.UniversityMiddletown,.Pennsylvania

Vicki S Williams, Ph.D.

Pennsylvania.State.UniversityUniversity.Park,.Pennsylvania

Section I

Leadership and Police

Administration

Belief.Perseverance 11Overconfidence.Phenomena 12False.Consensus.Effect 12Base-Rate.Fallacy 12Availability.Heuristic 13Illusory.Correlation 13Group.Influences.That.Bias 14

often finds quite the contrary Remember that an attitude is really a construct, it.

does not physically exist in nature In fact, when you are asked about your

T he F undamenTal a TTribuTion e rror

Although the fundamental attribution error is technically a bias, it is considered

fundamental because we all tend to use it, whether intended or not (Ross 1977)

s elF -h andicapping s TraTegy

Self-handicapping strategy is a process whereby an individual will protect his or

conformity, compliance, obedience, group polarization, and groupthink to name.

a few For the present purposes, let us focus on the topic of groupthink, a term

Holmberg,.D &.Holmes,.J (1994) Reconstruction.of.relationship.memories:.A.mental.mod-els.approach In.N Schwarz.&.S Sudman.(Eds.),.Autobiographical memory and the

validity of retrospective reports..New.York:.Springer-Verlag.

Janis,.I (1971,.November) Groupthink Psychology Today,.pp 43–46.

Janis,.I (1989) Crucial decisions: Leadership in policymaking and crisis management New.

York:.Free.Press.

Katz,.E (1957) The.two-step.flow.of.communication:.An.up-to-date.report.on.a.hypothesis

Public Opinion Quarterly, 21,.61–78.

McFarland,.C &.Ross,.M (1985) The relation between current impressions and memories

of self and dating partners University.of.Waterloo.

Myers,.D (2005) Social psychology.(8th.ed.) New.York:.McGraw.Hill.

Petty, R & Cacioppo, J (1986) Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral

routes to attitude change New.York:.Springer-Verlag.

Incorporation of Community Policing Characteristics in Midsize and Large Police Departments:

as co-producers to solve crime problems, a particular crime prevention program,.

a form of increased social control, and an imprecise notion that is impossible to

A review of the COP literature revealed that, despite the importance of COP

characteristics, no previous study examined police chiefs’ attitudes toward COP

using Cordner’s (1998) model Very few empirical studies examined Cordner’s

Second, the strategic dimension includes the key operational concepts that.

translate philosophy into action, and it is comprised of three elements: (1)

reori-ented.operation,.which.emphasizes.more.face-to-face.interaction.between.the.police

20 Handbook of Police Administration

and.the.citizen,.(2).geographic.focus,.which.recommends.patrol.officers.stay.in.the

same.geographical.area.for.an.extended.period.of.time.to.gain.more.familiarity.with

the.people,.and.(3).prevention.emphasis,.which.suggests.police.be.more.proactive

and preventive than reactive to community problems The concept of

police–citi-zen face-to-face interaction has been realized after the police reform era (1930–

1970s),.in.which.the.adoption.of.technologies.and.vehicle.patrol.techniques.had.led

to.the.isolation.problem.between.the.police.from.the.public;.therefore,.more.foot,

bike,.and.mounted.patrols.have.now.been.deployed.whenever.possible.to.generate

more.contacts.with.citizens For.the.purpose.of.crime.prevention,.law.enforcement

has increasingly utilized information received from crime analysis and computer

technology (i.e., the geographic information system [GIS]) in their planning and

to create good working relationships for crime prevention and problem solving

Without trust and respect, police–citizen cooperation and information sharing

through partnerships are less likely to occur In the COP context, partnerships

The Importance and Incorporation of Community Policing Characteristics 21

the.COP.implementation.(Cheurprakobkit.2001),.and.lack.of.training.on.COP.and

confusion.as.to.what.COP.is.(Zhao,.Thurman.and.Lovich.1995)

Although little evidence showed that police agencies have changed their

organizational structure as a consequence of implementing COP (Walker and

Katz.2002,.210),.a.few.studies.conducted.on.this.issue.did.reveal.positive.find-ings Mastrofski.et.al (1998).found.that.sergeants.in.Indianapolis.believed.that

the.supportive.role.of.helping.officers.working.through.problems.in.their.neigh-borhood.was.much.more.important.than.performing.constraining.activities.like

enforcing departmental policies Wycoff and Skogan (1994) similarly found

that a participatory management style implemented in the Madison,

Wiscon-sin,.police.department.made.officers.feel.more.satisfied.with.their.work,.think

that.their.job.was.more.important,.and.believe.they.had.much.more.autonomy

at work However, one qualitative study did examine police leaders’ attitudes

toward.the.interpretations.of.COP.(Seagrave.1996) The.study.revealed.that.all

of the police leaders’ responses fell only under the philosophical and tactical

dimensions, not the strategic or organizational one Seagrave’s (1996) study’s

meaning.of.COP.among.officers.or.result.in.overemphasis.of.certain.COP.charac-teristics over the others Such a negative repercussion will have a greater impact

if those who lack COP training are police executives whose decisions can