Household survey of HIV-Prevalence and Behaviour in Chimanimani District, Zimbabwe, 2005 docx

Table 4.1: Demographic and basic social characteristics of Central Serowe District Table 4.2: HIV prevalence in Central Serowe District by sex, school attendance, marital status, and age

in commemoration of the WKKF’s 75th anniversary.

© 2007 Human Sciences Research Council

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Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Background to the OVC project 1 Purpose of the BSS Survey 2

Chapter 2 Literature review 3

Chapter 3 Methodology 7

Chapter 4 Findings: Central Serowe District 9

Human rights and HIV/AIDS issues 17Chapter 5 Findings: Kweneng West District 19

to the Central Statistics Office in the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning for allowing the team to use the BAIS II data (Central Statistics Office 2004)

We would also like to thank both Professors Leickness Simbayi and Karl Peltzer of the Human Sciences Research Council for their advice and comments during the preparation

of this report

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Table 4.1: Demographic and basic social characteristics of Central Serowe District

Table 4.2: HIV prevalence in Central Serowe District by sex, school attendance, marital

status, and age groupTable 4.3: HIV prevalence in Central Serowe District by skills level

Table 4.4: Correct responses to questions on knowledge and misconceptions on HIV/

AIDS by sex in Central Serowe DistrictTable 4.5: Percentage of respondents who have had multiple sexual partners in the last

Table 4.6: Percentage of respondents aged 10–64 years who have ever had alcohol in

their lifetime Table 4.7: Awareness of social and medical services in the area by sex

Table 4.8: Awareness of social and medical services in the area by age group

Table 4.9: Accessing of social and medical services in the area by sex

Table 4.10: Accessing of social and medical services in the area by age group

Table 4.11: Type of support received by PLWHA

Table 4.12: Sources of support for PLWHA

Table 4.13: Type of support offered by individual community members

Table 4.14: Percentage of responses to some human rights issues pertaining to HIV/AIDS

Table 5.1: Demographic and basic social characteristics of Kweneng West District

Table 5.2: HIV prevalence in Kweneng West District by sex, school attendance, marital

status, and age groupTable 5.3: HIV prevalence in Kweneng West District by skills level

Table 5.4: Correct responses to questions on knowledge, misconceptions on HIV/AIDS

in Kweneng West DistrictTable 5.5: Percentage of respondents who have had multiple sexual partners in the last

twelve monthsTable 5.6: Percentage of respondents aged 10–64 years who have ever had alcohol in

their lifetime Table 5.7: Awareness of social and medical services in the area by sex

Table 5.8: Awareness of social and medical services in the area by age group

Table 5.9: Accessing of social and medical services in the area by sex

Table 5.10: Accessing social and medical services in the area by age group

Table 5.11: Type of support received by PLWHA

Table 5.12: Sources of support for PLWHA

Table 5.13: Percentage of responses to some human rights issues pertaining to HIV/AIDS

TABLES

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

This report presents the findings of the Behavioural Risks and HIV Sero-Status Survey

(BSS) for the Central Serowe District and Kweneng West District in Botswana The

purpose of the survey was to determine the knowledge, attitudes, sexual behaviours,

practices, prevention, care and support issues concerning HIV/AIDS among the

population in the Central Serowe District and Kweneng West District Specifically, the

survey quantified HIV prevalence, sexual risk behaviours and other practices among

adults and children

The archival research method that was employed as an existing national database

obtained from the Botswana AIDS Impact Survey of 2004 (BAIS II) was used for the

analysis of the behavioural risks and HIV sero-status for the Central Serowe District and

Kweneng West District The BAIS II was carried out by the Central Statistics Office in

the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning from 12 February to 31 July 2004 in

all districts in the country The target population for BAIS II was all household members

aged 10–64 years for the individual questionnaires, and individuals aged 18 months and

above for the HIV status biomarker The questionnaire covered various issues such as HIV

knowledge and attitudes, awareness, availability and accessibility of social and medical

services A community schedule was also administered to the target population, while

another workplace questionnaire was administered to three organisations in each district

The national response rate from BAIS II for the household interviews was 93% (15 878

individuals), while 61% (15 161 individuals) submitted specimens for HIV testing In

Central Serowe District and Kweneng West District, the response rates for interviews were

96.3% and 94.0% respectively, while 59.7% (833 individuals) and 60.2% (195 individuals)

respectively submitted specimens for HIV testing

Secondary data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Science

(SPSS) Only data from the two districts of Central Serowe and Kweneng West were

analysed for this report, and this largely involved using descriptive statistics

Findings

HIV status and demographic data

HIV prevalence in Central Serowe was 18.5% Prevalence was higher among females

(22.0%) than among males (14.2%) HIV was more prevalent among individuals living

together (33%) than among those who were never married (19%) An analysis of the HIV

prevalence by skill showed no difference between the unskilled and skilled workers, with

their rates ranging between 32.8% and 32.1% respectively Adults (25 years and above)

were more affected at 29%, while prevalence for youth was 13.1% The prevalence of

children aged 2–11 years and 12–14 years was relatively low (7.4% and 5% respectively)

HIV prevalence in Kweneng West was 10.8% Prevalence was higher among females

(12.1%) than among males (10%) Prevalence was higher among individuals who were

living together (38%) than among those who were never married (15.2%) Prevalence was

highest among adults aged 25 years and above (19%), and lowest among children aged

2–11 years (1%)

HIV knowledge, attitudes and risk behaviour

Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS were found in both districts For example, only 88.3% of

males and 87.9% of females in Central Serowe correctly identified that a healthy person

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

were high, as only 53.2% males and 54.6% females responded correctly to the question

In Kweneng West, 61.3% of males and 61.7% of females correctly identified that a looking person can have HIV Regarding getting infected with HIV through mosquito bites, 41.3% of males and 40.4% of females responded correctly to the question

healthy-The proportion of respondents who reported having more than one sexual partner in Central Serowe was highest among those who never married for both males and females (31.5% and 10.4% respectively) Multiple sex partners were further found among males who were married or living with partners (10.3%) Data also show that this behaviour was most common among males in the age group 15–24 years (32.7%) and females in the age group 15–24 years (8.0%)

In Kweneng West, multiple sex partners were observed among the never married couples (28.6% males and 5.6% females; two males and one female) and those who were living together (10.5% males and 6.3% females; four males and two females).This behaviour was found mostly among males aged 15–24 years (n = 4) and females aged 25–49 years (n = 3)

The results showed that 47.0% of males and 20.6% of females in Central Serowe had taken alcohol in their lifetime Drinking alcohol was common among youth and older groups, especially males as observed in the age groups of 15–24 years (35.8% males and 22.9% females) and 25–49 years (66.7% males and 23.7% females) The same pattern of males using more alcohol was also observed in Kweneng West District In the age group 15–24 years, 35.7% of males and 12.0% of females used alcohol, whereas in the age group 25–49 years 52.0% of males and 17.4% of females engaged in this behaviour

Social and medical services

Most of the respondents in Central Serowe District were aware of the social and medical services in their community, with females generally showing more awareness than males; for example, 75.8% of males and 83.5% of females were aware of the destitute care programme The age group 25–49 years generally showed high levels of awareness about social and medical services in their community as compared to other age groups: 77% for home-based care (HBC); 73% for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT); 80% for orphan care; and 84% for destitute care programmes The existence

of Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) and organisations for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) were the least known among the entire population in the Central Serowe District Despite the high awareness levels about social and medical services, data showed low levels of access, with females accessing HBC services more than any other service (at 6%) Males were accessing HBC and the destitute programme more than any other services (5.4% for each)

The numbers of respondents who were aware of the social and medical services in Kweneng West were far fewer than was found in Central Serowe Generally, females showed higher levels of awareness as compared to males For example, 55.5% of females and 40.5% of males were aware of the orphan care programme, while 51.8% of females and 33.3% of males were aware of the HBC programme Overall, the age group 25–49 years generally showed the highest levels of awareness about social and medical services

in their community as compared to other age groups: 67.6% for destitute care; 63.4% for HBC; 66.2% for orphan care; and 38.0% for PMTCT of HIV Awareness of both IPT and anti-retroviral (ARV) drug treatment programmes, and organisations for PLHWA, was lowest among the entire population in the Kweneng West Sub-district Despite awareness

about social and medical services that existed in Kweneng West Sub-district, data showed

low levels of access, with both males and females accessing the destitute programme

more than any other service, at 15.2% and 15.9% respectively

PLWHA in both districts received different kinds of support, which was provided by both

government and civil society The most common types of support received in Central

Serowe were counselling (27%), education (24%), HBC (13%), and food (6%) There was

also evidence that most of the services offered to PLWHA were from civil society (22.6%)

and government organisations (6.6%) The most common types of support received in

Kweneng West included money, food and education (each at 1.7%) There was evidence

that most of the services offered to PLWHA were provided by civil society organisations

(61.2%)

Recommendations

Given the findings of the study, the following are the actions required to address HIV/

AIDS in the Central Serowe District and Kweneng West District:

address both the basic facts and myths and/or misconceptions around the spread of HIV/AIDS It would also be helpful to assess the social influences surrounding the spread of misconceptions and myths

behaviour-change strategies in a wide range of settings to make them accessible

These strategies should include issues of consistent and correct condom use, use and abuse of alcohol, and informed decision-making

Findings from both districts point to the fact that youth start consuming alcohol at a very young age, hence the need to intensify such programmes

4 There is a need for advocacy campaigns to promote the availability of various HIV/

AIDS related services

Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Botswana

According to the last population census, Botswana has a population of 1.7 million people

(Central Statistics Office 2001) In the Botswana 2003 Sentinel Survey conducted among

7 251 pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics in various parts of the country, the

overall HIV prevalence was 37.4% The highest age-specific prevalence was observed

among those aged 25–29 years at 49.7% (NACA, 2003) While the prevalence in older age

groups was shown to be increasing, prevalence in the age group 15–19 years remained

fairly stable and ranged from 21–23% between 2002 and 2003 (NACA, 2003)

The most recent statistics from the Botswana AIDS Impact Survey II (BAIS II) (Central

Statistics Office 2004) indicated that the overall HIV prevalence in the general population

aged 18 months and older was measured at 19.8% for females and 13.9% for males,

with overall national prevalence at 17.1% (Central Statistics Office 2004) The BAIS

II also showed that the very young, aged 18 months to 4 years, had the lowest HIV

prevalence of 6.3%, while the age group 30–34 years had the highest HIV prevalence

of 40.2% According to BAIS II, the respondents who were hardest hit by the epidemic

were those between 25 to 54 years old with prevalence that ranged from a low of 20.9%,

among those in the 50–54 age group, to a high of 40.2% in the 30–34 age group Young

people under the age of 19 years and old people aged 65 and above had relatively low

prevalence (below 10%) (Central Statistics Office 2004)

Background to the OVC project

The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) together with its research partners within

the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region – University of Botswana

and Botswana Harvard Partnership in Botswana as well as the National Institute of Health

Research and Biomedical Research & Training Institute‘s Centre for International Health

and Policy in Zimbabwe – were commissioned by the WK Kellogg Foundation (WKKF)

to develop and implement a five-year intervention project on orphans and vulnerable

children (OVC), as well as families and households coping with an increased burden of

care for affected children, initially in Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe The Masiela

Trust Fund was chosen as a grantmaker to work with researchers from the University

of Botswana The Masiela Trust Fund in turn selected community-based organisations

(CBOs) and faith-based organisations (FBOs) to implement the appropriate intervention

programme at all the identified sites

The project also looked at families and households coping with the increased burden

of care for affected children in Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe The specific

objectives of the project were as follows:

OVC at family, ward, community, national and international level;

sustaining care and support to vulnerable children and households over the long term; and

CHAPTER 1

policy-support programmes for the benefit of vulnerable children, families and communities.

The overall philosophy behind the project was to empower communities to help, placing

a very strong emphasis on the sustainability of the project beyond donor funding

Purpose of the BSS Survey

The purpose of the study was to determine knowledge, attitudes, behaviour and practices (KABP), prevention issues, care programmes and human rights issues concerning HIV/AIDS among the general population in Serowe/Palapye and Kweneng West Districts.Objectives of the study

The specific objectives of the HIV BSS associated with the objectives of the project stated above were:

concerning HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS continues to be the leading cause of death in most African countries, as well as

a major contributor to the increasing number of orphans in the world It is estimated that

to date, more than 15 million children under the age of 18 have been orphaned by HIV/

AIDS worldwide Research shows that in sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS has left vast numbers

of children without one or both parents (UNAIDS 2005) Botswana, like any other country

in this region, has not escaped the impact of HIV/AIDS By the end of 2003, there were

42 000 registered orphans and the growing number of OVC in the country has been

acknowledged as a national crisis (NACA 2003)

Worldwide, HIV/AIDS continues to claim more and more lives It is becoming increasingly

clear that many parents die, leaving their children orphaned In this regard, it is important

to assess behavioural risks that encourage the spread of HIV/AIDS in order to develop

policies and guidelines for the establishment and implementation of relevant strategies

and interventions that ensure and consider the needs of OVC (UNICEF 2001; UNAIDS

2005)

Behavioural risks for HIV/AIDS in Botswana

HIV/AIDS cases in Botswana and other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as

globally, result mainly from either unprotected sexual intercourse with an HIV-infected

person or the use of HIV-contaminated injection drug equipment Presently, the most

effective way recommended to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS is behaviour change and

this strategy is widely promoted internationally today (Behrman et al 2003; Chimwaza &

Watkins 2004)

It is posited that different behaviours that can put one at risk include unprotected sex or

sex with multiple partners Unprotected sex and inconsistent condom use, as well as lack

of knowledge on HIV/AIDS issues, have been strongly linked to risky behaviours that can

expose one to HIV/AIDS Another commonly cited behavioural risk is drug and alcohol

abuse ( Jernigan 2001) Alcohol has been noted as a factor that increases vulnerability to

HIV/AIDS

It has been acknowledged that as long as an HIV/AIDS cure is not found, changing

behaviour practices remains the only hope of reducing the spread of HIV (ACHAP 2002)

Behavior change practices that are likely to lead to reduced infections include abstinence,

proper and consistent use of condoms, knowing one’s HIV status and reduction of

multiple sexual partners (Green et al 2006)

Unprotected sex

Research has shown that any form of unprotected sex (anal, vaginal or oral) can transmit

HIV (Meehan 2004) In assessing the sexual behaviour of young people in Botswana it

was found that the youth did not acknowledge the risk of unprotected sex because they

they would contract HIV The practice of youth engaging in unprotected sex has long

been noted The numbers of young people who engage in unprotected sex with multiple

partners continues to grow (UNAIDS/WHO 2005)

Another factor that suggests that people still engage in unprotected sex is the fact

that many unmarried women fall pregnant, as identified in the Botswana 2003 second generation surveillance, which reported that over 80% of antenatal attendees in the survey were single mothers

Inconsistent condom use

Proper and consistent use of condoms has been cited as an effective mode of HIV/AIDS prevention However, studies in Africa have shown that more people continue to

be infected as they ignore the use of condoms or engage in inappropriate condom use (UNAIDS/WHO 2005)

It should be noted that condom use continues to be a method that is promoted in

Botswana to decrease the spread of HIV/AIDS Research has shown that over the past eight years peoples’ attitudes towards condom use appear to be becoming more positive

In a study on the sexual behaviour of young people in Botswana (NACA 2004), the large majority of the participants (88%) claimed that they would insist on condom use every time they had sexual intercourse with either regular or irregular partners However, they believed it was impossible to use a condom every time one has sex because of emergencies and circumstances which pressurise them to ignore condom use at times However, other studies have shown that young people, compared to any other group, continue to engage in unprotected sexual intercourse A segmentation study conducted

at the University of Botswana in 2003 showed that 60% of the party boys’ segment used condoms consistently, indicating that 40% did not The main reason cited for using condoms in this segment was to avoid pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, as well as to avoid getting HIV About 35% of the party boys also believed that condoms were not particularly effective while more than average reported dissatisfaction and/or problems with condoms (University of Botswana 2003)

Knowledge

Many researchers have long recognised the importance of knowledge in the fight against HIV/AIDS Knowledge is believed to empower individuals to make informed decisions as well as to make plans to reduce risk (Carroll 1991) In 2002, the government of Botswana, UNICEF, UNAIDS and Populations Services International conducted a study about sexual information, knowledge, attitudes, practices and behaviour of young people In this study

a total of 2 100 interviews were conducted with 10–24 year-olds and 428 caregivers This study revealed that youth from towns and big villages had more knowledge about HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as compared to those in rural areas However, the study also concluded that there were some misunderstandings regarding changing behaviours and promoting positive attitudes This is in agreement with previous studies (see, for example, Kirby 1997), which indicated that even though people seem to have basic knowledge about HIV/AIDS, behaviour has not changed much Therefore, the importance of connecting knowledge and behaviour and of identifying the missing link between knowledge and behaviour change remain a challenge

The Botswana 2003 second-generation surveillance survey concluded that youths in Botswana were knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS issues In this survey, a large number

of youths answered all knowledge questions on HIV/AIDS correctly These included questions on the modes of infection and transmission and knowledge about condom

use However, there were still some myths and misconceptions about how HIV/AIDS is

transmitted Such myths need to be addressed in order to reduce the escalating spread of

HIV/AIDS

Drug and alcohol abuse

There has been a growing recognition that drinking can expose an individual to HIV/

AIDS Some of the documented consequences of drug and alcohol abuse include rape

and unprotected sex It is believed that those under the heavy influence of drugs and

alcohol are likely to make uninformed choices (Wechsler et al 2004)

In 2001, the Ministry of Health in Botswana conducted a rapid situation assessment

survey on substance abuse and drug trafficking and discovered that 56% of the sampled

population had experimented with alcohol About 18% of the total were females who

used alcohol occasionally, and about 32% used it once a week, while 11% used it

occasionally during social events This study noted that statistics of men who used alcohol

outnumber those of women and further indicated that males tended to start drinking at

an earlier age

Research into how drug and alcohol abuse can affect people’s attitudes toward sex

has been conducted In a study on the attitudes of college students and the use of

alcohol conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health in 2000 (Harvard School of

Public Health 2000), it was found that about 43% of college students engaged in high

risk drinking frequently Of these, about 20% of women experienced unwanted sexual

advances The study concluded that after heavy drinking, close to half of those who took

alcohol and drugs engaged in risky sexual behaviours

The original BAIS II Survey

The Botswana AIDS Impact Survey (BAIS II) (Central Statistics Office 2004) is a nationally

representative survey designed to identify factors – behaviour, knowledge, attitudes and

cultural practices – that are associated with the HIV epidemic amongst the population

aged 10–64 years The survey was also conducted to measure the country’s

population-based estimate of HIV/AIDS prevalence amongst the population aged 18 months and

over

Aims and objectives

The objectives of BAIS II were to:

prevalence amongst the population aged 18 months to 64 years;

practices) that are associated with the prevention, infection and impact mitigation of the HIV epidemic amongst the population aged 10–64 years; and

national response to HIV/AIDS can be measured

BAIS II methodology

Sampling frame

The survey design was a two-stage design The sampling frame in the first stage was

based on the 2001 population and housing census This comprised the list of all

enumeration areas (EA) found in three geographical regions: cities and towns; urban

villages; and rural districts

The sampling frame in the second stage was from the selected EAs The selected EAs

served as primary sampling units (PSUs) Probability proportional to measure of size

(pps) method was used to sample these EAs The sampling of households was carried out

systematically from the list of occupied households in the selected EAs

Instruments

Questionnaires were the main tools for BAIS II There was a questionnaire designed for

each of the following:

• households;

• individuals;

• community

The household questionnaire was administered only to those households which were

selected through the survey sampling scheme The focus of the tool was on the education

and economic activity at household level The individual questionnaire was administered

to eligible individuals from the household questionnaire The focus of this tool was on

sexual behaviour, knowledge about HIV/AIDS, access to interventions, and attitudes

towards PLWHA The workplace questionnaire was administered to a maximum of three

The BAIS II instruments were pre-tested in and around Gaborone in November 2003 Field supervisors were trained for three weeks while enumerators were trained for two weeks Data collection was conducted between February and July 2004.

During BAIS II a total of 7 612 households were interviewed out of the targeted

8 275, generating a response rate of 92% A total of 16 992 persons were eligible for the individual interviews, and 15 878 were successfully interviewed, with a response rate of 93% A total of 24 756 were eligible for submitting specimens for HIV testing, and 15 161 provided a specimen for HIV testing, producing a response rate of 61% (for more details see BAIS II Survey report and BAIS II popular report [Central Statistics Office 2004])

In BSS the focus was mostly on the individual level responses and to some extent on the biomarker The analysis of data for the biomarker covered persons aged 18 months and older, while the analysis for the individual responses covered persons aged 10–64 years in respect of their HIV knowledge, attitudes and behaviours

The Botswana BSS methodology

Research method

The archival research method was employed in the present study, and an existing

database from the Botswana AIDS Impact Survey of 2004 (Central Statistics Office 2004) was used

The demographic and other basic social characteristics of the study sample in Central

Serowe District are shown in Table 4.1 below Altogether, a total of 2 173 individuals were

covered in the district – 54.9% of whom were female, and 45.1% were male Forty-five per

cent of the sample were adults (25+ years), while 28.0% were children aged 2–11 years,

and 19.8% were young adults or youth The majority of the sample (57.1%) was ‘never

married’, while 32.6% were ‘living together’

Table 4.1: Demographic and basic social characteristics of Central Serowe District

Source: Central Statistics Office 2004

Notes: a) Includes those who were married and those who were cohabiting

b) Includes those who were separated, divorced and widowed

Information on household composition and the relationship of the members to the head

of the household was captured Results show that 27.9% of the sample comprised heads

of the household, 28.1% were sons/daughters and 19.1% were grandchildren

HIV prevalence

Table 4.2 below shows HIV prevalence by sex, school attendance, marital status and age group The overall prevalence of HIV in Central Serowe District was 18.5% It was higher among females (22.0%) than males (14.2%) The prevalence was highest among those with primary education (31.0%), followed by those who had acquired a diploma (27.3%) and those with secondary and certificate level of education (26.4% and 26.2% respectively) Similarly, prevalence was higher among those who were living together (28.0%) followed

by those who ever married (23.8%) Prevalence was the highest in the adult group (25+ years) at 29.0% and lowest in the 12–14 age group at 4.9% (see Table 2)

Table 4.2: HIV prevalence in Central Serowe District by sex, school attendance, marital status, and age group

Source: Central Statistics Office 2004

Table 4.3 on page 11 shows HIV prevalence in the district by the skill level of

respondents – skilled, semi-skilled or unskilled worker Table 3 shows that the prevalence

of HIV was highest among unskilled workers at 32.8%, followed by skilled workers at 32.1%

Table 4.3: HIV prevalence in Central Serowe District by skills level

Source: Central Statistics Office 2004

HIV knowledge and attitudes

Table 4.4 shows responses in relation to knowledge and attitudes about HIV and AIDS

Most of the respondents (88.0%) knew that a healthy person could have HIV (88.3% of

males and 87.9% of females) and that condoms could reduce HIV transmission if used

correctly and consistently (89.9% of sample; 88.0% of males and 91.4% of females) It was

also observed that most respondents (90.1%) knew that they could reduce their chances

of getting HIV if they had only one sexual partner who was uninfected and who did not

have other sexual partners (89.2% of males and 90.9% of females), and that HIV could be

transmitted from mother to child (90.5% of sample; 86.5% of males and 93.7% of females)

Table 4.4: Correct responses to questions on knowledge and misconceptions on HIV/AIDS by sex in

Central Serowe District

Is it possible for a healthy looking

person to have the AIDS virus?

Can people reduce their chances of

getting HIV/AIDS by using a condom

correctly every time they have sex?

Can people reduce their chances of

getting HIV/AIDS by having only one

uninfected sexual partner who has no

Do you think that a person can get

infected with HIV/AIDS through

mosquito bites?

Can a person get infected with HIV/

AIDS by sharing a meal with a person

who has HIV/AIDS?

HIV risk behaviour

The study investigated the number of sexual partners in the past twelve months among the respondents Table 4.5 below captures results for respondents who reported multiple sexual partners by age, educational attainment, marital status, and religion in the twelve months prior to the study

Table 4.5: Percentage of respondents who have had multiple sexual partners in the last twelve months

Source: Central Statistics Office 2004

Notes: a) Includes respondents who were cohabiting and those who were married

b) Includes respondents who were separated, divorced and widowed