Genetic variability, heritability and expected selection gain of quantitative traits in F5 progenies of soybean biparental cross

VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTUREFACULTY OF AGRONOMY UNDERGRADUATE THESIS OUTLINE Genetic variability, heritability and expected selection gain of quantitative traits in F 5

VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

FACULTY OF AGRONOMY

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS OUTLINE Genetic variability, heritability and expected selection gain of quantitative traits in

F 5 progenies of soybean biparental cross

SUPERVISOR : Assoc Professor Dr Vu Dinh Hoa

DEPARTMENT : Plant Genetics and Breeding

STUDENT : Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang

CLASS : Advanced Crop Science 57

STUDENT CODE : 575832

HANOI - 2016

TABLE OF CONTENT

PART 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Objective and requirement

1.2.1 Objective

1.2.2 Requirement

PART 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Classification, origin, and distribution of soybean 2.2 World soybean production and Usage

2.3 Soybean production in Vietnam and usage

PART 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Experimental Materials

3.2 Cultural practices

3.3 Data collection

3.3.1 Quality traits of soybean

3.3.2 Growth stages of soybean

3.3.3 Morphological characteristics of soybean

3.3.4 Yield and yield components

3.4 Analysis and treatment of data

3.4.1 Analysis coefficient of variation and heritability 3.4.2 Estimation of quantitatives traits

PART 4: WORK PLAN

PART 5: REFERENCE

PART 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is an important crop cultivated worldwide for its high nutritional value such as protein content (35-40 %), oil content (15-20%) and as food for both human and feed for livestock Soybean originated in China, and spread to many countries such as Asia, United States, Brazil, India, Argentina, Europe

Soybean is a leguminous crop that creates an environment as home to symbiotic bacteria

Rhizobium that fixes atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to ammonia for the growing

plant to manufacture amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids This ability has proven to

be beneficial to production soybean

In the last decades, soybean breeding has developed a great number of new varieties that contribute to sustainable and profitable agriculture Higher yields, early maturity and valuable traits contribute to agricultural productivity in several agro-ecological regions in Vietnam Farmers grow over 190,000 hectares with an average grain yield of 1.5 tones/ha

in 2010 Howver, facing with global climate change, soybean varieties must be targeted

to specific geographic areas to suit local growing conditions such as soils, temperature, and rainfall are the primary factors controlling yield in soybean Thus soybean breeding

is tailored to selecting high-yielding varieties that are adaptable to subotimal conditions Most characters of economic importance in soybean are quatitative traits, including yield, protein content, plant height and maturity The improvement of quantitative traits is effected by environment and breeding methods The methodologies for the selection of parents and crosses with a high genetic potential to produce superior populations now allow a more precise choice of potential parents in relation to quantitative traits (Gomes

et al., 2004)

The success of selection depends largely on genetic variability of the population under consideration If the heritability and coefficient of variation for the characters are high, then selection progress becomes easier and thus response to selection will be greater Being a self-fertilized crop, the inherent variability of soybean is very much circumscribed In most soybean breeding program, the genetic variability is created by conventinal method of hybridization Thus, the estimations of different genetic parameters such as genetic variation and heritability would provide information about the traits’ variability Furthermore, heritability of a quantitative trait is very important to the

breeder, enabling the estimation of heritable portion of the total phenotypic variation, the choice of selection methods, and in determining the response to selection because it implies the extent of transmissibility of traits to the next generation

Therefore, the estimation of genetic paramters of the segregating progenies derived from crosses is of great significance to direct the breeding process and selection gain through selecting most desirable genotypes

1.2. Objectives and requirements

1.2.1. Objectives

- To estimate the manitude of genetic variability/heritability for quantitative traits of

F5 generation of soybean populations and

- To determine the genetic advance through selection from segregation progeny

1.2.2. Requirement

- Evaluate some quantitative characters of soybean in Summer-Autumn season 2016

- Assess the growth and development of soybean in Summer-Autumn season 2016

PART 2: THE SITUATION OF SOYBEAN IN VIETNAM AND WORD

2.1 Classification, origin, and distribution of soybean

Soybean is polyploid origin due to high chromosome number, it includes diploid and

tetraploid nature ( 2n = 40 or 4n = 40 ) in the family Leguminousae, and the genus

Glycine and, scientific name is Glycine max (L.) Merrill Many species are diverse in

morphology, the number of chromosomes and grow in different climate and soil condition and have geographic distribution

The soybean ( G.soja) is found throughout China, its distribution in China is most extensive, its diversity of types the richest, its number the largest Over 11th century B.C., Chinese Emperor Sheng Nung wort Material Medica – the first record of soybean cultivation In that record, soybean were note as being valued for their medicinal purpose Soybeans were first cultivated in northern China From there, their uses spread into Japan, Korea Soybean have been an important source of food for over 4500 years ago Glycine max is found the first in the west by Swedish botanist

During the first haft 20th century, China was the world’s largest soybean producer and exporter But in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, soybean production developed rapidly in USA, Brazil, Argentina

The areas where soybeans are mainly grown range from cold temperate-climate regions (Northern U.S and Canada) to tropical regions (Indonesia) Temperatures between 22 and 35°C are prime for its growing season, and can affect its flowering dates

2.2 World soybean production and Usage

During the last decades, World soybean production and usage of soybean is slightly fluctuated from 175.2 million metric tons in 2000 to 324.2 million metric tons in 2016 ( figure 1 ) Today, most of the world’s soybeans are processed or crushed into soybean meal and oil (Ali 2010) It is estimated that 2% of soybean production is consumed by humans directly as food (Goldsmith 2008)

Graph 1: World soybean production and Usage

Soybean oil is used in cooking oil, bio-diesel fuel, so on Cooking oil made from soybeans is low in saturated fat and is used to help reduce fat and lower cholesterol in our diets Diesel fuel made from soybean oil is biodegradable, sulfur-free, does not produce explosive vapors and emits a much lower amount of pollutants

2.3 Soybean production in Vietnam and usage

Vietnam’s soybean area has increased, production is very small Soybean production is around 160 – 250 thousand tonnes per year, and crop yields are low, between 1-1.5 metric tons/ha In Vietnam, most of soybean production is consumed as human

consumption in the form of soy sauce, tofu products, and soymilk Only a small quantity

of lower quality soybean is used for animal food

Vietnam imports some soybeans for the livestock feed According to goverment, Vietnam imports approximately 200 - 800 thousand tons, mainly from USA, China

Graph 2: Vietnam’s soybean imports (2009-2013)

2.4 Quantitative traits in soybean breeding

Many important agricultural traits such as crop yield, and component of yields, so on These traits are controlled by multiple genes, each segregating according to Mendel's laws These traits can also be affected by the environment to varying degrees Phenotypic variation for quantitative traits results from segregation at multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL), the effects of which are modified by the internal and external environments (Ilan Paran and Dani Zamir, 2003)

Gravois and Mc New (1993) reported that selection to increase yield through improvement of yield components would be most effective if the components were highly heritable This study will have been evaluated seed yield and its component, and selection of breeding adapt to climate environmemt, and create high yield

PART 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Plant materials and cultural practices

Thirty three F5 families soybean derived from the single cross of VI45032 × 4904, Will

be arranged in a randomized copmplete block design with three replications Seeds of each F5 family and the parents will be sown in double row plots of 1.5 square meters Plant spacing was 40 cm x 15 cm Quantitative traits aree measured from 20 – 30 random individual plants of each plot were recorded, and depend on the number of seed from F4 generation

The experiment will be conducted in 2016 Summer – Autumn season at the Experimental Field of the faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture

Fertilizer will be applied with 500 kg of organic fertilizer, 60 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 90

kg K2O on hectare basis Cultural practices such as irrigation, weeding and pest control will be done as needed

3.2 Data collection and analysis

The follwing data will be taken for individual plants in each plot

Plant height cm

2-3 leaf, flowering and harvest

+ Measure from the top internode of cotyledons to the meristem of the main stem growth

Stem diameter mm flowering and2-3 leaf,

harvest

+ Measuring at 5th, 6th internode on the main stem

Length of

2-3 leaf, flowering and harvest

+ Measuring at 5th, 6th, 7th internode on the main stem Number of

internode on

the main stem internode

2-3 leaf, flowering and harvest

+ Count number of internode

on the main stem in 3 stages:

2-3 leaf, flowering and harvest Number of

primary

branches per

plant

branch flowering and2-3 leaf,

harvest

+ Count number of primary branches on the main stem

Total number of

+ Count total number of pods

per plant Number of pod Harvest + Count number of filled podsper plant

filled pods per

plant

Number of

one-seeded per

+ Count number of one-seeded

per plant Number of

two-seeded per

+ Count number of two-seeded

per plant Number of

three-seeded

+ Count number of three-seeded per plant Number of seed

per plant seed Harvest + Count number of seed perplant

100 seed

Dry seed after harvest

+Weigh 3 samples/family, each sample has 100 seeds Grain yield per

plant gram + harvest seed on five plants+ Clean and weigh seed

The data will be analyzed using Excel and IRRISTAT softwares

The analysis of varience are presented in the table below:

Source of variation DF Mean square Expected mean square

e + rσ2

e

The component of variances will be computed as follow:

- Genotypic variance among F5 families:

- Phenotypic variance:

Where σ2

e/r = environmental variance

- Broad sense heritability

σ2

g =

H = σ2

G /

Plant selection will be based on simple indices which were are estimated by bi value and phenotype value Function of selection indices is:

I = b1P1 + b2P2 + + bnPn

Where: bi is the weight of particular component (seed yield, day of maturity, plant height, number of pod) , P is genotype value

Expected selection gain (GA) will be calculated using the following formula:

GA = iHσP where i = 2.06 (selection intensity of 5%), H = broad sense heritability and σP

is the phenotypic deviation

4 WORK PLAN

st month

2 nd month

3 rd month

4 th month

5 th month

6 th month

7 th month

Conduct field

Data collection

Writing up the

PART 5: REFERENCE

1. Mark Dries, Ag Counselor, Nguyen Thi Huong, Ag.Specialist; Mike Ward, Ag Attaché (2015) Viet Nam oilseeds and products Annual 2015

2. Vu Dinh Hoa 2005 Giáo trình chọn giống cây trồng

3. T.J Bhor*, V.P Chimote and M.P Deshmukh (2014) Genetic analysis of yield and yield components in soybean Indian J Agric Res , 48 (6) 446-452, 2014

4. Gomes, R L F., N A Vello, J A De Azevedo Filho (2004) Genetic analysis of

F6 and F6:7 soybean generations Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 4:

35-42

5. Sudarić, A., M Vratarić, T Duvnjak (2003) Quantitative genetic analysis of yield components and grain yield for soybean cultivars

6. Lukman Hakima, Suyamtob and Eman Paturohmana (2014) Genetic variability, heritability and expected genetic advances of quatitative characters in F2 progenies of soybean crosses

7. A.Karasu, M Oz1, A.T.Göksoy and Z.M.Turan (2009) Genotype by environment interactions, stability, and heritability of seed yield and certain agronmical traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] African Journal of Biotechnology Vol 8 (4),

pp 580-590, 18 February, 2009

SUPERVISOR Ha Noi, June 29th , 2016

STUDENT

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