A REVISION OF THE METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF TRANSLATION IN THE MARITIME INDUSTRY AT THORASEN VINAMA CO , LTD

It gives an overview of the translating process of Thorasen-Vinama Ltd and uses different methods to assess it.. Overview of the theory of translation 1.1 Definition of linguistics The s

Student: Hoàng Ngọc Đại

A REVISION OF THE METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF

TRANSLATION IN THE MARITIME INDUSTRY AT THORASEN

I, Hoang Ngoc Dai, hereby declare that this thesis was written by myself, that the

research presented in it is my own, and that this work has not been submitted to anyother degree of qualification

Ha Noi, May 2022

Student

Hoàng Ngọc Đại

This study investigated the factual state of working capital management efficiency

at Thorasen-Vinama Ltd from the viewpoint of a fourth-year student of the Faculty

of Foreign Language, Academy of Finance The paper focuses on finding out the

deficiencies in the company's translation department and more importantly

suggesting the main methods to improve the efficiency of translating in the

company In achieving these goals, the graduation paper surveys the current

situation of translation and assesses whether it is effective or not using different

methods From the received results, the study argues the most practical

implications for Thorasen-Vinama Ltd to improve the efficiency of the translation

process of the company in the upcoming future

I would like to express my deep gratitude to all those who have given me the

possibility to complete this graduation thesis In preparing this graduation thesis, I have had generous help and advice from my adviser, colleagues, family, and

friends I would like to express my great thanks to all of them First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Ms Bui Thi Tuyet Mai,

lecturer at the Academy of Finance, who has given immense help and constant

guidance with many careful instructions and comments and valuable advice to me whenever I need Without her support, I am not able to have a complete thesis

Second, I wish to show my sincere thanks to all my teachers at the Academy of

Finance, who have provided me with a great education throughout my 4 years of

study Moreover, I have furthermore to thank the staff of Thorasen-Vinama Ltd for their valuable support during the internship period Without their help, it would be impossible for me to finish this work Last but not least, I would like to send my

loving thanks to my family whose love and care in both spirit and health

encouraged me to complete the thesis

SLT: Spoken Language Translation

ESP: English for Specific Purpose

EAP: English for Academic Purpose

EBE: English for Business Economics

EOP: English for Occupational Purpose

ESBP: English for Specific Business Purpose

ESS English for Social Study

EST: English for Science and Technology

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

List

Concept, focusing point, and functions of maritime logistics

Suffix and prefix-based single terminology in the form of nouns

Single terminologies in the form of verbs

Maritime Logistics Acronyms

Eponyms in maritime logistics

Chart 1: General hierarchy of THORESEN - VINAMA CO., LTD

Chart 2: Assessment of the translation quality of documents at

Thorasen-Vinama Ltd

Chart 3: Criteria used to assess translation quality

Chart 4: Level of each criterion assessed

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

1 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

2 AIM OF THE STUDY

3 METHODS OF THE STUDY

4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

5 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BASIS OF TRANSLATION

1 Overview of the theory of translation

1.1 Definition of linguistics

1.2 Definition of translation

1.3 Basics of translation

1.4 Overview of translation methods

1.4.1 Principles of translating

1.4.3 Difficulties in translating

1.4.5 Translation strategies

1.4.6 Factors affecting translation

1.5 ESP in translation

1.5.1 Definition

1.5.2 Variable characteristics

1.5.3 Types of ESP

1.6 Terminology

1.6.1 Definition of terminology

1.6.2 The distinction between term and word

CHAPTER 2: THE STUDY

2.1 Overview of THORASEN-VINAMA Ltd

2.1.1 Introduction of THORASEN-VINAMA Ltd

2.1.2 History of formation and development

2.1.3 Maritime and logistics

C Term construction for maritime logistics

2.1.4 Company organization

2.2 The current situation of translation of documents at THORASEN-VINAMA Ltd

2.2.1 Overview of service of THORASEN-VINAMA Ltd

2.2.2 The current translation quality of documents at THORASEN-VINAMA Ltd

2.2.2.1 Factors influencing the translation quality

2.2.2.2 Assessment of current translation quality of documents at Thorasen-Vinama Ltd

2.2.2.3 Mistakes found in documents and emails of the translators

2.2.2.4 Strengths and weaknesses of translation at THORASEN-VINAMA Ltd

CHAPTER 3: SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF TRANSLATION IN THORASEN-VINAMA Ltd

3.1 Solutions for translator

3.1.1 Solutions for linguistic problems when translating documents

3.1.2 Solutions for non-linguistic problems when translating documents

3.2 Thorasen-Vinama Ltd future plans

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

1 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

In the maritime industry, translation plays an essential role to maintain the smooth running of a business No business can run successfully without mutual

understanding between companies because it is considered the bridge beyond the

borders of an enterprise Companies that have paid a lot of attention to translation

and use them efficiently gain a lot of benefits to generate much more working

efficiency internally, thereby lowering costs, and improving their performance Thisaffects the fluidity and smoothness of communication between enterprises and

adversely affects the whole working process Therefore, to get rid of

miscommunication and errors, businesses should ask themselves “How to improve the efficiency of translation” This is not a simple question, but a hard question that enterprises aren't solving immediately They should have appropriate, proper, and

reasonable methods that can draw different ways to improve the efficiency of the

translation process simultaneously focusing on the quality of the translation results

to be on time and keep clear communication To be aware of the importance of

translating and be inspired by the necessity of an effective translation process

during my intern time at Thorasen-Vinama Ltd, as well as based on the knowledge and practical experiences I got during the internship, I’m going to choose the topic:

TRANSLATION IN THE MARITIME INDUSTRY AT THORESEN -

VINAMA CO., LTD” as my graduate thesis title

2 AIM OF THE STUDY

- To provide the knowledge and information on translation activities at

Thorasen-Vinama Ltd

- To understand the situation of translation activities at Thorasen-Vinama Ltd

- To identify and assess the causes of the deficiencies of Thorasen-Vinama Ltd ‘s

Based on knowledge at the academy, books, and self-accumulation and to achieve

these above objectives, several methods of studying the thesis are used as follows:

- Figure collection: from websites of Thorasen-Vinama Ltd, books, the internet, andinternal information of the corporation

- Translation assessment methods – Document evaluation, judgment,

and conclusion

- Method of analyzing, summarizing, and synthesizing materials and books from thetheoretical background

4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is performed at Logistics Department at Thorasen-Vinama TVA Hai

Phong branch, ROOM 432, Thanh Dat 1 Building, No 3 Le Thanh Tong Street, NgoQuyen District, Hai Phong, Vietnam The study is based on the data provided by theLogistics Department of the company and the object is the translation of legal

documents and emails at the company

5 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

Besides the Contents, Introduction, Conclusion, and References, the thesis

consists of 3 chapters

Chapter 1: This chapter provides a general overview of translation theory andthe importance of improving the quality of translation

Chapter 2: The main part of the thesis It gives an overview of the translating

process of Thorasen-Vinama Ltd and uses different methods to assess it

Chapter 3: This chapter gives the directions for the future development of

Thorasen-Vinama Ltd and provides some practical resolutions to enhance theefficiency of translating in this company

CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BASIS OF

TRANSLATION

1. Overview of the theory of translation

1.1 Definition of linguistics

The study of language, including how it is put together and how it functions, is

known as linguistics A language is constructed by combining several building

elements of varied types and sizes Sounds are combined, and when this happens,

their form can be altered and a variety of fantastic things can happen Aside from

that, words are organized in a specific order, and the beginnings and finishes of

words are occasionally modified to alter their meaning The speaker's understanding

of what the listener will understand, as well as the order of words, can all influence the meaning

Linguistics is stated to be divided into various sub-fields, including phonology,

phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics The majority of

professional linguists specialize in one or more of these fields To be more specific,phonology and phonetics, the study of language sound systems, deals with the

fundamental utterances in speech It can be studied by analyzing which physical

properties of the vocal tract (including the lips and tongue) are employed to make

various linguistic sounds The study of the internal structure of words and

sentences is referred to as morphology and syntax Linguists aim to understand the meaning behind words and combinations of words, which is known as semantics,

in addition to studying language sound systems, and word and sentence structure

Another subject of semantics is pragmatics, which compares the meanings of

various combinations when they interact with contextual information

It includes not only the study of sound, grammar, and meaning, but also the history

of language families, how children and adults learn languages, how language use

is processed in the mind, and how race and gender are related to language use

Linguistics complements a wide range of other disciplines, including anthropology,philosophy, psychology, sociology, biology, computer science, health sciences,

education, and literature, thanks to its intimate linkages to the humanities, social

sciences, and natural sciences

1.2 Definition of translation

A Definitions :

What is the most basic definition of translation? It is the act of converting the

meaning of a text from one language into another in the way that the author

intended the text to be It sounds like a fairly simple task If one writes well in one language, then it would be fair to assume they can do it in another As the great

novelist, Günter Grass once said: “Translation is that which transforms everything

so that nothing changes.” The translation is finding the proper equilibrium betweenconveying the sense and beauty of the initial text and making the target conversion more efficient and effective

The Globalization & Localization Association defines translation as "the transfer of meaning from one language (the source) to another language" (the target) Althoughthis definition differs slightly from the first in terms of phrasing, it nevertheless

describes the translation theory in the same way

According to Frédéric Houbert (2014), translation is the process by which a

message expressed in a specific source language is linguistically transformed to be understood by readers of the target language To be more detailed, it is just simply the process of conveying the meaning expressed by the original writer The most

accurate and intensive definition of translation is stated by the encyclopedia that

translation comprises the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language -

the source text and the production, in another language, of a new, equivalent text the target text

-According to Wills in Choliludin (2007), translation is a technique that goes from a

written source language text to an optimally comparable target-language text and

necessitates the translator's understanding of the original text's syntactic, semantic,

stylistic, and text pragmatic components Furthermore, according to Nida and Taber

(1982), translating entails reproducing the closest natural counterpart of the

source-language message in the receptor source-language, first in terms of meaning and then in terms

of style Both definitions suggest that translation requires two languages: the source

language (SL) and the target or receptor language (TL or RL), and that translating is

the process of recreating the SL text's meaning into the TL text

According to Catford (1965), translation is defined as the substitution of

equivalent textual content in one language (SL) with equivalent textual material in another language (TL) Larson uses a similar term as well (1984) Translation, he

claims, entails converting the meaning of the source language into the receptor

language This is accomplished by using semantic structure to transition from the

first language's form to the second language's form It is meaning that is

transferred and must be maintained Only the appearance changes

Finally, it may be argued that translating entails the process of communicating

information from one text to another The goal of translation is to convey the source

language's equivalent meaning in the target language It cannot be denied that

meaning is crucial in translation and must be maintained regardless of the

circumstances Additionally, translating a literary work into a new language entailsthe creation of a new literary work in that language A translation novel, for

example, uses a different language than the original text while maintaining the

essence of the original It also elicits the same reaction from readers in both

languages

B Vietnamese-English translation

The definition of Vietnamese-English translation was clarified by Su (2003),

Vietnamese-English translation can be stated as an accurate rendering of

Vietnamese into English to be suitable for the documents’ intended purpose The

translation is also the expression from Vietnamese into English, preserving semanticand stylistic equivalence It is the replacement of a text in Vietnamese with an

equivalent text in English

1.3 Basics of translation

A Procedure

The form of the source language (the language of the text to be translated) is

replaced by the form of the target language during translation (the language of the

translated text) Translation's goal is to convey the meaning of the source language (SL) to the target language (TL) (TL) This is accomplished by using semantic

structure to transition from the first language's form to the second language's form It's meaning that's being transmitted, and it has to stay the same Only the

appearance changes Furthermore, translation necessitates not only a comprehension

of the communication's broad meaning but also the ability to comprehend the

communication's culture

B Translation as a process and a products

Before proceeding to an explanation of the concept of translation, it is critical to

note and emphasize that one of the most significant differences between humans

and other species is the ability to communicate and transfer meaningful messages

through the use of language – a highly ordered, organized, and structured system

of meaningful symbols and signs that is highly complex in its form and structure

Language can also be thought of as an instrument for humans to create an endless

number of possible utterances from a finite number of elements because it is made up

of elements and rules that link symbols to their meanings However, these core

elements, rules, and principles may vary greatly from one region to the next, resulting

in the identification of thousands of different language systems around the world, all

of which serve the same purpose of establishing communication between members of the group who can understand and use those rules and elements

The translation is the process of converting messages, thoughts, sentiments, orders,

or any other verbal expression in one language into messages in another language

with the same meaning and value Different languages have different names for thisprocess, but they all refer to the 'conversion' and 'transmission' of messages to

people who don't speak the source language system and can't understand the

message coded without the 'conversion' and 'transmission' processes into the

system they use for communication It's vital to remember that what's being

translated isn't just the elements of one language system being substituted with the matching elements of another — what's being translated is the conveyed message

Language is so much more than just a means of communication for us It is a

reflection of a person's culture, society, and beliefs Thousands of cultures exist

around the world, each of which uses its language to convey the nuances of its dailylife Consider the tremendous cultural resources that would be lost if people

abandoned their native tongues in favor of a single universal language

Other languages, on the other hand, may be unable to communicate particular

feelings, emotions, or exact descriptions

"Translation is different things for different groups of people," Douglas Robinson

writes in his book "Becoming a Translator." "For those who are not translators, it is primarily a text; for those who are, it is primarily an activity." Consider the

following distinction to completely comprehend this notion The following

definition from the Dictionary of Translation Studies clarifies the difference

between the two: Translation - An extremely broad concept that can be interpreted

in a variety of ways For example, one might refer to translation as a process or a

result, with sub-types such as literary translation, technical translation, subtitling,

and machine translation; also, while the phrase often refers to the transfer of

written texts, it includes interpreting

To summarize, translation can be thought of as an abstract concept that

encompasses both the process of translating and the result of that process, and it

has undoubtedly been one of the most important and influential components in the human race's cultural, historical, economic, cultural, and scientific development

C The importance of translation

It enables a world economy

As communication and travel advance, geography is becoming less and less of a

barrier to doing business Companies enjoy working overseas they'll make the

foremost of the lower cost of products and services in some countries, the

professional and industrial expertise of others, and further markets to exchange

When they trade with countries with a definite language, they need a high-quality

translation to talk effectively When there’s a requirement for translation there are

opportunities for translators When there’s a requirement for translators, there’s a

requirement for Translation Studies they need to seek out the skills to practice at ahigh level, and perhaps even contribute to advancing the sphere even further

Looking ahead, whilst English is the world’s most prominent language at the

moment, it's visiting not always be When a market emerges and grows

rapidly, rather as the Chinese market has in recent years, the demand for translation

to and from its language is additionally likely to increase

Not Everybody Speaks English

English is the most prominent language in the world As a result, one might

question the importance of translation, and ask, why doesn’t everybody just

speak English?

The reality, however, is that not a soul can speak English, fewer still can speak it

tolerably to talk effectively, and perhaps even more importantly: language is

much quite the communication of words it is also an expression of culture, society,and belief Promoting a universal language, therefore, would likely end in a loss ofthe culture and heritage communicated through native languages

The Spread of information and ideas

Translation is very important for the spread of information, knowledge, and ideas

it's necessary for effective and empathetic communication between different

cultures Translation, therefore, is critical for social harmony and peace

Translation is additionally the only medium through which individuals come to

understand different works that expand their knowledge For example:

-Arabic translators were able to keep the ideas of Hellenic philosophers alive

throughout the Middle Ages

-The Bible has been translated into a minimum of 531 languages

-Translation helps sports teams and organizations overcome language barriers and

transcend international boundaries

-TED Talks run open translation projects that allow people around the world to

understand their talks, offering non-English speakers to search out from a

variety of the only educators in the world

1.4 Overview of translation methods

1.4.1 Principles of translating

Meaning.

The meaning of the first text should be faithfully reflected within the

translation Nothing should be added or removed haphazardly Consider the

subsequent questions:

Is the meaning of the first text clear? If not, where does the uncertainty lie?

Are any words “loaded”, that is, are there any underlying implications?

(“Correct me if I’m wrong ” suggests “I know I’m right”)

Is the dictionary meaning of a selected word the foremost suitable one?

Does anything within the translation sound unnatural or forced?

Form.

The sequence of words and ideas within the translation should be as near as feasible

to the originals

Register.

In an exceedingly given setting, languages often differ greatly in terms of

ritual (say, the business letter) To reconcile these disparities, the translator must

differentiate between formal or fixed expressions and private expressions, during

which the tone is defined by the author or speaker Also, consider :

If translated literally, would any expression within the original sound too

formal/informal, cold/warm, personal/impersonal ?

What is the speaker's or writer's intent? (in order to persuade/dissuade,

apologize/criticize?) Is it reflected within the translation?

Source language influence.

"It doesn't sound natural," says one among the foremost common objections to

translation this is often because the source text greatly influences the translator's

views and word choices Setting the fabric aside and translating some words from

memory is an efficient approach to shake off the linguistic communication (SL)

influence While the attention is fixed on the SL text, this may imply natural

patterns of thought within the maternal language (L1) that will not occur to the

mind when the attention is fixed on the SL text

Style and clarity.

The original style shouldn't be changed by the interpretation However, if the

fabric is sloppily written or contains monotonous repetitions, the translator

may correct the errors for the sake of the reader

Idiom.

Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable These include similes,

metaphors, proverbs, sayings (as good as gold), jargon, slang, colloquialisms,

and phrasal verbs If the expressions can not be directly translated, try any of the

following:

Keep the initial term inverted commas: "yum cha" - keep the first

expression in brackets with a literal explanation: Summer in India (dry, hazyweather in late autumn)

Use a detailed substitute

Use plain prose or non-idiomatic translation: a touch an excessive amount

The interlinear translation may be a common example, with the TL right below the

SL words Out of context, the SL order is retained, and also the words are translatedsingly by their most typical

Literal translation

The SL grammatical structures are converted to their closest TL equivalents, while

the lexical words are translated separately and out of context yet again This is a

pre-translation indicator of the problems that require to be addressed

Faithful translation

Within the restrictions of the TL grammatical structures, an accurate translation

seeks to capture the original's precise contextual meaning It 'translates' cultural

words while maintaining grammatical and lexical 'abnormality' (difference from SLstandards) within the translation

Semantic translation

Semantic translation differs from 'faithful translation' primarily in this it must take under consideration the SL text's aesthetic value (that is, its attractive and natural

sound), sacrificing 'meaning' when necessary so no assonance, word-play, or

repetition jars within the final form it should also translate slighter cultural

terminology using culturally neutral third party or functional terms instead

of cultural equivalents The difference between 'faithful' and ‘semantic’ translation

is that the previous is rigid and dogmatic, whilst the latter is more flexible, allows

for an artless exception to 100% fidelity, and allows for the translator's instinctiveempathy with the initial

Adaptation

This is the ‘freest’ variety of translation it's primarily utilized for plays (comedies)

and poetry, with the themes, characters, and storylines being kept, the SL culture

being translated to the TL culture, and therefore the text being rewritten by a

well-known dramatist or poet

Free translation

Free translation reproduces the matter without the way or the content without the

shape of the first Usually, it's a paraphrase for much longer than the first, a

so-called ‘intralingual translation’

Idiomatic translation

Idiomatic translation reproduces the original's message, but it tends to distort

nuances of meaning by favoring colloquialisms and idioms in places where they

do not exist within the original

Communicative translation

The communicative translation aims to convey the original's accurate contextual

meaning in an exceedingly way that the readership will find both content and

language acceptable and understandable

B Different methods of translating according to different translation scholar

It takes a lot of work and dedication to translating correctly and naturally As a

result, an excellent translation procedure will greatly aid translators Each

translator has a unique translation method This section, however, will concentrate

on the most common and well-known methods, as collected and examined by

renowned and experienced translators and linguists

According to Peter Newmark (1988a), there are two excellent translation

approaches There are two types of translation: communicative and semantic Whilecommunicative translation has the same effect on readers in the target language,

semantic translation replicates the author's precise contextual meaning These two

strategies help to accurately portray the original language's meaning and context

This will satisfy readers' desire for an authentic translated version

According to Peter Newmark (1988b), there are eight translation methods, includingthose closest to the source language: Word - for - word translation, Literal

translation, Faithful translation, Semantic translation, Free translation Idiomatic

translation, and communicative translation This classification is determined by the source and destination languages A good translation must satisfy both features,

including transmitting the original version's closest meaning into the target

language with the style of expression and high reader understanding

The two types of translation methods, according to Larson (1984), are literal

translation and idiomatic translation The form of the source language is faithfully followed in literal translation Idiomatic translation, on the other hand, attempts to express the meaning intended by the original writer in the target language

Newmark's translation methods are often regarded as the most effective and simple

to use for translating materials The employment of translation methods is

determined by the needs of each translator The basic goal of translation, regardless

of the method used, is to transmit messages from the source language to the target

language in the most natural, effective, and accurate way possible

1.4.3 Difficulties in translating

Problems of equivalence

Translator Anton Popovic distinguishes four types of equivalence:

(1) Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic

level of both SL and TL texts, i.e word for word translation

(2) Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is the equivalence of “the

elements of a paradigmatic expressive axis”, i.e elements of grammar,which Popovic sees as being a higher category than the lexicalequivalence

(3) Stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is “functional

equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at anexpressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning.”

(4) Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where form and shape are equivalent.

Equivalence in translation should not be viewed as a quest for similarity, becausesimilarity cannot exist between two TL versions of the same text, much lessbetween the SL and the TL version Popovic's four types are a good place to start

Loss and gain

As soon as the precept is familiar that sameness can not exist between two

languages, it becomes feasible to approach the query of loss and advantage inside

the translation technique It's far again an illustration of the low reputation of

translation that so much time needs to have been spent on discussing what's

misplaced within the switch of a text from SL to TL while ignoring what also can

be won, for the translator can at times improve or make clear the SL textual

content as an instantaneous result of the interpretation process Furthermore, what

is often seen as “lost” from the SL context may be replaced in the TL context?

The issues of loss and advantage in translation, specifically the problems

encountered via the translator while confronted with phrases or concepts within the

SL that don't exist in the TL can be visible in vocabulary, grammar, rhythm, which means …

Untranslatability

When difficulties are encountered using the translator, the complete issue of the

translatability of the textual content is raised Linguist J.C Catford

distinguishes varieties of untranslatability, which he phrases as linguistic and

cultural On the linguistic level, untranslatability takes place whilst there may

be no lexical or syntactical substitute inside the TL for an SL item

Catford’s category of linguistic untranslatability, which is likewise proposed using

Popovie, is easy, however, his 2d category is more intricate Linguistic

untranslatability, he argues, is because of variations inside the SL and the TL,

whereas cultural untranslatability is due to the absence inside the TL tradition of a relevant situational characteristic for the SL text

Unnatural or word-by-word translation

Unnaturalness in translation can be understood as the failure to recreate a text

“according to the writer's intention, the reader's expectation, and the appropriate

norms of the target language”, making the translation imperfect and not literarily

elegant (Newmark, 1981) This problem has both subjective causes and

objective causes, which are: Subjective causes relating to the insufficient target

language, competence, and insufficient source language competence; Objective

causes relating to linguistic differences between SL and TL

Inadequate background knowledge

The translation texts might range from simple items like eTA or emails to more

complicated written content like legal processes articles and corporate contracts As a result, a translator must have extensive knowledge of the maritime and logistics

industry, including both current and critical concerns as well as everyday life A

translator must learn as much knowledge as possible to be successful in his or her

vocation Being a "bookworm" who reads regularly is beneficial to translators

Inadequate background knowledge can result from two factors: a lack of

specialist knowledge and cultural differences

strategies "A possibly intentional technique for overcoming a difficulty confronted

in translating a text, or any section of it," Loescher (1991) defines translation

strategy As indicated in this definition, consciousness plays an important role in thedecision-making process of translators "The aspect of consciousness is what

distinguishes strategies from these activities that are not strategic," according to

Cohen (1998) Bell (1998) also distinguishes between global (those dealing with

entire texts) and local (those dealing with text parts) techniques Local strategy is

concerned with the translation of specific grammatical structures and lexical

objects, whereas global strategy is more generic

Looking closely at techniques to cater to "local problems", Chesterman (1997)

divides strategies into three categories of grammatical strategies (involving

purely syntactic changes of 1 kind or another, e.g.loans/calques, phrase

and syntax changes, etc.), semantic strategies (changes mainly regarding lexical

semantics and clause meaning,e.g synonym, antonym, paraphrase, and trope

changes), and pragmatics strategies(involving the choice of data, e.g cultural

filtering, information changes, illocutionary changes, partial translation,

transcending, etc.)We can find a more detailed description of every "local strategy"through the work by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) though they use the term

"procedure" rather than "strategy".Vinay and Darbelnet propose seven procedures

operating on three levels of style: lexis, distribution, and message Direct and

indirect translation are the two types of methods Oblique translation occurs when

the word-for-word translation is impossible

Direct

Indirect (Oblique)

1. Borrowing

2. Calque

(1) Borrowing refers to words taken directly from another language Generally,

borrowings enter a language through translation, and just as with false friends

(false cognates) the translator should strive to look for the equivalents in the SL

that convey the meaning of the SL more advantageously

(2) Calque is used when a foreign word or phrase is translated and incorporated intoanother language It is a special type of borrowing, consisting of borrowing an

expression from the source language and translating every element

(3) Literal translation means the direct transfer of the source text into the target

language in a grammatically and idiomatically proper way This technique is used

when it is possible to transpose the source language message element by element

into the target language and obtain an idiomatic text

Transposition replaces words from one grammatical syntactic category with anotherwithout changing the meaning of the message for example, a verb is translated with

a noun, a noun with an adjective, an adjective with an adverb, and so on

(5) Modulation may well be a shift in point of view, changing the aim of view

without changing the meaning of the message Vinay and Darbelnet

identify different types of modulation, a variety of which are abstract for concrete,

cause for effective means for a result, apart from the total, geographical change

(6) Equivalence accounts for the identical situation employing a different phrase Itgenerally refers to the commonly accepted and used equivalents of idioms,

proverbs, idiomatic expressions, and lexicalized terms

(7) Adaptation refers to a shift within the cultural environment, as an example,

to specify the message employing a unique situation Translators have to adapt

to a language situation when it doesn't exist within the target language or would

be considered inappropriate within the target culture

Additions, subtractions, and changes are the three forms of translation techniques

proposed by Nida (1964) they're accustomed to (1) adapting the message's shape

to the target language's structural qualities, (2) building semantically identical

structures, (3) developing acceptable stylistic equivalences, and (4) achieving an

equal communicative effect A translator makes an addition when he must clarify anelliptic expression, to avoid ambiguity within the target language, change a family, amplify implicit elements, or add connectors

Subtraction: refers to the removal of words or phrases that aren't necessary

for the text's content or impact Changes are made thanks to structural

variations between the two languages, like changes in, grammatical

categories, and semantic mismatches, especially with idiomatic

expressions, which generate incompatibilities Newmark (1988b)

contributes an honest style of tactics that influence the text's micro-units

Transference: the strategy of converting an SL word into a TL text It

incorporates transliteration and is stated as "transcription" someplace

Naturalization: the SL term is ready-made to the natural pronunciation first,

then to the everyday morphology of the TL

Cultural equivalent: it involves substituting a TL word for an SL cultural

term "They aren't accurate," however

Functional equivalent: it necessitates the utilization of a phrase

that's culturally neutral

Descriptive equivalent: the SLT's meaning is stated in various sentences

during this approach

Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word

which features the same meaning but isn't a visual one-to-one equivalent, by

demonstrating first their common than their differing sense components."

Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy

Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations,

names of organizations, and components of compounds It can even be

called: calque or saying Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change

within the grammar from SL to TL, as an example, (i) change from singular

to plural, (ii) the change required when a selected SL structure doesn't exist within the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL

noun group to a TL noun so forth.

Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the

primary text within the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the

TL, since the SL and also the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of

perspective Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normallyuses the official or the commonly accepted translation of any institutional

term."

Compensation: it occurs when the loss of meaning in one component of

a sentence is compensated in another part

Paraphrase: during this procedure, the meaning of the CBT is explained

Here the rationale is much more detailed than that of the descriptive

equivalent

Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures

All the interpretation strategies mentioned above will form a mild background from

which the author will investigate thoroughly translation techniques within the set of

handbooks However, all the above theories just mention the foremost common

strategies speculated to be applied to any or all pairs of languages on the planet

Vietnamese authors have done much research on translations concerning the pairs of

English and Vietnamese languages but most of them target English-Vietnamese

translations in an exceedingly certain book or a selected academic or technological

field The author has found few materials which emphasize strategies employed in

Vietnamese-English translations Thus, the author expects to dig deep into the case of Vietnamese-English translation to provide more valuable information for readers

1.4.6 Factors affecting translation

Different types of the source text

The combined communicating code between the sender and the receiver is known as

text Texts were divided into three groups by Newmark: (1) Expressive text: which

includes serious literary works such as poetry, long stories, novels, and drama, among others; authoritative speech, such as political speeches or documents, various rules andlaw documents, science, philosophy works, autobiography, prose, and personal letters; and authoritative speech, such as political speeches or documents, various rules, and

law documents, and science, philosophy works, autobiography, prose, and personal

letters (2) Text that provides information, such

as science, technology, business, industry, and the economy, as well as teaching

materials, technical reports, articles, newspaper and magazine articles, essays,

memos, and conference records (3) Appellative text: for example, a notification, a

specification, a publicized manual, and so on

Purpose of translation

According to Skopos’s theory, judging translation faults cannot be only dependent

on whether or not the translation is correct or faithful to the source language

Skopos’s theory coherence principle dictates that the translation's text be readable

and acceptable to the target language's reader It's crucial to check if it's in line withthe translation's goal Different translation methodologies should be used for

diverse readers and translation purposes, resulting in different functionalities in thetarget language The success or failure of a text translation is mostly determined bywhether the translation's goal is met From this perspective, a translator's ability to select the appropriate translation objective is a necessary trait

Target readers

According to Peter Newmark, readers can be divided into three categories:

uniformed people, educated laymen, and experts Different generations of target

language readers may accept the source language and culture differently, resulting

in many readings of the same work from the same historical period Because the

same word can have multiple meanings at different times, the reader's knowledge,

experience, and emotional items are influenced by a variety of characteristics,

including age, gender, ethnicity, educational background, and occupation As a

result, readers of all levels require different translation works, allowing translators

to submit several translation versions to fulfill the needs of various readers

interpretation topic When employing a translation text, learners can quickly

translate into the target language if they need no trouble learning new words They,

on the opposite hand, seem to struggle with translation as most English words have many meanings; the precise meaning of 1 word will be expressed only in context

Furthermore, vocabulary is crucial in translating documents the number of

individuals who understand the meanings of words will provide many

benefits within the translation process, and then there'll be many opportunities for

people who have an interest in translation work to become expert translators

Influence of the mother tongue

within the process of learning a far-off language, the first language forms the way ofthinking, and, to some extent, the employment of the target language during the

educational process like order or choice of words due to translation, people are

more likely to know the interruption of their maternal language when learning a

distant language and can be able to explore the potential of both languages – their

merits and shortcoming – by using contrastive analysis

Context

A language is the vehicle of people’s ideas, thoughts, and perspectives of the

globe the interpretation is described because of the act of conveying a text's

meaning from one language to a different This process involves translating the

meaning of the source text and producing the identical meaning in another

language Texts, however, cannot exist out of context By context what's meant is

the entire environment within which the word or sentence is expressed or stated

Any word within the text doesn't exist

Grammatical structures

Vocabulary is insufficient for translating It needs a special assumption to be

meaningful within the sentence that's grammar or grammatical structures

Grammatical structures are essential tools within the translation process Inadequateknowledge in either of the 2 areas may end up in poor quality translation

When to other languages, English is very static It adheres to rather rigid structures, while the Vietnamese language is much more adaptable as an example, the

Vietnamese language doesn't always use articles; there are many tenses in English, and they are used with a specific structure In case, an untrue tense is employed

readers cannot understand or misunderstand it lastly, grammatical structures in

English are so complicated and challenging to master It requires the learners to

seek out a good way of learning to check and practice more if they require to limit grammar errors in using English generally and specifically in translation subjects asskilled translators in isolation, but rather communicate with other words within the text and with the complete text it's the link of words that defines their meaning

instead of their isolated meaning Context helps to know what word should be

chosen to own an appropriate meaning within the translated text If the context is

misunderstood, it ends up in choosing unsuitable meanings

Context results in the event of a real translated text, which is thought to be the

foremost essential requirement of translation

1.5 ESP in translation

1.5.1 Definition

English for specific purposes is abbreviated as ESP It is characterized in a variety

of ways Some folks defined ESP as just speaking English for any purpose Others,

on the other hand, were more specific, referring to it as academic English

instruction or English instruction for vocational or professional objectives Tony

Dudley-Evans, co-editor of the ESP Journal, defines ESP in terms of "absolute" and

"variable" characteristics

1.5.2 Variable characteristics

ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines ESP may use in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of General English ESP is

likely to be designed for adult learners, either at a tertiary level institution or in a

professional work situation It could, however, be for learners at the secondary

school level ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students

Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems

1.5.3 Types of ESP

David Carter (1983) identifies three kinds of ESP:

English is a restricted language

English for Academic and Occupational Purposes

English with specific topics

The language utilized by traffic controllers or by waiters is a sample of English as arestricted language Mackay and Mountford (1978) clearly illustrate the difference between restricted language and language with this statement: “ The language of international air-traffic control might be thought to be 'special', within the sense thatthe repertoire required by the controller is strictly limited and might be the

accurately determined situation, as can be the linguistic needs of a dining-room

waiter or air hostess However, such restricted repertoires don't seem to

be languages, even as a logistics book isn't grammar Knowing a restricted

'language' wouldn't allow the speaker to speak effectively in a novel situation, or

contexts outside the vocational environment”

The second form of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English for tutorial and

Occupational Purposes within the 'Tree of ELT' (Hutchinson & Waters, 1987), ESP

is weakened into three branches:

English for Science and Technology (EST)

English for Business and Economics

(EBE) English for Social Studies (ESS)

Each of those subject areas is further divided into two branches:

English for educational Purposes (EAP)

English for Occupational Purposes (EOP)

An example of EOP for the EST branch is 'English for Technicians' whereas an

example of EAP for the EST branch is 'English for Medical Studies' - The third andfinal style of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English with specific topics Carter notes that it's only here where emphasis shifts from purpose to the topic this kind ofESP is uniquely concerned with anticipated future English needs of, for instance,

scientists requiring English for postgraduate reading studies, attending conferences,

or working in foreign institutions However, I argue that this is often not a separate sort of ESP Rather it's an integral component of ESP courses or programs which

specialize in situational language This situational language has been determined to support the interpretation of results from the requirements analysis of the authentic language employed in a target workplace setting

1.6 Terminology

1.6.1 Definition of terminology

Terminology plays a vital role in the understanding of contexts and specialized

texts Understanding the intricate terminological details of the technical and

scientific contexts helps students comprehend what the message of the document

is, and it helps specialists transmit the content more effectively There has been

much research on this subject and an outsized number of definitions are proposed According to Valeontis and Mantzari (2006, 1), Terminology has twofold

meanings: (1) it is the discipline concerned with the principles and methods

governing the study of concepts and their designations (terms, names, symbols) in any subject field, and the job of collecting, processing, and managing relevant data and (2) the set of terms belonging to the special language of a personal subject

field”

within the Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary (7th edition, 1583) it's said that

terminology is the set of technical words or expressions employed in a

specific field In brief, terminology could be a set of terms that are given specific

meanings in specific contexts, each term denotes an idea of a

selected field like economics, science, biology, and so on

1.6.2 The distinction between term and word