After reporting the results on the old road foundations around Doan Mon vestige, apart from investigating to discover old vestiges in the vicinity of Kinh Thien Temple, the authors try
Trang 1177
Some results of discovering old vestiges
in the vicinity of Kinh Thien Temple
Vu Duc Minh1 *, Nguyen Ba Duan 2
1 College of Science, VNU
2 Institute of Geophysics, VAST
Received 14 June 2007
Abstract. After reporting the results on the old road foundations around Doan Mon vestige, apart
from investigating to discover old vestiges in the vicinity of Kinh Thien Temple, the authors try to determine whether these old discovered road foundations still exist and direct from inside Doan Mon to Kinh Thien Temple or not?
The results show that it can be imagined that whole investigated area can locate on the flat hill, with indications of the culture of the Le Dynasty and of the Tran Dynasty at the depth of about 1 m and 2 m. The indications of old road foundations and old roads are clearly seen. These road foundations and roads have a direction extended from Doan Mon Gate to Kinh Thien Temple. In addition, small noticeable abnormal objects have been discovered in the investigated area. The results are reported in this paper.
Keywords: GPR; MRI; Profile; Antennae; Wave patterns.
A difficult problem of archaeological work
is that in order to discover old vestiges one has
first to rely on signs on the ground surface and
then do excavations by hand digging. This does
not always lead to a positive result, and
sometimes partly destroys the vestige. On the
other hand, if a vestige has been found after
digging, its preservation is very difficult,
expensive, and low effective.
Nowadays, geophysical archaeological
methods have been successfully used in the
world for the purpose of discovering, locating
and mapping archaeological objects buried in
_
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 84‐4‐8587781.
E‐mail: minhvd@vnu.edu.vn
the ground. Among those, the Multi‐electrode Resistivity Imaging (MRI) method [1, 3] and the Ground‐Penetrating Radar (GPR) [2, 3] method are near earth surface ones, which are considered
as the main methods.
In Vietnam, geophysicists start to pay attention to this problem, especially leaders and managers have been allowed to use geophysical methods in the work to discover old vestiges in order not to destroy the scene as well as the vestiges, to help the archaeologists to see overall picture of the area under investigation, and hence to dig only necessary vestiges. This paper presents some results of discovering old vestiges in the vicinity of Kinh Thien Temple using above‐mentioned methods.
Trang 2field methods
At present, the Kinh Thien Temple area and
its vicinity (Fig. 1) have many houses in use.
Apart from these houses, internal roads are
concreted or asphalted. There are no any sign of
the old vestiges on the ground surface.
However, above Kinh Thien Temple,
according to historical data, there is a house
which was built a long time ago and has been
restored. Below the King’s yard, there are two
stone dragons with heads along the north‐south
direction.
Behind the houses N6 and N18 to the south
is Doan Mon vestige. The Archaeological Institute
and Department of Culture and Information of
Hanoi have made archaeological excavations
inside Doan Mon vestige. They have found a
yard covered by the brick, stone jetty of the Le
Dynasty at the depth of 1‐1.2m, a 1.3m‐wide
road of the Tran Dynasty covered by the lemon
flower‐color brick at the depth of 1.9‐2m, below
it the road foundations of the Ly Dynasty have
been found. In previous research on the area
around Doan Mon [3], we have discovered
these old road foundations behind Doan Mon
vestige. Therefore, apart from our investigation
in order to discover old vestiges in the Kinh
Thien Temple area, we want to determine
whether these old road foundations still exist
and direct from inside the Doan Mon to the
Kinh Thien Temple or not?
We used two geophysical methods: GPR
and MRI. The measuring profiles have been
arranged so that they are coinciding with or
perpendicular to the directions of old road
foundations found inside Doan Mon vestige,
from Doan Mon gate to the King’s yard of Kinh
Thien Temple, with two areas: area 1 between
Kinh Thien Temple and house N15, area 2
between houses N16, N17, N6 and N18. In
these profiles, the MRI measuring profile with
distance of 1 m between the electrodes is profile DIEN‐2 just in front of house N15 and the King’s yard and a plenty of the GPR measuring profiles with antennae of 80 MHz (denoted as
80, for example 80D11), 200 MHz (denoted as 2, for example 2D4) and 400 MHz (denoted as 4, for example 4TEST1). These profiles are presented
in Fig. 1.
3. Results of analysis
3.1. Area between houses N16, N17, N6, and N18
In this area, we have made seven GPR measuring profiles with antennae of 80, 200 and
400 MHz. Among these profiles, five profiles directed from East to West (profiles 80N30 and 4TEST1, which coincide with each other) and two profiles directed from the south to the north, which coincide with each other but have different depths. Due to technical reason, MRI measurements have not been carried out (Fig. 1). Fig. 2 shows the results of analysis for three GPR profiles measured by 80 MHz antenna. In the wave pattern of these profiles, a sign of foundation layers is not seen because wavelength
of the 80 MHz antenna is large (about 1.25 m) and, consequently, many objects of smaller size are neglected. However, from 2D joined picture and wave patterns we observe rather clearly the geological structure of this area (probably it is a broad and not high hill).
Comparing the results of the GPR sections
of two coinciding GPR profiles 80D9N and 80D9N2 having different depths (Fig. 3), one can see that geological structure signs along these profiles coincide with each other and are
at small depth (about 2.5 m) in the beginning of the profiles.
Fig. 4 presents the results of the GPR sections with 200 MHz and 400 MHz antennae. All three GPR sections show similar characteristics, namely many abnormal objects and strong
Trang 3Vu Duc Minh, Nguyen Ba Duan / VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 23 (2007) 177‐186
179
reflecting borders. A sign of foundation layer at
1m depth exist but not clearly; foundation layer
at 2m depth is rather clearly seen on the profile
2TEST1 but not clearly on other profiles due to
distance is not deep enough. In the ending part
of the profiles (closed to house N17 in the
scheme), there are strong reflecting geological
borders at small depth (only about 1.5 m)
sloping to the beginning of the profiles. This
can be a vestige of a hill area. It is covered by a
filled land affected by human activities.
Especially, on two GPR sections 4TEST2
and 4TEST1 there is a sign of a road of the Le
Dynasty, on both sides of which there are two stone jetties, in particular clear on the GPR section 4TEST2, in the middle of which we observe multiple reflections since radar waves beat at strong reflecting objects (brick, stone etc.). This sign is clearly seen in Fig. 5. However, these two profiles are about 10 m apart but distance between two stone jetties is changed?
On the GPR section 4TEST2 it is from distance
at 5.5 to 10 m (4.5 m), on the GPR section 4TEST1 from distance at 6.5 to 9.5 m (3 m). This problem should be clarified in the next investigation.
Fig. 1. Position scheme of geophysical investigation profiles.
Trang 4Fig. 2. Wave patterns and 2D joined pictures of 80 MHz‐antenna profiles:
two profiles 80N31, 80N30 and one profile 80D9N2.
Fig. 3. Comparison of the results of the GPR sections of the profiles 80D9N2 (above)
and 80D9N (below) coinciding with each other but with different depths.
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Fig. 4. Wave patterns and results of analysis for profiles 2TEST1 (above), 4TEST2 (middle) and 4TEST1 (below).
3.2. Area in the front of the King’s yard of Kinh
Thien Temple
In this area, we have made 4 GPR measuring
profiles with antennae of 80 MHz, 200 MHz
and one MRI profile (DIEN‐2). Among those,
profiles 80D11 and 2D4 coincide with each
other, in front of the King’s yard; the profiles
80D12 and 2D5 coincide with each other, in front
of the yard of house N15 and nearly coincide
with the profile DIEN‐2. These profiles direct
from the east gate to the west gate (Fig. 1), or
from the right to the left in wave patterns.
In the wave pattern of the GPR measuring
profiles with antennae of 200 MHz (Fig. 6), one
can see two foundation layers at the depth of
about 1 m and 2 m, existing from the beginning
to the end of the profiles. Probably these two foundation layers are related to the culture of the Le Dynasty and the Tran Dynasty. On the GPR section 2D5 (in front of house N15) a sign
of 2m‐foundation layer is weaker; on the GPR section 2D4 (in front of the King’s yard), this foundation layer is clearer and somewhat sloping to east. On both profiles, abnormal objects are discovered. On the GPR section 2D4, there are several strong reflections at distance
of 11‐24 m (in the part in front of the King’s yard) from ground surface to the depth of 1.7 m. This can be due to multiple reflections from terraces in front of the King’s yard under ground. On the GPR section 2D5, there are two regions at distance of 4‐10 m and 15‐20 m, at the
Trang 6depth of 0.5‐1.2 m in which an indication of
inhomogeneous environment exists. Especially,
between these two regions (at distance of 10‐15 m)
there are very strong reflections at the depth of
1.2 m and below. These may be reflections from
a flagstone or from rather thick concrete.
Fig. 7 presents a comparison of two wave
patterns of the same profile 2D5 but measured
by RAMAC equipment with 500 MHz antenna
and by SIR 10B equipment with 200 MHz
antenna. One can see two inhomogeneous
regions on both sides and one strong reflecting
anomaly in the middle of which have rather
clear and coinciding indications. One can
observe indication of this anomaly in the wave
pattern of profile 80D12 (Fig. 8) and
pseudoresistivity cross‐section (Fig. 9).
In the wave pattern of the GPR profiles (80D12 and 80D11) with antennae of 80 MHz (Fig. 8) indications of foundation layers and of some abnormal objects are not clear because the antenna of low frequency (80 MHz) is used and, consequently, many objects with smaller size are neglected. In addition, this type of antenna does not have the curtain that causes the wave patterns to be strongly perturbed. However, in the wave patterns some large objects such as geological borders and terraces in front of the King’s yard on profile 80D11 near the King’s yard are indicated rather clearly. The geological borders start to appear at small depth (about 3 m) indicating non‐flat geological structures. It may
be a hill area, which has been leveled or deposited many times.
Fig. 5. Wave patterns and 2D joined pictures of profiles 4TEST1 and 4TEST2.
Trang 8Fig. 6. Wave patterns and results of analysis for profiles 2D5 (above),
2D4 (below) and 2D joined picture (middle).
Fig. 7. Comparison of two wave patterns of profile 2D5: obtained by RAMAC equipment
with 500 MHz antenna (above) and by SIR 10B equipment with 200 MHz antenna (below).
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Fig. 8. Wave patterns and results of analysis for profiles 80D12 (above) and 80D11 (below).
Fig. 9. Comparison of the GPR section 2D5 (above) and MRI section DIEN‐2 (below).
Fig. 9 presents a comparison of GPR section
2D5 (above) and MRI section DIEN‐2 (below).
The positions of these two profiles are nearly
the same. One can see two inhomogeneous
regions on both sides and strong reflecting anomaly in the middle of which described above coincide well with three high‐resistivity regions on the pseudoresistivity cross‐section.
Trang 10With the resistivity scale, perhaps anomaly in
the middle is concrete. Below this anomaly,
there is a low‐resistivity, rather symmetrical
region. With these indications, it can be a
reservoir which is made of concrete. Below it,
there is a low‐resistivity region, this is the
reason of strong diminishing of radar waves,
affecting penetrability of the GPR signals.
4. Concluding remarks
‐ In the area between houses N16, N17, N6
and N18, results of analysis for the profiles by
GPR methods, through 2D joined picture and
the wave patterns of 80 MHz‐antenna profiles,
allow to observe rather clearly the geological
structure at old times. It can be a flat hill. When
measuring by 200 and 400 MHz antennae,
results show indications of many abnormal
objects and several strong reflection borders,
especially the indications of the road of the Le
Dynasty, the stone jetties on both sides, the
indications of multiple reflections due to
beating of radar waves at strong reflecting
objects (brick, stone etc.). The foundation layer
at the depth of 2 m is also clearly seen. Close to
house N17, there is a geological border of strong
reflections at small depth (only about 1.5 m).
This can be a vestige of a hill area. It is covered
by a filled land affected by human activities.
‐ In the front area of the King’s yard of Kinh
Thien Temple, results of analysis for the
profiles by the GPR methods also show rather
clear indications of geological borders,
foundation layers on the wave patterns and of
terraces in front of the King’s yard on profile
80D11 closed to the King’s yard. The geological
borders start to appear at small depth (about 3 m),
indicating non‐flat geological structures. It may
be a hill area, which has been leveled or
deposited many times. In the wave patterns of
the 200 MHz antenna profiles, there are two
foundation layers at the depth of about 1 m and
2 m. Probably these two foundation layers are related to the culture of the Le Dynasty and the Tran Dynasty. On both GPR sections, some abnormal objects have also discovered. On GPR section 2D4 (in the part in front of the King’s yard), there are several strong reflections at distance of 11‐24 m from ground surface to the depth of 1.7 m. This can be due to multiple reflections from terraces in front of the King’s yard under ground. On GPR section 2D5 (in front of house N15) at the depth of 0.5‐1.2 m, there
is an indication of inhomogeneous environment. Especially, at distance of 10‐15 m there are very strong reflections at the depth of 1.2 m and below. These may be reflections from a flagstone or from rather thick concrete. Comparing GPR section 2D5 and MRI section DIEN‐2 having nearly the same position, one can see that results obtained by both methods are very close
to each other. It can be expected that anomaly in the middle is concrete. Below this anomaly, there
is a low‐resistivity, rather symmetrical region.
‐ Thus, it can be imagined that whole area under investigation can be located on the flat hill, with indications of the culture of the Le Dynasty and of the Tran Dynasty at the depth
of about 1 m and 2 m. The indications of old road foundations and old roads are clearly seen. Comparison with our previous results of investigation around Doan Mon vestige shows that these road foundations and roads have a direction extended from Doan Mon Gate to Kinh Thien Temple. In addition, small abnormal objects have been discovered, which are scattered
on the profiles.
‐ Once again, it can be stated that the application of GPR and MRI methods to discover old vestiges in the ground in Vietnam
is very feasible and effective. However, in order
to indicate exactly the position and structure of old vestiges, one has to select relevant antennae, to arrange the system of profiles so