research for identifying the optimal strategy of weed control and fertilization on wheat crop

Peer-review under responsibility of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest doi: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.09.045 ScienceDirect WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH$JULF

Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 10 ( 2016 ) 148 – 154

2210-7843 © 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).

Peer-review under responsibility of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest

doi: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.09.045

ScienceDirect

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH$JULFXOWXUHIRU/LIH/LIHIRU$JULFXOWXUH

5HVHDUFKIRULGHQWLI\LQJWKHRSWLPDOVWUDWHJ\RIZHHGFRQWURO

DQGIHUWLOL]DWLRQRQZKHDWFURS

&DWDOLQ(3$58

University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd, 011464, District 1, Bucharest, Romania

$EVWUDFW

:KHDWLVFRQVLGHUHGWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFURSZLWKDKLJKFRQWHQWLQSURWHLQDQGFDUERK\GUDWHVDQGE\EDODQFHEHWZHHQWKHP

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

ZDVSHUIRUPHGDELIDFWRULDOWULDOZKHUHIDFWRU$ZHHGFRQWUROZLWKJUDGXDWLRQVD  XQWUHDWHGD  /DUHQ:*D   /RJUDQ:*D  +DUPRQ\')D  /LQWXU:*D  6HNDWRUD  'LFRSXU7RS6/D  5LYDO6WDU*'DQGIDFWRU

%  OHYHO RI QLWURJHQ IHUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK WZR  JUDGXDWLRQV E  XQIHUWLOL]HG E  IHUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK  NJ RI QLWURJHQKD $IWHU UHVXOWVDQDO\VLVLWZDVIRXQGWKDWWKHJUHDWHVWGHJUHHRIZHHGFRQWUROZDVUHJLVWHUHGRQ/RJUDQ:*ZKHUHWKHZHHGQHVGHJUHH ZDV  DW KDUYHVW DQG WKH \HOG OHYHO ZDV  NJKD DW E   XQIHUWLOL]HG DQG  NJKD DW E    1 NJKD $SSO\LQJ RI IHUWLOL]DWLRQKDVDVUHVXOWLQFUHDVLQJRI\LHOGZLWKPRUHWKDQNJKD



‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9

3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI$JURQRPLF6FLHQFHVDQG9HWHULQDU\0HGLFLQH%XFKDUHVW

KeywordsZHHGZHHGFRQWUROKHUELFLGHVIHUWLOL]DWLRQZKHDWSURGXFWLRQ







E-mail address:JLGHDP#\DKRRFRP

© 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Peer-review under responsibility of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest

7KHSUHVHQWSDSHUDVVHVVHVWKHILQDQFLDOHIILFLHQF\ZKHQDSSO\LQJURWDWLRQDQGIHUWLOL]DWLRQLQWKH&URS5RWDWLRQ )LHOGDW0RDUD'RPQHDVFD([SHULPHQWDO)DUPZKLFKZDVIRXQGHGLQ

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

6WXGLHVKDYHLQGLFDWHGWKDWFURSORVVHVGXHWRZHHGFRPSHWLWLRQWKURXJKRXWWKHZRUOGDVDZKROHDUHJUHDWHUWKDQ WKRVHUHVXOWLQJIURPWKHFRPELQHGHIIHFWRILQVHFWSHVWVDQGGLVHDVHVGHWHUPLQHGUHGXFWLRQLQZKHDW\LHOG *H]XDQG6RERND

+RZHYHUFKRRVLQJWKHPRVWDSSURSULDWHKHUELFLGHFRUUHVSRQGLQJWLPHRIDSSOLFDWLRQDQGWKHDSSURSULDWHGRVDJH LVDQLPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWIRUOXFUDWLYHSURILWV$EEDVHWDO.KDOLOHWDO0DUZDWHWDO6KHUDZDWHW DO

:HHGLQIHVWDWLRQDUHDPRQJWKHIDFWRUVOHDGLQJWRORZ\LHOGV&KHHPDDQG)DURRT

:HHGVUHGXFHFURS\LHOGVE\FRPSHWLQJIRUQRWRQO\QHFHVVDU\JURZWKIDFWRUVVXFKDVZDWHUQXWULHQWVOLJKWDQG VSDFHEXWDOVRE\UHOHDVLQJFKHPLFDOVLQWKHUKL]RVSKHUHWKURXJKWKHLUURRWVRURWKHUSODQWSDUWV5HGG\ 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGFKHPLFDOZHHGFRQWUROGHSHQGHQFHRQO\LQYROYHVDQH[FHVVLYHXVHRIKHUELFLGHVZKLFKUHVXOWV LQHQYLURQPHQWDOSROOXWLRQDQGWKHLQWHUDQGLQWUDVSHFLILFH[FKDQJH+DVVDQDQG0DUZDW

:HHG PDQDJHPHQW E\ SK\VLFDO DQG PHFKDQLFDO ZRUN LQYROYLQJ WKH DQLPDOV DQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ FRVWV PDNLQJ WKHPPRUHODERULRXVWHGLRXVDQGH[SHQVLYH,TEDO

0DWHULDOVDQG0HWKRGV

,QRUGHUWRDFKLHYHREMHFWLYHVLQYHVWLJDWLRQVZHUHFRQGXFWHGERWKILHOGDQGODERUDWRU\7KHUHVHDUFKLQWKHILHOG ZHUHFRQGXFWHGGXULQJWKHJURZLQJVHDVRQDQGZHUHDLPHGDWGHWHUPLQLQJVHOHFWLYLW\DQGHIILFDF\RIKHUELFLGHVWKH ZHHGVDQGWKHGHJUHHRITXDQWLWDWLYHDQGTXDOLWDWLYHREWDLQHG$SSO\LQJKHUELFLGHVUHFRPPHQGHGRSWLPDOHUDZDV DFKLHYHGE\SURGXFHUVZKHQWKHVRLOLVDWOHDVW&EHIRUHIRUPDWLRQRIWKHILUVWLQWHUQRGH(PLVVLRQPL[WXUHZDV

 OKD 7KH VXUIDFH RI H[SHULPHQWDO SORWV ZDV  P $OO YDULDQWV KDYH EHQHILWHG IURP WKH VDPH ZRUNV DJURSK\WRWHFKQLFDO

([SHULHQFHZDVPRXQWHGRQFHUQR]LRPVRLOLQIDUP,,,DYQLF$GULDQ7KHUHDFWLRQLVVOLJKWO\DONDOLQHVRLOZLWK S+YDOXHVRIDQGKXPXV

6XQIORZHUSODQWZDVSULRU7KHZKHDWYDULHW\ZDVFXOWLYDWHGDNLQG+XQJDULDQ-XVWXVDFTXLUHGIURP$JULFRYHU FRPSDQ\6RZLQJZDVGRQHZLWKGULOOV683ZLWKDGHQVLW\RIJUDLQVJHUPLQDEOHPGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQURZVRI

FP(PHUJHQFHLWKDVEHHQIRXQGRQ2FWREHU,QDXWXPQSORZLQJZDVDSSOLHGXQGHUNJKD32 7KHUH ZHUH XVHG WKH SUHHPHUJHQFH WUHDWPHQW DOO WUHDWPHQWV ZHUH DSSOLHG SRVWHPHUJHQFH VSULQJ 7ZLQQLQJ , LQWHUQRGHZKHDWZHHGLQURVHWIDVH

([SHULHQFHZDVSODFHGDIWHUWKHW\SHELIDFWRULDOVXEGLYLGHGSDUFHOVPHWKRGZKHUH

x )DFWRU$QLWURJHQIHUWLOL]DWLRQZLWKWZRJUDGXDWLRQVDNJQLWURJHQKDDNJQLWURJHQKD

x )DFWRU%:HHGPDQDJHPHQWZLWKHLJKWJUDGXDWLRQV7DEOH

'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI ZHHG QXPHULF ZDV GRQH EHIRUH WUHDWPHQWV DQG WKDW WZR ZHHNV DIWHU WKHLU DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG EHIRUHKDUYHVW

%DVHGRQGDWDFROOHFWHGWRGHWHUPLQHSDUWLFLSDWLRQZKHUH

P WKHDYHUDJHQXPEHURIZHHGVPRIDJLYHQVSHFLHV

0 WKHDYHUDJHQXPEHURIZHHGVPWKHVXPRIDOOPHGLDZHHGVSHFLHVLGHQWLILHG

&RQVWDQFH LV FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH IRUPXODZKHUH WKH QXPEHU RI SRLQWV ZKHUH D VSHFLHV ZDV SUHVHQW DQG 1 WKH WRWDOQXPEHURISRLQWVZKHUHPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHPDGHLQWKLVFDVHWKH\ZHUHPDGHGHWHUPLQDWLRQV

E /DUHQ3UR6* 0HWVXOIXURQPHWLO JKD GLFRW\OHGHQRXV

E /RJUDQ:* 7LDVXOIXURQ JKD DQQXDODQGSHUHQQLDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXV

E +DUPRQ\([WUD 7LIHQVXOIXURQPHWLO

7ULEHQXURQPHWLO

JKD /HDYHGZHHGVDQQXDODQGSHUHQQLDOCirsiumSKDVH

OHDYHV E /LQWXU:* 7LDVXOIXURQ

'LFDPED

JKD DQQXDODQGSHUHQQLDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXVVRPH

E 6HNDWRU3URJUHVV2' ,RGRVXOIXURQPHWLO1DJO

$PLGRVXOIXURQJO

0HIHQSLUGLHWLOVDIQHUJO

JKD GLFRW\OHGRQRXVDQQXDOSHUHQQLDODQGDQQXDO

PRQFRFRWLOHGRQDWHVRPH

E 'LFRSXU7RS6/ DFLG'JO

GLFDPEDJO

OKD DVZHOODVDQQXDODQGSHUHQQLDOGLFRW\OHGRQVUHVLVWDQW

WR'

E 5LYDO6WDU*' 7ULEHQXURQPHWLO JKD DQQXDODQGSHUHQQLDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXV

5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQV

3.1 Determination weed spectrum before applying herbicide treatments

'HWHUPLQDWLRQZHHGZLQWHUZKHDWFURSSULRUWRWUHDWPHQWZLWKKHUELFLGHVZDVSHUIRUPHGXVLQJQXPHULFDOPHWKRG

%DVHGRQGDWDFROOHFWHGSULRUWRWUHDWPHQWZLWKWKHKHUELFLGHVZHUHFDOFXODWHGDQGWKHFRQVWDQWSDUWLFLSDWLRQ

7DEOH7KHUHVXOWVRQZHHGGHQVLW\SDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGFRQVLVWHQF\EHIRUHWUHDWPHQWVZLWKKHUELFLGHV

'D 

'S 

 $QQXDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXV  3HUHQQLDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXV



,QH[SHULPHQWDOILHOGZKHUHWKH\ZHUHSODFHGH[SHULHQFHVKDYHEHHQLGHQWLILHGVSHFLHVOHDYHGZHHGVRIZKLFK

 VSHFLHV DQQXDO GLFRW\OHGRQRXV Fumaria VS Veronica hederifolium Polygonum convolvulus Polygonum

aviculare  Matricaria odorless Galium aparine SLJZHHG DQG SHUHQQLDO GLFRW\OHGRQRXV VSHFLHV Convolvulus

arvensis  WZR Cirsium arvense DQG ZKHQ PHDVXUHPHQWV KDYH QRW EHHQ LGHQWLILHG PRQRFRW\OHGRQRXV VSHFLHV %\

DQDO\]LQJWKHPHDQGHQVLW\RIWKHZHHGVVKRZQLQ7DEOH:KHUHLWLVQRWHGWKDWWKH\GRQRWDSSO\WRWKHQXPEHURI ZHHGV QLWURJHQ IHUWLOL]HUV DUH  SOP Chenopodium album DQG  SOP Polygonum aviculare ZLWK D WRWDO RI

GLFRW\OHGRQRXVDQQXDODQGSHUHQQLDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXV0DUFK

,QHPERGLPHQWVLQZKLFKWKHQLWURJHQIHUWLOL]HUDSSOLHGDYHUDJHQXPEHURIZHHGVSHFLHVLQSDUWLVSOPWR

Matricaria inodoraDQGSOPRIPolygonum aviculare7RWDODQQXDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXVVSHFLHVLVSOPDQG RIWKHSHUHQQLDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXVSOP

1H[WDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH7KHGDWDRQSDUWLFLSDWLRQZHHGVSHFLHVDWZHHGLQJRIILHOGVSODQWHGZLWKZKHDWLQWKH ILHOGZLWKH[SHULHQFHV,,$GULDQ,DYQLF7HOHRUPDQ&RXQW\9DOXHVSDUWLFLSDWLRQZHHGVSHFLHVVKRZVWKDWWKHODUJHVW VKDUHKROGDQQXDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXVVSHFLHVZLWKDSHUFHQWDJHRILQWHUPVRIIHUWLOL]DWLRQRULI\RXDSSO\ IHUWLOL]HU

,QFRQFOXVLRQDV\RXFDQVHHWKHUHZHUHQRVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHSHUFHQWDJHRISDUWLFLSDWLRQRIYDULRXV VSHFLHVRIZHHGVDQGDSSO\LQJIHUWLOL]HUVLQIOXHQFHGWKHH[WHQWWKHVPDOOZHHGV

9DOXHVFRQVWDQF\SUHVHQFHRIZHHGVSHFLHVFDOFXODWHGRQWKHEDVLVRIUHFRUGVIURPWKHSULPDU\VKHHWZHHGLQJ 'DWDDQDO\VLVLVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHYDULDQWZLWKRXWIHUWLOL]DWLRQDQQXDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXVVSHFLHVKDGDFRQVWDQF\RI

ZKLOHSHUHQQLDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXVVSHFLHVZHUHSUHVHQWLQRIWKHSRLQWVWKDWZHUHPDGHGHWHUPLQDWLRQV

&RQVWDQFH ODUJHVW VSHFLHV H[KLELWHG D Convolvulus arvense DQG Polygonum convolvulus ZLWK  IROORZHG E\

Veronica haederifolia,QWHUPVRIDQQXDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXVVSHFLHVIHUWLOL]DWLRQFRQVWDQF\LVDQGRI SHUHQQLDO GLFRW\OHGRQRXV 7KH KLJKHVW YDOXH LV UHFRUGHG LQ Polygonum convolvulus VSHFLHV LV SUHVHQW LQ  RI SRLQWVGHWHUPLQDWLRQFRQVWDQF\ZKLOHWKHORZHVWUHFRUGHGIRUVSHFLHVMatricaria inodor OHVV

7KH GDWD DQDO\VLV HQYLURQPHQWV DQG WKRVH RQ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ DQG FRQVWDQF\ ZHHG VSHFLHV LW FDQ EH VDLG WKDW WKH DJULFXOWXUDO \HDU  WKHUH ZHUH QR VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH FRQVLVWHQF\ RI WKH ZHHG VSHFLHV SULRU WR DSSOLFDWLRQRIKHUELFLGHWUHDWPHQWV



3.2 Determination of weed at 14 and 28 days after application of herbicide treatments (Numerical method)

7DEOH FHQWUDOL]HGGDWDZHHGLQJDUH GHWHUPLQHG WKURXJK QXPHULFDO FURS \HDU 7KH GDWDVKRZV WKDW KHUELFLGHV DSSOLHG WR UHGXFH ZHHG JURZWK REVHUYHG DW  SOP LQ YHUVLRQ FRQWURO  SOP KHUELFLGH 6HNDWRU DQG

SOPYDULDQWWUHDWHGZLWK'LFRSXU7RS6/'$7GD\DIWHUWUHDWPHQWLQYHUVLRQFRQWURODUHSOPDQG YDULDQWVWUHDWHGZLWKYDULRXVKHUELFLGHVQXPEHURIZHHGPLVEHWZHHQPKHUELFLGHVWR/LQWXU6HNDWRUDQGE ,Q YDULDQWV IHUWLOL]HG ZLWK 1 DYHUDJH QXPEHU RI ZHHGV LV EHWZHHQ P DW  '$7 'LFRSXU 7RS  6/ KHUELFLGHDQGP+DUPRQ\WUHDWPHQWFRPSDUHGWRWKHFRQWUROZKHUHSOP

7KH HIIHFW RI ZHHG FRQWURO WUDWPHQW ZDV HYDOXDWH DW '$7 SOP DQG YDULDQWV ZHHG KHUELFLGHV LV EHWZHHQ

SOP/LQWXUDQG+DUPRQ\KHUELFLGHDQGSOP'LFRSXU7RS6/

,QYDULDQWVIHUWLOL]HGZLWK1DYHUDJHQXPEHURIZHHGV'$7LWLVSOPLQWKHFRQWUROYDULDQWFRPSDUHG ZLWKSOPKHUELFLGHVZLWK/DUHQJKD

'HWHUPLQDWLRQVIURP7'$VQXPEHURIZHHGVZDVSOPWUHDWPHQWZLWK+DUPRQ\')DQGSOPWR WUHDWPHQWV 5LYDO 6WDU *' DQG /DUHQ :KHQ DSSO\LQJ KHUELFLGH /RJUDQ LGHQWLILHG D QXPEHU RI SOP FRPSDUHG ZLWKSOPLQYHUVLRQFRQWUROQHHUELFLGDW$WDQGGD\VDIWHUWUHDWPHQWIRXQGWKDWDOOKHUELFLGHVXVHGOHGWR DUHGXFWLRQLQWKHDYHUDJHQXPEHURIZHHGVFRPSDUHGWRWKHFRQWUROQHHUELFLGDWUHPDUNLQJKHUELFLGHV5LYDO6WDU

*' 6HNDWRU DQG /LQWXU WKDW WKH GRVHV WHVWHG XV KDYH WKH ORZHVW QXPEHU RI ZHHGV $OVR 'LFRSXU 7RS  6/ KHUELFLGHUHGXFHGWKHDYHUDJHQXPEHURIZHHGVWKRXJKQRWDVPXFKDVKHUELFLGHVPHQWLRQHGDERYHKRZHYHULWFDQ EHXVHGVXFFHVVIXOO\LQPHDVXUHVRIUHVWUDLQWRIWKHZHHG

7DEOH7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHZHHGVDWDQGGD\VDIWHUDSSOLFDWLRQRIKHUELFLGHWUHDWPHQWV

9DULDQWV 'RVHWHVWHG

1RP 

'$7 '$7 '$7 '$7 '$7 '$7 '$7 '$7



$QDO\]LQJWKHGDWDSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH.JYDULDQWVIHUWLOL]HGZLWKQLWURJHQKDWR7'$VVKRZVWKDWDYHU\ JRRG ZDV UHFRUGHG LQ WKHYDULDQW WUHDWHGZLWK WKH KHUELFLGH/LQWXU DQG WKH ORZHVW HIIHFW  LQ WKH YDULDQWWUHDWHGZLWKWKHKHUELFLGH'LFRSXU7RS6/

,Q WKH WHVWV FDUULHG RXW RQ  SHUFHQW RI ZHHG FRQWURO '$7 LV EHWZHHQ  DQG  /DUHQ KHUELFLGH WUHDWPHQWVZLWKKHUELFLGHVDQG6HNDWRU/LQWXU

,QYDULDQWVIHUWLOL]HGZLWKNJQLWURJHQKDWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH'$7WKHGHJUHHRIZHHGFRQWUROLQWKH VROXWLRQLVEHWZHHQDQGWUHDWHGZLWKWKHKHUELFLGH6HNDWRUDWWKH5LYDOKHUELFLGH/RJUDQ:* :KLOHWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQVDW'$7WKHGHJUHHRIZHHGKHUELFLGHLVIURPWR/DUHQWKHKHUELFLGH/LQWXU

UHVSHFWLYHO\

,Q FRQFOXVLRQ DOO KHUELFLGHV WHVWHG IRXJKW WKH JRRG ZHHGV LQ ZLQWHU ZKHDW LQ DOO FDVHV UHFRUGHG YDOXHV RI WKH GHJUHHRIILJKWLQJRYHU)RUHPRVWKHUELFLGHVLQRUGHU6HNDWRU5LYDO6WDU*'/LQWXUZKRVHHIIHFWILJKWLQJ ZDV LQIOXHQFHG E\ SKDVH WUHDWPHQW RI ZHHG VSHFLHV GRPLQDWLQJ DQG ODVW EXW QRW OHDVW WKH PRGH RI DFWLRQ RI WKH DFWLYHLQJUHGLHQWVLQWKHKHUELFLGHIRUPXODWHG



3.3 Determination weedness at harvesting time

7DEOHFHQWUDOL]HGGDWDRQZHHGZLQWHUZKHDWFURSEHIRUHKDUYHVW$QDO\]LQJWKHGDWDVKRZVWKDWWKHYDULDQWV IHUWLOL]HG ZLWK 1 LQ WKH XQWUHDWHG FRQWURO YDULDQW LGHQWLILHG D QXPEHU RI  SOP RI ZKLFK  SOP DUH GLFRW\OHGRQRXV DQQXDO DQG SHUHQQLDO GLFRW\OHGRQRXV  LQ RWKHU YDULDQWV WR ZKLFK ZDV WUHDWPHQWV ZHUH DSSOLHG KHUELFLGHZHHGWRWDOZDVEHWZHHQSOPZKHQXVLQJKHUELFLGH5LYDO6WDU*'DQGSOPLIXVHG'LFRSXU7RS

6/KHUELFLGH

,QDQQXDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXVVSHFLHVVKRXOGHULVEHWZHHQSOPYDULDQWWUHDWHGZLWK/LQWXUDQGSOP,FHGLQ)RUWH 1XPEHURISHUHQQLDOGLFRWVYDULHVEHWZHHQSOP5LYDO6WDU*'DQGSOP'LFRSXU7RS,I\RXDSSO\DGRVHRI

NJQLWURJHQKDDYHUDJHQXPEHURIZHHGVLVSOPLQWKHFRQWURORIZKLFKDUHGLFRW\OHGRQRXVDQQXDODQG SHUHQQLDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXV6HSWHPEHU9DULDQWVWUHDWHGZLWKKHUELFLGHVLQZHHGQXPEHULVEHWZHHQSOP5LYDO6WDU

*'DQGSOP/LQWXU,QFRQFOXVLRQZHFDQVD\WKDWDOOKHUELFLGHVWHVWHGZHUHDEOHWREHWWHUFRPEDWZHHGVSHFLHV H[LVWLQJLQFXOWXUHERWKYDULDQWVIHUWLOL]HGZLWK1DQG1LQWKHIHUWLOL]HGLW$WQRWUHDWPHQWZHUHKLJKHUYDOXHV SOP7KHRUGHULQZKLFKWKHLUHIIHFWLYHQHVVLVORZ5LYDO6WDU*'6HNDWRU/LQWXUDQG'LFRSXU7RS6/

$QDO\]LQJWKHGDWDLQ7DEOHLVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHGU\ELRPDVVRIZHHGFRQWUROYDULDQWIHUWLOL]HGZLWK1LV JVXPRIZKLFKJVXPDUHVSHFLHVGLFRW\OHGRQRXVDQQXDODQGJVXPGLFRW\OHGRQRXVSHUHQQLDOV

$QDO\]LQJ WKH GDWD VKRZV WKDW YDULDQWV KHUELFLGHV ORZHVW OHYHO ZDV UHFRUGHG LQ WKH ZHHG KHUELFLGHV /LQWXU YHUVLRQZLWKRQO\JVXP

:KHQDSSO\LQJ1IHUWLOL]DWLRQZHHGGU\ELRPDVVLQYHUVLRQFRQWUROZDVVXJP,QYDULDQWVKHUELFLGHV KLJKHVW OHYHO RI ZHHG LV WDNLQJ 'LFRSXU 7RS  6/ ZLWK D YDOXH RI  J VXP RI ZKLFK  J VXP DUH WKH VSHFLHV GLFRW\OHGRQRXV DQQXDO UHVSHFWLYHO\  J VXP GLFRWLOOH SHUHQQLDOV 7KH ORZHVW ZDV UHFRUGHG LQ ZHHGLQJ YDULDQW WUHDWHG ZLWK 5LYDO 6WDU *'  VX  JP RI ZKLFK J DQG J VX GLFRW\OHGRQRXV DQQXDOSHUHQQLDO GLFRW\OHGRQRXVP

,QFRQFOXVLRQDOOKHUELFLGHVWHVWHGZHUHDEOHWRHIIHFWLYHO\FRQWUROZHHGV

7KHPRVWHIIHFWLYHWUHDWPHQWZDVWKHKHUELFLGH5LYDO6WDU*'XQGHU1IHUWLOL]DWLRQZKHQKHUHFRUGHGWKH ORZHVWZHHGGU\ELRPDVV

7DEOH7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHZHHGDVDUHVXOWRIWKHWUHDWPHQWZLWKWKHKHUELFLGHZKHDWFURSEHIRUHKDUYHVW

9DULDQWV

JP  

'HJUHHRIFRQWURO 

7RW 'D 'S 7RW 'D 'S 7RWDO\ 'D 'S 7RW 'D 'S 7RW 'D 'S 7RW 'D 'S E XQWUHDWHG                   E /DUHQ:*                   E /RJUDQ:*                   E +DUPRQ\')                   E /LQWXU:*                  

E'LFRSXU7RS

E 5LYDO6WDU*'                  



$QDO\]LQJWKHGDWDVKRZVWKDWWKHYDULDQWVIHUWLOL]HGZLWKQLWURJHQNJKDRIZHHGSHUFHQWDJHZDVEHWZHHQ

YDULDQWWUHDWHGZLWK'LFRSXU7RS6/DQGWUHDWPHQWZLWK/DUHQ

,QYDULDQWVIHUWLOL]HGZLWK1GHJUHHFRPEDWZHHGVZDVLQDOWHUQDWLYHKHUELFLGHV'LFRSXU7RS6/ DQGLQ6HNDWRUYHUVLRQ

,Q YDULDQWV IHUWLOL]HG ZLWK  NJ QLWURJHQ OHYHO RI ILJKWLQJ KDV EHHQ EHWZHHQ  LQ WKH YDULDQW WUHDWHG ZLWK 'LFRSXU7RS6/DQGLQWKHWUHDWHG6HNDWRU,QWKHFDVHRISHUHQQLDOGLFRW\OHGRQRXVVSHFLHVGHJUHHRIZHHG FRQWUROZDVIHUWLOL]HGZLWK1YDULDQWVLQWKHYDULDQWWUHDWHGZLWK'LFRSXUDQG/LQWXUYHUVLRQ



3.4 Grain yields obtained in culture under the influence of winter wheat with herbicide treatments

7DEOH  FHQWUDOL]HG JUDLQ ZKHDW \LHOGV REWDLQHG XQGHU WKH LQIOXHQFH RI YDULRXV WUHDWPHQWV ZLWK KHUELFLGHV DQG IHUWLOL]DWLRQLQFURS\HDU$QDO\]LQJWKHWDEOHRQZLQWHUZKHDWSURGXFWLRQVKRZVWKDWWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRU WKHXVHRINJ1KDDYHUDJH\LHOGZDVNJKDDQGLIIHUWLOL]DWLRQZLWKNJ1KDSURGXFWLRQLQFUHDVHGWR

.JKD*DLQUDLVLQJSODQWVREWDLQHGZDVNJKDRIVWDWLVWLFDOO\DVVXUHGDVYHU\VLJQLILFDQW

$QDO\]LQJWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWUHDWPHQWVZLWKKHUELFLGHVDSSOLHGWRWKHDYHUDJH\LHOGVREWDLQHGIURPZLQWHUZKHDW FURS LV IRXQG WKDW FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH FRQWURO DOO KHUELFLGHV DSSOLHG OHG SURGXFWLRQ LQFUHDVHV VWDWLVWLFDOO\ YHU\ VLJQLILFDQW /HYHO RI SURGXFWLRQ LQFUHDVHV DFKLHYHG E\ DSSO\LQJ WUHDWPHQWV KHUELFLGHV UDQJHG IURP  ZLWK WUHDWPHQW 'LFRSXU 7RS  6/ DQG  ZLWK WUHDWPHQW /RJUDQ :* /RZHVW \LHOG LQ WHUPV RI DSSO\LQJ WUHDWPHQWV ZLWK KHUELFLGHV KHUELFLGH XVH ZDV ZKHUH 'LFRSXU 7RS  6/  NJKD 7KH KLJKHVW \LHOG ZDV REWDLQHGZKHQDSSO\LQJKHUELFLGHWUHDWPHQWV6HNDWRUDQGZDVNJKDLQ+DUPRQ\

3URGXFWLRQLQFUHDVHVFRPSDUHGWRWKHFRQWUROREWDLQHGZHUHEHWZHHQNJKDIRUWUHDWPHQW'LFRSXU7RS6/

DQGNJKDLQ+DUPRQ\

$QDO\]LQJ WKH LQIOXHQFH RI IDFWRU % IHUWLOL]DWLRQ OHYHO RQ WKH OHYHO RI SURGXFWLRQ GHWHUPLQHG E\ DSSO\LQJ KHUELFLGH WUHDWPHQWV DUH IRXQG LQ DOO YDULDQWV VWXGLHG ZHUH UHFRUGHG SURGXFWLRQ LQFUHDVHV 3URGXFWLRQ JURZWK DFKLHYHGIROORZLQJDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRIDGRVHRINJQLWURJHQKDZDVNJKDIRUYHUVLRQFRQWUROWKDWKDYHQRW DSSOLHGKHUELFLGHWUHDWPHQWV

,Q WKH YDULDQWV ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ XVHG LQ WUHDWPHQW ZLWK WKH KHUELFLGH REWDLQHG SURGXFWLRQ LQFUHDVHV DV D FRQVHTXHQFHRIRYHUIHUWLOL]DWLRQZDVNJKDLQWKHFDVHRIKHUELFLGHVZLWK'LFRSXU7RS6/DWDGRVHRI

OKD7KHRWKHUYDULDQWVRISURGXFWLRQLQFUHDVHVDFKLHYHGOHYHOZDVEHWZHHQNJKDDQGDPD[LPXPRI NJKDUHFRUGHGZKHQWUHDWHGZLWKWKHKHUELFLGH6HNDWRUGRVHRINJKD

7DEOH7KH\LHOGVRIJUDLQNJKDREWDLQHGFURSRIZLQWHUZKHDWXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFHRIYDULRXVKHUELFLGHWUHDWPHQWV

 %[$LQIOXHQFHRIWUHDWPHQWZLWKKHUELFLGHVDW

WKHVDPHOHYHORIIHUWLOL]HU

$[%,QIOXHQFHRI

IHUWLOL]DWLRQOHYHOIRU

WKHVDPHWUHDWPHQW

%LQIOXHQFHRIWUHDWPHQW ZLWKKHUELFLGHV

DD 0HGLHE 'LIEQE

'/     '/     



,Q FRQFOXVLRQ WR WKH FOLPDWLF FRQGLWLRQV RI WKH DJULFXOWXUDO \HDU  ZH FDQ VD\ WKDW WUHDWPHQWV ZLWK KHUELFLGHVDSSOLHGWRFRQWUROZHHGVOHGSURGXFWLRQLQFUHDVHVVWDWLVWLFDOO\ERWKYDULDQWVIHUWLOL]HGZLWK1DQGWKH YDULDQWV WKDW ZHUH DSSOLHG  NJKD RI QLWURJHQ IHUWLOL]HUV )HUWLOL]DWLRQ UHVXOWHG LQ DOO H[SHULPHQWDO YDULDQWV DV SURGXFWLRQLQFUHDVHVVWDWLVWLFDOO\YHU\VLJQLILFDQW



7KHUHVHDUFKIRXQGWKDW

 %HIRUHWUHDWPHQWGRQ¶WEHHQDGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQYDULDQWUHJDUGLQJZHHGLQHVVVWUXFWXUH

 $  DQG  '$7 FRQVWDQW DOO  KHUELFLGHV XVHG FDXVHG D UHGXFWLRQ LQ WKH DYHUDJH QXPEHU RI ZHHGV FRPSDUHGWRWKHFRQWUROQRQKHUELFLGDWHRXWVWDQGLQJWKHKHUELFLGHV5LYDO6WDU*'6HNDWRUDQG/LQWXU WKDWLWVGRVHVWHVWHGXVLQWKHOHDVWFRPSOLFDWHGQXPEHURIZHHGV$OVRKHUELFLGH'LFRSXU7RS6/KDV UHGXFHGWKHQXPEHUVLJQHG7KH\QRWHGLWVKHUELFLGHVLQRUGHU6HNDWRUULYDOVWDU*'/LQWXU'LFRSXU 7RS6/

 ,Q UHJDUG ELRPDVV GULHG ZHHGV DOO KHUELFLGHV XVHG DUH GHWHUPLQHG UHGXFWLRQ PDVV 'U\ ZHHGV ,Q UHJDUG DFURVVHIIHFWLYHQHVVWKHPD\UHGXFHG%LRPDVVZDVUHFRUGHGLQFDVH5LYDOKHUELFLGH

 $SSOLFDWLRQ DQ DGGLWLRQDO GRVH RI  NJ 1KD ZDV GHWHUPLQHG D JURZWK WKH GHJUHH RI ZHHG FRQWURO UHGXFLQJWKHQXPEHURILQGLYLGXDOVDQGELRPDVVLQDOOYDULDQWVWUHDWHGZLWKKHUELFLGHVWHVWHG

 )HUWLOLVDWLRQZLWKQLWURJHQLQFUHDVHGWKH\LHOGLQDOOWKHYDULDQWWHVWHG

 $GPLQLVWUDWLRQRIKHUELFLGHWUHDWPHQWVZDVGHWHUPLQHGLQDOOFDVHVLQFUHDVHGSURGXFWLRQ

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

7KLVSURMHFWKDVUHFHLYHGIXQGLQJIURPWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI6RLO6FLHQFHIURP)DFXOW\RI$JULFXOWXUH

5HIHUHQFHV

$EEDV 6+ 0XKDPPDG 6DOHHP 0XKDPPDG 0DTVRRG 0 <DTXE0XMDKLG 0DKPRRGXO+DVVDQ 5DVKLG 6DOHHP  :HHG GHQVLW\ DQG JUDLQ \LHOG RI ZKHDW DV DIIHFWHG E\ VSDWLDO DUUDQJHPHQWV DQG ZHHGLQJ WHFKQLTXHV XQGHU UDLQ IHG FRQGLWLRQV RI 3DNLVWDQ -RXUQDO RI

$JULFXOWXUDO6FLHQFH

%HNHOOH$$VVHVVPHQWDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIZHHGVLQZKHDWLQ'HEDUNZRUHGD1RUWK*RQGHU06&WKHVLV+DUDPD\D(WKLRSLD

&KHHPD=$)DURRT0$JULFXOWXUHLQ3DNLVWDQ$JULFXOWXUHLQ3DNLVWDQ3UREOHPVRIVPDOOIDUPHUVDQGWKHLUVROXWLRQVS$OOLHG

%RRN&HQWHU8UGX%D]DU/DKRUH3DNLVWDQ

*H]X*6RERND+$JURQRPLFUHVHDUFKUHFRPPHQGDWLRQDQGVHHGSURGXFWLRQPDLQWHQDQFHWHFKQLTXHVIRUPDMRUFURSVWUDLQLQJPDQXDO IRU'$RIKLJKODQG%DOH6LQDQ(WKLRSLDS

+DVVDQ*0DUZDW.%,QWHJUDWHGZHHGPDQDJHPHQWLQDJULFXOWXUDOFURSV,Q3URFHHGLQJVRI1DWLRQDO:RUNVKRSRQ7HFKQRORJLHVIRU 6XVWDLQDEOH$JULFXOWXUH)DLVDODEDG6HSWHPEHU1XFOHDU,QVWLWXWHIRU$JULFXOWXUHDQG%LRORJ\1,$%)DLVDODEDG3DNLVWDQ

,TEDO66FUHHQLQJRIGLIIHUHQWKHUELFLGHVIRUFRQWUROOLQJZHHGVLQZKHDWFURS06F+RQV

.KDOLO*XO+DVVDQ*XO]DU$KPDG1D]HHU+XVVDLQ6KD,QGLYLGXDODQGFRPELQHGHIIHFWRIGLIIHUHQWZHHGPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVRQZHHG FRQWUROLQ:KHDW3DNLVWDQ-RXUQDORI:HHG6FLHQFH5HVHDUFK

0DUZDW.%0XKDPPDG6DHHG=DKLG+XVVDLQ%DNKWLDU*XO+DURRQXU5DVKLG6WXG\RIYDULRXVZHHGPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVIRUZHHG FRQWUROLQZKHDWXQGHULUULJDWHGFRQGLWLRQV3DNLVWDQ-RXUQDORI:HHG6FLHQFH5HVHDUFK

5HGG\653ULQFLSOHVRIFURSSURGXFWLRQ3.DO\DQL3XEOLVKHUV1HZ'HOKL,QGLD

7KHSUHVHQWSDSHUDVVHVVHVWKHILQDQFLDOHIILFLHQF\ZKHQDSSO\LQJURWDWLRQDQGIHUWLOL]DWLRQLQWKH&URS5RWDWLRQ... DSSOLFDWLRQRIKHUELFLGHWUHDWPHQWV



3.2 Determination of weed at 14 and 28 days after application of herbicide treatments (Numerical method)

7DEOH FHQWUDOL]HGGDWDZHHGLQJDUH... VS Veronica hederifolium Polygonum convolvulus Polygonum

aviculare  Matricaria odorless Galium aparine SLJZHHG DQG SHUHQQLDO GLFRW\OHGRQRXV VSHFLHV Convolvulus