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properties of bricks and masonry of historical buildings as a background for safe renovation measures

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Tiêu đề Properties of Bricks and Masonry of Historical Buildings as a Background for Safe Renovation Measures
Trường học Riga Technical University
Chuyên ngành Energy Systems and Environment
Thể loại research paper
Năm xuất bản 2016
Thành phố Riga
Định dạng
Số trang 5
Dung lượng 494,36 KB

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This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.. Peer-review under responsibility of Riga Technical University, Institute

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1876-6102 © 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).

Peer-review under responsibility of Riga Technical University, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment.

doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.032

Energy Procedia 95 ( 2016 ) 119 – 123

ScienceDirect

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© 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).

Peer-review under responsibility of Riga Technical University, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment.

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