linking urban land use to pollutants in constructed wetlands implications for stormwater and urban planning

* Threshold values were taken from the Australian sediment quality guidelines Simpson et al., 2013.. Table 2 Method limits of reporting LOR, replicate analytical analysis expressed as p

Research Paper

Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, School of Biosciences, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia

h i g h l i g h t s

•Sedimentqualitywasassessedat98

urbanwetlandsacrossanurban

land-scape

•Landusetypeisanimportant

deter-minant of the pollutant profile in

sediments

•Industrial wetlands have a much

greaterriskofexceedingecological

andwastedisposalguidelines

•Ageofwetlandsandtheircatchment

geologysignificantlyinfluences

sedi-mentquality

g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 6 July 2016

Received in revised form

22 December 2016

Accepted 24 December 2016

Keywords:

Land use

Spatial

Urban

Ecological

Management

Stormwater

a b s t r a c t

Constructedwetlandsarerecognisedasacost-effectiveandsociallyacceptablestormwatertreatment optionwithinurbanlandscapes,satisfyingarangeofurbandesignobjectives,includingflood protec-tionandtreatingstormwater.Whilewetlandsalsoprovidehabitatforaquaticbiota,andoftenactas

arefugeforwildlife,thereisgrowingconcernthataswetlandsbecomepolluted,theycouldbecome toxictoaquaticlifeandleadtoextensivecostsforthedisposalofsediments.Currently,thereislittle considerationgiventohowlanduseactivityinwetlandcatchmentscontributestothispollution.Here

weassessedthesedimentqualityof98constructedwetlandsacrossanurbanlandscapeand deter-minedwhetherconcentrationsofpollutantspresentcanbecorrelatedtocatchmentlanduses,geology

orwetlandage.Usingboostedregressiontrees,wefindthatlandusetypeisanimportant determi-nantoftheconcentrationsofheavymetalsandpetroleumhydrocarbonsinsediments.Wetlandswith

>10%industriesintheircatchmentshavesignificantlyhighersediment-boundconcentrationsoftrace metalsthanwetlandsdrainingcatchmentswithlittleindustrialisation.Furthermore,theseindustrial wetlandshaveamuchgreaterriskofexceedingecologicalandwastedisposalguidelines,whilewetlands

∗ Corresponding author.

E-mail addresses: dsharley@unimelb.edu.au (D.J Sharley), simon.shap@unimelb.edu.au (S.M Sharp), steve.m@unimelb.edu.au (S Marshall), kjeppe@unimelb.edu.au

(K Jeppe), vpet@unimelb.edu.au (V.J Pettigrove).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.12.016

0169-2046/© 2017 The Author(s) Published by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).

Babatunde,&Bockelmann-Evans,2015)

Tilton,1995).Thisisespeciallytrueiftheyareparticularlyattractive

Sebastián-González,Alexander,Sánchez-Zapata,&Botella,2014).Inaddition,

landscapes

(Houlahan&Findlay,2004;Simon,Snodgrass,Casey,&Sparling,

Houlahan&Findlay,2003).ArecentstudybyKellaretal.(2014)

Hastie,2008),whichisusefulwhenassessingcomplexecological

Ritterbusch,&Bramick,2014)

landscape

Table 1

Occurrence of heavy metals, hydrocarbons and common pesticides in wetland sediments, >TEC and >PEC is the number of exceedances of the Threshold Effect Concentration (TEC) and the Probable Effect Concentration (PEC) respectively ( MacDonald et al., 2000 ) Where no guideline values exist, fields are left blank Prescribed waste disposal limits determined by ( EPA, 2009 ) * Threshold values were taken from the Australian sediment quality guidelines ( Simpson et al., 2013 ).

Detect frequency (%) >TEC >PEC >disposal upper limit Min (mg/kg) Max (mg/kg) Mean (mg/kg) Median (mg/kg)

&Hoffmann,2003).Age of watershed was estimated basedon

Berger,2000).Totalpetroleumhydrocarbon(TPH)concentrations

Fig 1.map of the 98 constructed wetland catchments surveyed and associated catchments Age represents whether the wetland was new (<20 years) or old (> 20 years) and geology represents underlying geology of the region.

Table 2

Method limits of reporting (LOR), replicate analytical analysis (expressed as percent relative standard deviation (RPD%), n = 43) (mg kg −1 ), analytical precision (percent range

of spike recovery, n = 23), consensus sediment quality guidelines ( MacDonald et al., 2000 ) Threshold Effect (TEC) and Probable Effect (PEC) Concentrations and hazard waste disposal guidelines ( EPA, 2009 ), * Disposal limits are based on hexavalent chromium ** Threshold values were taken from the Australian sediment quality guidelines (Simpson

et al., 2013).

Method Limit of reporting Laboratory QA/QC TEC mg/kg PEC mg/kg EPA disposal limits mg/kg

Duplicate (RSD%) Spike recovery %

(Kunapo, Chandra, &Peterson, 2009).Using thespatial analyst

tabulated

(Elithetal.,2008).Bagfractioncontrolsthedegreeofrandomness

(Leathwick,Elith,Chadderton,Rowe,&Hastie,2008).Unimportant

Chang,2015).Wealsotestedforinteractionsbetweenvariablesas

per(Elithetal.,2008)andexaminedtheseusingtwo-dimensional

Fig 2. Principal components analysis (PCA) biplot for 11 most common pollutants measured in 98 urban wetlands Colours represent underlying geology and symbols represent: Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH); zinc (Zn); lead (Pb); copper (Cu); arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd); silver (Ag); titanium (Ti); nickel (Ni); chromium (Cr); strontium (Si).

3 Results

(Table1 whileothermetalssuchassilver(2%),cadmium(12%)

(Table1)

use

Fig 3. Relative influences of different land use zone categories on a) zinc, b) copper, c) lead, d) total petroleum hydrocarbons, e) cadmium and f) nickel, g) chromium levels

in 98(?) urban wetland catchments based on a simplified boosted regression tree model.

(Table3).Theselectedmodeldemonstratedthatindustriallanduse

(F(1,97)=22.85, p<0.001) (Fig 5e), and nickel (F(1,97)=27.27,

4 Discussion

Table 3

Performance of Boosted regression tree models from final simplified models.

Contaminant Deviance explained Cross Validation correlation (proportion of total) Goodness of fit

Fig 4. Simplified boosted regression tree partial dependences presenting the concentration of a) copper, b) zinc, c) total petroleum hydrocarbons, d) cadmium and e) chromium, f) nickel to industrial proportion of the catchment, g) lead to commerce proportion of the catchment and h) total petroleum hydrocarbons to rural proportion of the catchment Plots also display categorical variables influencing concentrations: age (new: red, old: yellow) and geology (basalt: green, sedimentary: blue) (For interpretation

of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article).

Fig 5.Concentrations of a) zinc, b) copper, c) TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbons), d) lead, e) chromium and f) nickel in wetlands with > 10% industrial catchment area (Industrial) and <10% industrial catchment area (non-industrial) Data are displayed relative to Victorian EPA hazardous categorisation disposal threshold (vEPA) guideline ( EPA, 2009 ) and the Probable Effect Concentration (PEC) guideline ( MacDonald et al., 2000 ) TPH was compared to ANZECC/ARMCANZ sediment quality guidelines ( Simpson

et al., 2013 ).

(Snodgrass,Casey,Joseph,&Simon,2008).Thiseffectispotentially

&Hutto,2006)

& Morris, 1985), thus the longer sediments can accumulate in

Fig 6. Schematic of an industrial wetland surveyed in this study situated in the northern suburbs of Melbourne, highlighting how high value habitat located in the middle

of a large industrial area could potentially become an ecological trap due to isolation from other habitat.

find-ingsbyPettigroveandHoffmann(2003)that foundbackground

PettigroveandHoffmann(2003)diddemonstratethatunpolluted

Moore,Smith,&Cooper,2007;Brown,Sutula,Stransky,Rudolph,& Byron,2010),whileotherstudieshavefocusedonassessinglife

Amajorconsiderationwhenwater authorities,developersor

&Fletcher,2004),andisimportantfordeterminingwhether

(Wong,Breen,Somes,&Lloyd,1999b).Onlyrecentlyhasthe

Mench,Jacob,&Otte,2010),andwhilethetrappingofpollutants

(Nelson,Specht,&Knox,2004),italsoincreasesthepotentialcost

capac-ity(Dong,Chesters,&Simsiman,1984).Particlesizedistribution

1999b).Minimising or removing vegetated areas toreduce the

(Wongetal.,1999b).However,thelargevariationinparticlesizes

(Tessier,Campbell,Auclair,&Bisson,1984)ashighersurfaceareas

(ANZECC,2000).While weassessed concentrationsof toxicants

(Linkovetal.,2006).Nonetheless,otherfactorssuchaswetland

&Somes,1999a)andshouldbeconsideredwhenassessing

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Appendix A Supplementary data

2016.12.016

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