Đề cương bài giảng English for fashion design and garment technology

We know from the paintings and sculptures of the Egyptian pyramids and temples that men wore knee length skirts held in place by belts and women wore a straight slip that hung from the c

BỘ CÔNG THƯƠNG TẬP ĐOÀN DỆT MAY VIỆT NAM TRƯỜNG CAO ĐẲNG KINH TẾ - KỸ THUẬT VINATEX TP HCM

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ĐỀ CƯƠNG BÀI GIẢNG

ENGLISH FOR FASHION DESIGN AND GARMENT TECHNOLOGY

TP HỒ CHÍ MINH, THÁNG 09/2020

LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ

Chapter 1: Highlight fashion through the ages 2 Chapter 2: The workroom 14 Chapter 3: Model form and measurements 22 Chapter 4: Introduction to childrenswear 29

PREFACE

With coordination of two books “Patternmaking for Fashion Design’ and “The Evolution of Fashion”, “Fashion and Life” is written with specific goals in mind:

• To provide a comprehensive patternmaking text

• To present clear instruction, with corresponding easy – to – follow technical illustrations and up-to- date fashion sketches, that will stimulate the creative imaginations of both technical and design-oriented students

• To make available a reference source for the professional patternmaker and designer

• To fill the need for basic foundation patterns

• To provide a variety of instruction so that the motivated student will continue

to learn long after the classroom experience

We believe that this book will help students understand more about fashion and life

CHAPTER 1: HIGHLIGHT FASHION THROUGH THE AGES

Nature has supplied all animal, except humans, with some covering for their body- fur, feathers, hair, scales or a thick hide Humans have nothing but a thin skin and for thousands of years they must have wandered about the earth with no other covering If we were asked: “Why did humans start to cover their body with clothes?” Most of us would answer “To keep themselves warm”

The first information about clothing comes from paintings on the walls of caves

in the Pyrences mountains, on the border between Spain and France Archaeologists have dated these paintings to about 20,000 years ago, during the glacial period The cave dwellers are depleted wearing fur garments The earliest garments were developed out of necessity, for protection from the intense cold As the immediate physical needs were fulfilled, people could create garments which would give the wearer prestige Such clothing items became the earliest indication of a person’s wealth

I BASIC PATTERNS OF DRESS

From a technological viewpoint, only three basic patterns of dress have evolved:

• The tailored garment

• The draped garment

• The composite type, which combines some of the characteristics of the tailored garment and the draped garment

1 The tailored garment

The untreated bear skin wrapped around the body was the simplest and first article of clothing Later these garments were sewn with bone needles and thread made

of sinew

2 The draped garment

People in the Assyrian, Egyptian, Greek and Roman cultures draped and folded cloth to give individual styles of clothing Fleece, it had been discovered could be clipped, spun and woven on a loom These people draped a rectangle of woven weave fabric around the body The chiton of the Greeks, the toga of the Romans, the sari of the Indians, the poncho of the South Americans, traditional Maori costume and the Malayans are forms of the draped garment

3 The composite garment

Modern clothing in the Western world is predominantly of the composite type The garment is cut from cloth but shaped and sewn to conform to the contours of the

body Many contemporary cultures still preserve the ancient traditions from which their costumes originally derive

By 6000 BC the Egyptians had to spin and weave, and sheer white linen or cotton were common materials We know from the paintings and sculptures of the Egyptian pyramids and temples that men wore knee length skirts held in place by belts and women wore a straight slip that hung from the chest to the ankles

Early Greek and Roman costumes are familiar to us from the statues and friezes

of the period from about 1000 BC to about AD 500 the costumes remained essentially the same loose, sleeveless coverings, draped simply at first but later more elaborately Lengths of wool or linen were draped about the body, caught at the shoulders by a knot or pin and often girdled about the waist

II FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EVALUATION OF CLOTHING

To understand the dress of people in any society, past or present, it is important

to look at how that society affects an individual’s choice of dress throughout history social change has been mirrored in fashion

1 Law

It can be seen that throughout history certain laws have existed regarding the type of dress allowed For example, during the fifteenth century, laws were made regulating the length of the toes on pointed shoes Barons in Germany, for instances, were able to wear shoes with toes 60 cm long but the toes of other men’s shoes were not allowed to exceed 30 cm In England, toes more than 60 cm long could only be worn by men who had an income of more than 40 pounds a year (which was a substantial sum of money) Law was passed too, on the height of the tapering head dress worn by women the hennin Women of rank were allowed to wear hennins 90

cm high, but others were restricted to 60 cm today do laws exist regarding the type of clothing you can wear?

2 Technology and resources

The industrial Revolution, with its power driven machinery, made the production of vast quantities of cloth possible, so cheap: ready to wear clothes became available With the advent of more efficient transport systems fashions were able to travel more quickly from area to area As a result, fashion changes occurred more frequently

Rapid fashion changes occurring this century are partly a result of advances in technology, such as the manufacture of synthetic fabric finishes, dyes, sophisticated equipment for clothing and sewing, and the use of computers and beams in clothing manufacture

3 Wealth and class traditions

A country’s economic system is an important factor influencing the clothing worn by a society Shortages and restrictions imposed on the use of raw materials tend

to retard fashion changes A greater distribution of wealth in a society increases consumption and greatly accelerates fashion change Today the practice of discarding

a garment because it has outlived fashion implies economic waste This was not the case in earlier times Several hundred years ago fashion did not change within the span

of one’s lifetime

Several types of dress and clothing customs have existed, and still do exist, as a sign of importance For example, in the eighteenth century men shaved their heads and wore wigs as a sign that they were important Today why do judges and wear wigs?

Clothing as fashion was first worn by royalty and nobility Silks, colours and jewels demonstrated rank and power

4 Political climate

The belief of the political hierarchy, or other factors such as war and depression, were usually reflected in the clothes worn For example, in the seventeenth century when the Puritans rule England, the dress was plain as there were strict rules

on simplicity A rigidly defined class system retards fashion movement and is reinforced by unequal distribution of wealth In an open class system such as our fashion changes flourish

5 Media influence

With the introduction of television in the 1950s the mass media became an important influence on the dress of the day Important popular and influential people show us the latest fashion through the media and set the fashion trends The leaders in fashion tend to be television and film stars, fashion designers, royalty, pop stars and sports stars

III EVOLUTION OF CLOTHING TYLES THROUGH THE CENTURIES

1 The sixth – twelfth centuries

The period from the sixth to the twelfth centuries was a period of change and the combination of influences from several sources The Eastern Roman Empire was established with its headquarters at Byzantium (later called Constantinople and today Istanbul) Oriental modes of dress such as turbans, trousers and elaborate decorations were brought to the attention of the Western world By the twelfth century the popular costume consisted of the tunic, fitted to the figure and shaped with gores which gave width in the skirt section This costume was worn by both men and women; the woman’s version was full-length and the man’s, knee-length to full-length

2 The fourteenth century

France gradually emerged as the leader in politics and culture, and it also had

an important influence in the design of clothing By the fourteenth century, clothes had become elaborate and very extravagant The fashionable clothing article was the tightly fitted bodice with a deep V-neck and a wide, shaped collar that extended out over the shoulders Long, loose sleeves were another feature of this garment A belt was placed low and the skirt had very deep pleats Some garment had a train

The bodices of both men’s and women’s clothes were shaped and fitted to their wearers as they had never been before They were made to fit, not by drawing them in with laces, but by cutting the fabric and making seams at the back and front as well as under the arms, and by inserting gussets where necessary

Women were wearing the hennin, a tall, cone-shaped hat which sat on the back

or the head and had a well floating from its peak Some were as high as 90 cm It was popular for nearly 100 years

Men usually wore two tunics The under one, called a gipon, had tight sleeves and a straight, tight skirt joined to the bodice Later the skirt became shorter and shorter until it reached only about half-way down the thigh The outer tunic, or cotebardi, was similar to the gipon and was buttoned or laced over it as far as the hip belt the sleeve of the outer tonic often fitted as far as the elbow and then widened out into a point or flap

During the 1380s men and women began to wear a gown that was a complete contrast to those with a tight-fitting bodice It was called a houppelande and was often down the front but more often it just had an opening for the head to go through A wide belt held it in place at the waist houppelandes were often very bulky and were made of thick material Sleeves were often edged or line with fur

3 The fifteenth century

During the fifteenth century, the princess of the State of Burgudy (in what is now France) lived in magnificent wealth and extravagance Rich velvets, heavy damasks, soft silks and shimmering satins, combine with precious jewels added beauty and splendour to the age of chivalry

Still the most flattering women’s dress of this period was the houppelande gown This was high-wasted and worn with a broad belt below the bosom The belt was usually decorated with circles, stars or flower designs and it was thought to process magical powers The low-cut neckline was filled in with a “modesty” vest and women were not allowed to show bare arms The skirt of the gown was full and edged with for which formed a long train Shoes were flat, so to make her look taller the fifteen-century woman wore a hennin which was stiffened and covered in shiver or gold brocade It was topped by a transparent veil which could be shaped and wired into

two or three wings Hair was not allowed to show beneath the headdress, so women removed their eyebrows and the hair from the nape of their necks and foreheads

A version of the houppelande was worn by men but it didn’t reach the ground

By the middle of the fifteen century, the very short tunic had become popular with younger men The body of the tunic was padded, with flat pleats that came together at the waist and broad masculine chest and shoulders Hose, tailored of wool or cotton in various colours, were worn under the tunic Shoes were made primarily of soft leather, but velvet, brocade and other materials were also used Styles of men’s shoes varied from decorated short boots, faced or buckled at the side, to snug-fitting shoes with very long, pointed toes The points sometimes reached a length of 45 cm and it became necessary to tie the end back on the shoes with points longer 5 cm

4 The sixteenth century

The end or the Middleval period heralded the start of Indian Renaissance fashion During this century, corsets came into vogue, clothes were shaped to fit the body and in the early part of century, the hoop made its appearance Both the corset and hoop became so extreme in cut they distorted the silhouette Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I of England show her wearing this exaggerated silhouette The waistline is punched in and the hips are widely extended The sleeves were puffed into balloons and a ruff was worn around the neck

The ruff was perhaps the most striking feature of the period It was worn by both men and women from the 1550s onwards It began as a small frill at the neck of the skirt or chemise, then it became a separate article of clothing, gradually becoming lager and larger Spoons had to be made with extra-long handles so that people wearing cartwheel ruffs could feed themselves easily

The development of the ruff was encouraged by the fact that, about this time, people learnt how to make lace for the adornment of their clothes The making of true bobbin and needle-point lace dates from the sixteenth century, possibly starting in Italy Queen Elizabeth I of England loved lace and possessed an enormous quantity of

it She passed laws forbidding her subjects to wear lace and she also forbade the wearing of very larger ruffs, although her own were the largest in Europe

Men began to wear breeches, and a German fashion known as ‘slashing’ became popular This consisted of pulling a vividly coloured contrasting lining through slits in the outer material of sleeves and breeches The prototype male shirt was eventually fined pleated and worn under the doublet It had a standing colour gathered into a small frill at the neck Trunk hose were worn more in England then any where else They had a silk lining which was padded with horsehair or rags

With the discovery of America, gold and precious stones poured into Spain and the wealthy encrusted their clothes with jewels Spanish fashions spread throughout Europe In England, Queen Mary married Philip II of Spain in 1553 and although many English people disapproved of the marriage Spanish fashions were still popular

The ladies of fashion wore richly-embroidered fabrics, tightly stretched over their bodices, which to the ground over cone-shaped Spanish farthingales Farthingales were first made of canvas stiffened by hoops of wood or whalebone; later they were a framework of iron or steel The outer skirt was split in front, in order to show the kirtle During the second half of the century, both women’s gowns and men’s doublets were usually worn high at the neckline

In France, in the 1570s a new kind of farthingale was worn It was in the form

of a hoop several feet across, flattened at the back and front It was tied around the wearer’s waist and tilted downwards slightly towards the front With this French farthingale, women wore a stiff stomacher that to a point several inches below the waist

Another type of farthingale was an enormous stuffed bolster called a roll’, tied below the waist these were worn under the skirt, making the fabric spring out at the hip by as much as 60 cm all the way around, before dropping sharply to the ground To hide the hard line of the hoop or burn-roll, a circular frill called a flounce was added To overcome the problem of sitting down, a special farthingale chair was made

‘burn-It became fashionable for men to wear outer jackets or jerkin made from rich, heavy fabric with very full skirts to the knees, over the short doublet or waistcoat The sleeves were often tied on at the shoulder and were sometimes a different colour and fabric from the garment they were attached to They were very large and full and besides being slashed, they were ‘combasted’ or stuffed, so that they were like bolsters King Henry VIII of England wore these fashions

5 The seventeenth century

For the first quarter of the seventeenth century clothes didn’t change very much Men still wore tight, stiff doublets with a point in front and a little narrow skirt flaring out over the hips Hose were very full and baggy and were still padded to an enormous size Sort trunk hose were gradually replaced with knee-length hose

Women continued to wear farthingales and tight, pointed bodies Ruffs, not quite as large as before, were worn by both sexes By the end of the 1920s women everywhere, except Spain, had began to discard the farthingales Skirts fell in folds from the waist and several petticoats were worn under them Dresses were cut very low at the neckline One of the most surprising changes in women’s dress was that, for

the first time in hundreds of years, women began to show their wrists and a few inches

of their arms The shorter sleeve led to the introduction of long, short gloves for women

After 1630 most women and men took to wearing very wide collars, or bands as they were called Bands were made of either expensive lace or plain linen, depending

on the wealth of the wearer

The skirt of doublet became loner and the cuff became a falling ruff which hung down

in pleats from just below the chin on to the shoulders Many men wore a ‘standing band’- a large, flat, stiffened collar- high up around the neck

During the seventeenth century, there was a great deal of fighting in different parts of Europe In England, the Cavaliers fought for King Charles I and the Puritans fought for parliament and Oliver Cromwell The Puritans won and the King was beheaded For 11 years England was a commonwealth under puritan rule

Strict Puritans believed in the simplicity of dress and did not approve of either sex wearing rich fabrics, bright colours, feathers, jewels or anything bright and gay Puritan men wore plain white colours, cloth doublets and breeches in dark colours and stout, serviceable shoes, stockings and hats Puritan women wore plain full gowns of grey or other sombre colours, usually with plain white aprons over their dresses and white caps and bonnets

In the 1690s, the splendour of Louis XIV’s court at Versailles developed a new stiff elegance of costume to match the architecture For women, the open skirt was now pulled back and pilled up at the rear on a support, exposing petticoats made of embroidered brocades The bodice was cut low and square and the stomacher accentuated the tiny corseted waist Sleeves became tighter and ended in ruffles below the elbows

Men wore knee breeches under tight, waisted coats which were stiffened below the waist to flare out into long, wide, pleated skirts Wigs gradually became larger, with a centre part ending in trailing masses of curis and ringlets

6 The eighteenth century

During the eighteenth century the influence of the French court on European fashions, fashions became stronger and stronger In about 1710, women who had been free from wearing farthingales for nearly a century took to wearing them again After

1730 the shape of ladies’ skirts changed from a circle to an oval – the front and back of the skirt was flattened and the sides spread out as far as 180 centimetres from either side of the hips This was supported by wide hoops at the sides called panniers Necklines became square and low with a series of graduated bows forming ladders or echelles, which run down the front of the stomacher to the waist The skirt generally

opened in front and exposed a decorative flounced underskirt The sleeves were short, tight and elbow length

Dressed were made of light, fine Indian silks and muslins in colour of white, rose pink, cream or soft apple green The hair was usually drawn back and swept up into a small bun or plait and powdered with wheat meal or rice meal As the hairstyles became simpler, hats grew larger and more flamboyant

With the French Revolution of 1789 there came a dramatic change in fashion

To escape attention and the danger of death at the guillotine it was necessary to dress

as one of the people, to display simplicity, liberty and equality in costume After the Revolution people deliberately copied the dress of the past age and country France was now a republic and the French were captivated by the republic ancient Greece Women tried to imitate the ancient Greeks by wearing long, straight, high, waisted dresses (the Empire waistline) with shirt sleeves The dresses were made of thin muslin or gauze, and were worn over pink silk tights With these new styles of dress women wore flat sandals, with ribbons criss-crossed up their leg, over flesh-coloured stockings Through these outfits scandalized many people, from the 1790s until about

1820 dresses of the kind worn by French women in Europe and America

French men, in spite of their interest in Greek life, did not attempt to revive the ancient Greek way of dressing They continued to wear coats and that were short in front with long skirts and tails at the back, short oats and knee breeches The cuffs and ruffles of earlier day disappeared and their clothes, on the whole, became very plain

7 The nineteenth century

In Paris in the 1820s the Empire waistline gave way to its position laces corsets squeezed and compressed the waist into the now fashionable hourglass figure Sleeves became very wide and full at the shoulders It was of great important to have a very small, narrow waist These are quite a few early nineteenth century cartoons depicting daughters gripping bedposts while their mothers tug at the laces of their corsets to get them tight Wide hats and bonnets were worn decorated with streaming ribbons and fluttering feathers

Tightly-Fashionable men of this period wore an ample loose frockcoat thrown open to show deep, padded collars and wide lapels After 1830 trousers were truly established They were at fist skin tight and ended above the ankle, and they fell loosely to the feet and were fastened under the shoes by traps The trousers were light grey or fawn in color For town wear, a tall cylindrical top hat was a symbol of responsibility

Every year the spread of women’s skirts made a wider circle, supported by up

to seven petticoats made of starched muslin, flannel, padded cotton or quilted down This all became so heavy that walking became difficult To support the volume of

these large gowns, which covered the women’s long lace pantaloons, a stiff shaped crinoline cage was introduced It consisted of bamboo, whalebone or steel hoops suspended on tapes and its lightness gave a much greater freedom of movement Women wore straight, short coats, capes or shawls over their crinolines and small hats

dome-or bonnets on their heads

Photography had been invented by this time so we can see how people dressed

in the period The men and women of mid-Victorian photographs always took solemn and the clothes make even the young look rather elderly About 1860 the sewing machine was invented No longer had every stitch to be done by hand Dressmakers were so thrilled to discover how much they could do that they began frilling, pleating, puffing, rushing and tucking clothes The huge, over-decorated skirts were placed over large and larger hoops Though the crinoline had its disadvantages, it had one great advantage the hug skirt made almost any waist look small

After about 1869, the crinoline was gradually flattened in front and the fullness

of the skirt was drawn to the back The crinoline was eventually given up altogether and the full upper skirts were drawn up over the underskirt and formed into loops at the sides and the back Women began to wear bustle cage-like supports of steel wire and horse-hair which they tied around their waists and which held up great plies of drapery at the back The bustle was worn until about 1890

Clothes worn by women and girls gradually became more bulky and heavy and some protested and urged that the fashion be changed An American, Mrs Amelia Bloomer, designed and wore an outfit which consisted of a dress and tunic with high neck and long sleeves Under it she wore a pair of trousers similar to those worn by Turkish women The outfit was a complete contrast to the fashionable clothes of the time Some described it as indecent and the trousers as masculine It was not worn by society women, only by those who were not leaders of fashion

Fashions for men included suits manufactured from worsted woolens, waistcoats and fob watches and chains Suits were mass-produced and worn by the lower and middle classes The working-class man had a special Sunday suit for the first time, which was kept for special occasions

With the invention of bicycle in the 1870s men, and later women, took to the new pastime enthusiastically People also began to play more games such as tennis and golf Women wore slightly shorter skirts for these outdoor activities For cycling, some wore a skirt blouse with a divided skirt called bloomers, after Mrs Amelia Bloomer The cycling outfit caused a great uproar Men, for sports such as cycling, returned to wearing knee-breeches or knickerbockers, which they wore with belted coats called Norfolk jackets, and caps, all probably of tweed

8 The twentieth century

The Wright brothers flew their first aero plane in 1903 and the cinema was showing people a new world Materials became soft and clinging Chiffon, tunic, linen, muslin and voile were made into attractive dresses The highly sophisticated gowns demands exaggerated curves, achieved by a new foundation garment which moulded the figure into an ‘S’ shape by pushing the bust forward over a tiny waist The women of fashion had to look heavy in the bust and rear, so padded corsets were introduced

At the beginning of twentieth century several developments were to lead to changes in the way people lived and therefore dressed People were taking a great interest in games At school, girls were doing gymnastics and playing hockey, netball and tennis Gym tunics or skirts worn with a blouse became almost a school uniform for girls Adult participants for some time went on wearing long skirts and high-necked blouses, but tight corsets became lighter and more comfortable Schoolboys usually wore cloth breeches which buttoned below the knee and either Norfolk jackets

or straight short jackets All wore stiff, starched collars Both boys’ and girls’ school hats were often hard straw boasters, though boys sometimes wore caps

The motor car was another major influence on people’s live When women rode

in cars they tied their big hats on with a wide gauge scarf and wore dust cloaks to protect their clothes from the dust thrown up by unsealed roads

By now many women were wearing fitted suits Skirts almost touched the ground and at first they fitted closely over the hips and were either pleated or flared so that they were fairly wide at the hem After about 1908 there was a change skirts became shorter and narrower Around 1911 the bobble skirt became fashionable It was straight and narrow all the way down and was uncomfortable to wear as only very short steps could be taken

In 1914 World War I began Thousands of men and women found themselves

in uniform People were less formal in their dress and they had ever been before For a few years after the war women wore very plain dresses which they often made themselves

By 1924 women’s costume had developed into a short, straight dress hanging from the shoulders and usually sleeveless with a low waistline More and more of the legs clad in light silk stockings were exposed For the first time in the history of Western Europe since Christian times women of all classes wore short dresses which showed their legs The very simple tunic dress was eventually replaced by a dress with along straight bodice joined at the hipline to a short skirt This was known as the flapper look The increasing freedom of women during this period produced the

flamboyant designs of the Roaring Twenties On their heads women wore small cloche hats- that fitted well down and almost hid their foreheads and eyes

hats-Large factories were beginning to produce clothes for both men and women in large quantities so people began to buy things ready-made by the 1930s these clothes were quite cheap In 1939, with the start of World War II, clothes rationing came into being Many men and women spent years in uniform and others made do with what they had By the end of the war many people had changed their attitude to clothes completely, along with other aspects of lifestyles People no longer wore hats and gloves in summer and many wore no stockings Women wore trousers or shorts and people were no longer shocked by this

The following illustrations show some of the more interesting styles of this century There is one certainly about fashion It is constantly changing, sometimes suddenly, but more often so slowly that we hardly notice Each generation looks different from the one before and the one after it Clothes which seem natural and normal to us today will one day appear very old-fashioned and extraordinary to our descendants

IV CLOTHING TREND

If you look back in history it becomes clear the rate of fashion change was slow In fact, it was not unusual for one fashion trend to span an individual’s life

Some classics take the name of the place where they originated, such as the Breton (A women’s hat worn by peasants in Brittany) and argyle socks from Scotland Many casual clothes have become classics include princess styles, shirt maker dressed and bolero jackets The dinner suit and three-piece suits for men fit into this category also Some classics persistently recur as they satisfy a basic need in clothing

Fabrics, materials and colours also become classics Linen, crepe, suede, patent feather, velvet and corduroy rarely go completely out of style Plaid and striped designs are classic patterns, and navy blue, black and white are found in fashionable wardrobes year after year

2 Fads

When a fashion lasts for an extremely short time it is called a fad Perhaps it is popular only for one or two seasons It is possible for a pad to return at some later stage in the fashion cycle Pads can also put their stamp on clothing classics For a while, shoes may have chunky heels or square or pointed toes Bolero jackets may be made of leather, fringed or crocheted A dinner suit may have very wide or narrow lapels When considering fads we are looking at such features as hemlines, waistlines, sleeves, hiplines, colours and shape

Accessories such as footwear, belts, bags, hats and jewelry can also become fads

Examples of fads seen in later part of this century would be bubble skirts, short, tight leather skirts, bell button trousers and sleeves, hot pants, knickerbockers, shorts worn under open maxi-coats, and mini-skirt worn with high boots

3 Fashion definitions

Some terms related to the fashion industry are set out below

3.1 Fashion:

The lasted style of dress, “linen” or a “look” Clothing worn at any one period

in time is said to be “in fashion” A particular style that is accepted by a mass of people A description of fashion by Quentin Bell “Tastes shared by a large number of people for a short space of time”

3.2 Style: the design of a garment

3.3 High Fashion:

Clothes designed by fashion designers A design license is sold to high fashion houses which make up only a few of each design They are very well made and very expensive

3.4 Haute Conture:

A French term literarily meaning “high fashion” With common usage in everyday language it now means clothes designed and made by French countries usually a “one-only” These clothes are very expensive and could be designed and made especially for a particular person The quality of design and construction are considered to be superior to any other

Clothing manufacturers design and make huge quantities of clothes to be sold in large clothing outlets Usually they are reasonably cheap in price and the quality and workmanship are usually of a satisfactory standard

CHAPTER 2: THE WORKROOM

Patternmaking tools

Pattern paper

Patternmaking terms

Pattern production terms

The way we were

Apparel product development

9 Stapler and remover

10 Magic mend scotch tape

11 Black twill tape

II Pattern Paper

Pattern paper has code numbers to indicate its weight from heavy to light

Heavy-Weight Paper _ weight Code

Heavy-weight pattern paper is called tag board