FINAL RESEARCH REPORT SUBJECT APPLIED ECONOMETRICS TOPIC: Factors influencing undergraduates’sleep in Ho Chi Minh City

ABSTRACT: This study estimates and examines the factors affecting the sleep of students in HoChi Minh City, expressed in the number of hours of bedtime per night of students, candraw con

UEH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ECONOMICS, LAW AND GOVERNMENT

TP Hồ Chí Minh, 11/11/2022

MEMBERS GROUP 6

ABSTRACT:

This study estimates and examines the factors affecting the sleep of students in HoChi Minh City, expressed in the number of hours of bedtime per night of students, candraw conclusions and reinforce the reader's understanding of the importance of sleep.The results showed that those who had a lot of study time had fewer hours of bedtime.The time of commuting to work in a student's day or leisure time such as surfing theweb, watching movies also negatively affects the number of hours of bedtime From theresults, students can arrange their study, part-time and leisure time accordingly to beable to both complete work and ensure health

Keywords: sleep, students, health, study, entertainment

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCE 4

1 Significance of the Study: 4

2 Purpose of research: 4

3 Subjects, scope, survey units 5

CHAPTER II: THEORY OVERVIEW 5

1 Related Concepts: 5

2 Body functions and activities during sleep: 5

3 Factors affecting sleep: 6

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODS 6

1.Sampling method: 6

2.Research process: 7

3.Survey questions: 7

4.Analysis results: 8

5.Quantitative and qualitative research results: 8

6.Research scale: 8

7 Suggested model: 9

7.1 Model and variables in the model: 9

7.2 Comments on the variables in the model: 12

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH RESULTS 17

1 Variable descriptive statistics: 17

2 Regression results: 19

3 Multicollinearity test 23

4 Heteroscedasticity test by the Breusch-Pagan test: 23

5 Testing for autocorrelation by Breusch-Godfrey test: 24

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION 24

1 Conclusion: 24

2 Limitations of the study: 25

3 Some recommendations for future research: 25

REFERENCES 26

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCE

1 Significance of the Study:

Staying up late has almost become a difficult habit for the majority of young peopletoday in general and students in particular The question is, what do students "stay uplate" for? And how often? But for whatever reason, staying up is still an unhealthy habitand causes a lot of damage to our physical and mental health

According to statistics, each of us needs to spend up to 36% of our lives sleeping.This means that if you live to be 70 years old, the sleep time will be more than 25 years.This intangible generally says that sleep is an important norm in our lives But nowmany websites propagate false ideas about sleep, they attribute sleep as a manifestation

of laziness, wasting time, the less sleep will be more successful, The truth is, if youunderstand your body's sleep and sleep correctly and get enough sleep will enhancelong-term memory as well as better academic productivity

In 1942, less than 8% of the nightly population slept only 6 hours or less In 2017,this number accounted for half According to the statistics of scientists around the world,insomnia costs the UK economy more than £30 billion in profits each year, or 2% ofGDP If you drive after sleeping less than 5 hours, you are 4.3 times more likely to have

an accident If you drive after sleeping for 4 hours, you are 11.5 times more likely tohave an accident These horrific numbers show us the consequences of people deprivingthemselves of sleep, especially in adolescence

Ho Chi Minh City has more and more 24-hour cafes such as Three O'clock, Thuccoffee, OFA coffee, At 11 pm, just go to these cafes, most of the customers are full,most of the customers are from 17-30 years old Each individual here has their own jobsuch as going with friends, surfing the web, watching movies, playing games, theremaining few study, read books , but it can be seen that staying up late is becomingmore and more common among many people, especially young people and especiallystudents

Therefore, it is extremely necessary to study the sleep quality of young people.Youth have a huge advantage in health wear, but if not maintained and preserved, veryquickly negative effects will appear But if we are aware of and appreciate sleep early,

we can study and work more efficiently, with a clearer, sharper mind Stemming fromthe above reasons, our group chose the topic "The situation of students staying up late in

Ho Chi Minh City and affecting health" to study

2 Purpose of research:

- Learn about the current state of students staying up late in HCMC

- The extent, nature, scale of staying up late

- Recognize the factors that influence students' staying up late

- Effects of staying up late on human health and giving advice (positive and negative influences)

- Propose remedies, give the right advice against the effects of staying up late on students today

3 Subjects, scope, survey units

- Target audience: All students in HO CHI MINH CITY.

- Scope: Ho Chi Minh City.

- Survey unit: Group of students of Applied Econometric class.

CHAPTER II: THEORY OVERVIEW

1 Related Concepts:

- Student concept:

Students are those between the ages of 18-25, have graduated from high school andare enrolled in a program at one (or more) University or College

- The concept of staying up late:

According to recommendations from the National Organization for Sleep Supportand Self-Assessment, people aged 18-25 (students) require 7-9 hours of sleep per day.Clinically, 23 hours is the time when the body begins to enter the detoxification andrecovery phase Therefore, from a biological point of view, if you stay up past 22:30,you will be considered as staying up late

Under normal circumstances, 22:30 pm to 6:30 am is the best time to sleep, bysleeping at the right time, you can ensure that the organs are working at their most stablestate, then the body is in a healthy biological clock

2 Body functions and activities during sleep:

"Sleep must serve a very important function, which has led to its persistencethroughout evolution," said Dr David Raizen, an associate professor of neurology at theUniversity of Pennsylvania in the US "Sleep time is when the brain and body work alot, bringing good effects to health The body works during sleep through two stages:+ NREM - non-rapid eye movement stage (accounting for 75-80% of sleep): thestage when the brain is less responsive to external stimuli At this stage, the bodyenters the process of deep sleep, thinking and functions inside the body showsigns of slowing down, so the process of regeneration and repair of cells insidethe body is carried out at this stage this

+ REM - Rapid eye movement (accounting for 20-25% of our sleep) at this stage,your eyes will move back and forth at the back of the eyelids The body will fallinto a state of stillness, but your pulse system, internal body temperature,breathing rate and blood pressure will rise above daytime levels At this stage,dreams are somewhat more vivid and more emotional

Brain Activity: As we fall asleep, our brains experience a pattern of brain waves

known as "spinal rotation," which, according to the Sleep Foundation, we don't fullyunderstand yet, but are thought to be “plays a role in learning and integrating newmemories.” The axes of the spine may also play a role in ensuring we stay asleep evenwhen our brains are exposed to external stimuli According to a 2019 study in thejournal Science, when we sleep, our brains even wash themselves in a mixture of

cerebrospinal fluid and blood As the body enters the NREM phase, brain cells alsobegin to enter a phase of more regular and rhythmic activity However, when you begin

to enter REM dreams, brain activity will return to normal, roughly the same as when thebody is in the waking state

The process of metabolism and detoxification of the body:

+ From 21 to 23h: Is the time when the immune system (lymphocytes) detoxifies

(eliminates toxins), this time is quiet or listening to relaxing music

+ From 23h to 3h: This is the time when Gallbladder and Liver detox and dispose

of waste, which should be carried out while asleep; During this time, you shouldsleep well to avoid kidney diseases In addition, this is also the time to helpsmooth skin

+ From 3 am to 5 pm: It is the time to detoxify the lungs It is also the reason why

people who are suffering from Lung disease are often coughing violently at thistime, because the antidote has run to the Lungs

+ From 5am to 7am: It is the time when the large intestine detoxifies.

- Heart Rate: During the NREM stage, your heart rate and blood pressure will

drop, which in turn gives your heart and blood vessels a period of light work,suitable for rest and recovery Until the body enters the REM phase, the ratio ofheart rate to blood pressure will increase again

3 Factors affecting sleep:

The act of staying up late is constantly impacted by two factors: objective conditionsand subjective conditions, claims Dr Tran Thi Kim Xuyen's social theory of lifestyle.The amount of homework children have is one of the crucial elements in objectivecircumstances Students must put in three hours of study time outside of class for everyhour they spend in class Because there are so many tasks, students must stay up later tocomplete them Additionally, there is a big impact of financial issues on students staying

up late The majority of students work part-time to supplement their family's income,which is typical among students The impact of the environment around you is anotherfactor

A subjective component can also have an impact This includes pre-existing habits,learning in a dynamic atmosphere, the urge to complete tasks, and external pressure tofind time The amount of time spent relaxing after a long day of work and study (surfingthe internet, watching movies, listening to music, etc.) and the regular use of stimulantslike tea and coffee in the evenings impair sleep

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODS

1 Sampling method:

- Number of samples: 183

- Sample list:

+ Spatial scope: all students at universities in Ho Chi Minh City are between the ages

of 18-28

+ Time range: from October 15, 2022 to October 23, 2022

+ Scope of content: factors affecting the number of bedtimes of students in HCMCarea

+ Random sampling method: this is considered the best method for us to choose asample that is likely to represent the population because the error due to samplingcan be calculated Therefore, it is possible to apply statistical estimation andhypothesis testing methods in data processing to generalize the results on the sample

to the general population

- Data processing: After the survey is completed, the data will be put into Excel forchecking and screening Next comes data entry, encryption and data cleaning.Finally, regression analysis was performed using R software

2 Research process:

The research process includes:

Step 1: Identify research topic.

Step 2: Objectives of the research topic.

Step 3: Theoretical basis: Based on sleep, health and cognitive behavioral studies Step 4: Determine the research model and the scales.

Step 6: Research results

Step 7: Conclusion and comments

3 Survey questions:

In order to serve the purpose of surveying factors affecting BMI and information onstudents' sleep hours, the group has developed a questionnaire including: Full name?,Gender?, Age?, You currently Are you a student?, What year are you currently astudent? Weight, height? At what time do you start going to bed?, how many hours doyou sleep each night?

Next is a set of questions to collect independent variables that affect the number ofstudents' bedtime :

4 Analysis results:

For descriptive statistics and regression analysis, use R and Excel

5 Quantitative and qualitative research results:

Based on previous studies and majority consensus, 122 factors influence the number

of hours students sleep per night

Dependent variable: Number of hours students sleep in each night

Independent variables (quantitative): Body mass index, age of students, number ofhours students study in a day, hours of entertainment students in a day

Independent boundary (qualitative): gender, sleep start time , health-relatedproblems, environment changes, late sleeping habits, social relationships, part-time work

Building a scale:

- Use a binary scale

=1 if female, =0 nếu là male for variable GENDER

=1 if from 22-2h, =0 if from 20-22h for variable START

=1 if “YES”, =0 if “NO” for 5 variables HEALTH, EVR_CHANGES,HABIT, RELATIONSHIP, PATI

-Use the interval scale

17 < AGE < 24 for variable AGE

0 < STUDY < 24 for variable STUDY

0 < ENTERTAINMENT < 24 for variable ENTERTAINMENT

-Use formula =WEIGHT/(HEIGHT/100)^2 for variable BMI

7 Suggested model:

7.1 Model and variables in the model:

HOURS = 𝜷 1 + 𝜷 2 BMI + 𝜷 3 AGE + 𝜷 4 GENDER + 𝜷 5 START +𝜷 6 STUDY +

𝜷7 ENTERTAINMENT + 𝜷 8 HEALTH + 𝜷 9 EVR_CHANGES + 𝜷 10 HABIT +

𝜷11 RELATIONSHIP + 𝜷 12 PATI + 𝜷 13 STIMULANT + u

-INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (QUANTITATIVE)

3 AGE Student's age Integer

day

Integer(0 <

ENTERTAINME

NT < 24)

The more hours ofentertainment (playinggames, surfing socialmedia, ) the less hours

of sleep

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (QUALIFICATE)

6 GENDER Student's gender =1 if it's female

=0 if it's between20-22h

If you start going to bedbetween 10 pm and 2

pm, you will reduce thenumber of hours you

reduced

9 EVR_CHAN GES Change the livingenvironment =1 if it is “YES”

=0 if it is “NO”

If there is a change inthe living environment,the number of hours ofsleep will be reduced

10 HABIT Habit of sleepinglate

=1 if it is “YES”

=0 if it is “NO”

If you have a habit ofgoing to bed late, it willreduce the number ofhours of sleep

11 RELATIONS HIP Relationships insociety

=1 if it is “YES”

=0 if it is “NO”

If there are relationships(love, work, ) then thenumber of hours ofsleep will be reduced

12 PATI Working part-time =1 if it is “YES”

=0 if it is “NO”

If you work part-time,the number of hours ofsleep will be reduced

13 STIMULANT Stimulants (coffee,tea, )

=1 if it is “YES”

=0 if it is “NO” the number of hours ofIf you use stimulants,

sleep will decrease

7.2 Comments on the variables in the model:

Body mass index (BMI)

Is it unhealthy to stay up late? was a question that the University of California,Berkeley (USA) set out to investigate They looked into the connection between obesity

and staying up late According to the findings, adults and adolescents who consistentlyslept late had a higher risk of gaining weight than their corresponding age group whowent to bed early The body mass index (BMI*) and sleep have been linked in studies.When teenagers reached the beginning of puberty, college age, and adulthood, theBerkeley research monitored their influences and behaviors at each step Teenagers'bedtimes and BMI were compared by researchers between 1994 and 2009 According tothe study's findings, adolescents who went to bed earlier had a better weight as adults.Another study found that children aged 4 to 5 who slept less at night experiencedsleep deprivation Over time, this raises the risk of becoming obese Children who sleptaround 9.5 hours less per night than those who went to bed at 9 p.m and got enoughsleep had greater rates of obesity.

Student's age (AGE)

The 2011 sleep survey by the American group, "Technology and Sleep," producedthe following findings

Table 1: Descript how Americans sleep by age

the Zgeneration(13–18 years

of age)

the Ygeneration(19-29 years ofage)

the Xgeneration(30-45 years

of age)

the baby-boomgeneration(46-64 years ofage)

Nap(52%)Caffeine(medium 2.7)

Nap(38%)Caffeine(medium 3.5)

Nap (41%)Caffeine(medium 3.0)

Based on the above results, we can see that, from generation Z to Y, the averagenumber of hours of sleep per night tends to decrease from (7h26' to 7h1') and theresponse rate "Rarely/Never ever." a good night's sleep during the week” tends toincrease (from 46% to 51%) Many other studies also show that, for adolescents, atdifferent ages, there are huge differences in sleep habits and sleep disorders Comparedwith older adolescents, young adults go to bed later and sleep less Sleep disruption,daytime sleepiness, and sleep dissatisfaction are more common in young adults thanadolescents Thus, it can be assumed that, in adolescence, those with older age have poorsleep quality as well as fewer hours of sleep Therefore, this study expected that theolder the students, the less hours of sleep

Number of hours students study in a day (STUDY)

Since the majority of pupils are recent graduates, they will spend their timestudying Dr Robert from the University of Florida believes that students should spend

at least 4-5 hours a day studying Less sleep will be required because students will bescheduling their study time around their coursework, independent study at the library,study sessions with classmates, and final project work since studying took up the most

of the time As a result, this study predicts that as study time increases, sleep timedecreases

Number of hours of leisure students in a day (ENTERTAINMENT)

The entertainment options available to young people today are far more varied thanreading books or playing sports games because they use so many electronic gadgets Wealso have many entertainment options that are directly tied to sports using electronicgadgets to watch movies, play games, listen to music, and browse social networks(facebook, tiktok, instagram, ) The outcomes are excellent when only a small amount

of time is dedicated to amusement However, a recent study found that Vietnameseteenagers spend an average of 7 hours per day on social media, which is quite long whencompared to the rest of the world and the area.Following are some explanations for thephenomenon of excessive recreational usage reducing the amount of sleep at night andresulting in daytime sleepiness in adolescents:

- Excessive use of electronics will take the place of sleep Teenagers stay up latebecause their smartphone is showing them something interesting

- By inhibiting the hormone melatonin, which makes people sleepy, light fromelectronic devices can change the circadian rhythm of the body and make itdifficult to fall asleep

- Electronic devices cause sleep disruption since they psychologically, emotionally,and biologically awaken

The American Sleep Foundation provides three additional ways in which technologymay disrupt sleep:

- One is melatonin suppression Melatonin, the hormone that regulates sleep/wakecycles and the human circadian clock, is inhibited by the blue light emitted by the