Đánh giá các dòng thải và xây dựng giải pháp quản lý ô nhiễm môi trường từ hệ thống kinh tế trang trại VAC huyện trảng bom, tỉnh đồng nai

vdn de fl nhiem mfii trudng tir hogt ddng nay d i dupc dinh g i i d mfii vai nghien ciiu nhir Nghifin cuu cic chi lifiu fi nhifim ciia chdl thai chdn nufii heo lap frung vd dp dung mfit

Danh gia cac dong thai va xay dyng giai phap quan ly 6 nhilm moi tru'cyng tCi' he th6ng kinh te trang trai VAC huyen Trang Bom, tinh D6ng Nai ^ ,

-Tru'o'ng T h a n h C a n h

• N g u y i n T h j Ngpc

Tru'&ng Dai hpc Khoa hpc T y nhifin, DHQG-HCM

•n ZOIS nhdn ddng ngdy 18 Ihdng 06 nam 2015}

TOM T A T

VAC (vw&n, ao, chudng) Id hd sinh thdi

ndng nghidp nhdn tao hinh thdnh do sw kit

hQp giOa 3 yiu td ca ban Id vw&n (V) ao (A)

vd chudng (C) Ddy la md hinh sdn xuit

theo kiiu ndng nghidp bO'u ca dwoc the gi&i

cdng nhdn bin vdng xdt cd hai khia e^nh

kmh ti vd moi trw&ng Tuy nhidn tCr trw&c

din nay ede nghidn cwu VAC a Vi$t Nam

m&i chl ehO trong din khia eanh kmh ti, vdn

di mdi trw&ng chwa dwoc thi/c sw quan tdm

Bdi bdo ndy trinh bdy mdt nghidn eCru cij thi

cOa chijng tdi & hai trang trai VAC vd VACB

(VAC kit hgp sdn xudt khi sinh hQc) t?i

Huydn Trdng Bom tinh Ddng Nai nhim

ddnh gid h^ thdng & ca hai gidc do kinh ti vd

mdi trw&ng, tw dd di xuit cdc gidi phdp kfim

TO khda: VAC, vw&n ao, ehudng, trang

l G l 6 l T H r $ U

CJ Vifit Nim, sin xuit nong nghiep cfl y

nghta sfing cfln dfii vdi q u i trinh phat frien kinh

t i - x i hpi, vfli gin 70% dan sfi hoai dpngjrong

ITnh vyc ndy Nhieu chucmg trinh nghien ciru va

dy dn dd dupc thuc hifin nhdm idng cudng hifiu

qud san xudt, bao gom mfi hinh VAC, Ddy Id mfi

hinh dya vdo phuang thiic canh tic hifu co dupc

cflng dong thi gidi thira nhgn [1,2], frong dfl kfit

hpp cdc dfii tupng sin xudt gflm ddt, nudc vd sinh

vdt nhu cay frflng, vat nuoi nhdm tao ra chuoi

thiic dn frong h? thflng sinh thdi nflng nghiep

C i c yiu to cy thi dupc xic dinh la vudn (V), ao

sodt 6 nhiim vd ndng cao hidu qud ho^t ddng cua trang tr^i Kit qud nghidn cuv d hai trang tr$i VAC vd VACB cho thiy vide qudn ly cde ddng thdi tO cdc thdnh phin

"Vw&n", "Ao" vd 'Chudng" nhdm tdi st> dung chit thdi trong h$ thdng, ddc bidt tnf&ng hqp

cd san xuit khi sinh hpc, Idm cho hidu qud

•kinh ti cua trang tr^i sd dwgc tdng cu&ng vd gdp phin bdo vd mdi trw&ng do nh&ng tdc ddng sdn xuit cua trang tr^i TO- kit qud ddnh gid h$ thdng, tdc gid di xudt mdt s6 gidi phdp di xu- /y vd tdi si> dung chit thdi hidu qud, ndng eao hi$u qud sdn xuit vd tdi

sw dung chit thdi, gdp phin gidm thiiu d nhiim mdi trw&ng cua h$ thdng VAC

tr$i, mdi trw&ng kinh ti

(A) va chuflng (C) [1, 3] He thfing nay giiip tii sinh chdt thii vd ldn dyng c i c chdl phi thdi trong nfing nghiep, lao tbanh nguyfin lieu hay ndng lupng sinh hpc hiiu hieu Chfnh vi nhung Ipi ich cua VAC, nha nudc d i cd nhifiu chinh sich khuyin khich nfing hp chuyin dfii cdc hinh thdc san xudt nflng nghifip sang mfi hinh ndy, gflp phdn dem lai hifiu q u i kinh te xd hpi Tuy nhifin, cdc dp dyng VAC hi?n nay mdi chi dimg lai d phfl biin dai trd, chu frpng khia canh kinh tfi ma

bfl qua cic yeu t6 v i mfii frudng dan din Hnh

kfim higu q u i xet tren todn dien hfi thfing Thyc

te vdn de fl nhiem mfii trudng tir hogt ddng nay

d i dupc dinh g i i d mfii vai nghien ciiu nhir

Nghifin cuu cic chi lifiu fi nhifim ciia chdl thai

chdn nufii heo lap frung vd dp dung mfit sfi bifin

p h i p xu ly [4]; nghien cuu fi nhilm cua nganh

chdn nufii TP.HCM, xay dyng cdc gidi phdp tich

cyc n h i m hgn che fi nhifim mfii trudng [5]; dinh

gid hieu qua xu ly chat thai bdng bfi biogas ciia

mpt sd trang trai chan nufii Ipn vimg Dong bang

sflng Hfing [6],

De mfi hinh phdl trien bin viing, cin thifit

phai cd nhung khdo nghifim thyc tfi cu the v i

phdn tich trfin nhifiu khia cgnh Chiing ifli lya

chpn phdn tich mfi hinh VAC va VACB dac

tnmg Iai Trdng Bom, Dfing Nai Ddy la dja

phuang cfi nfin kinh te nfing nghiep, chu yeu Id

cdc trang trai nho boat dflng theo kifiu VAC Muc

tifiu CLia nghifin cuu Id ddnh gid Igi mfit cich he

thfing mfi hinh ndy d c i hgi giic dp kinh tfi vi

mfii tiudng qua cac ddng thii Tir dfl de xuat mpt

sfi gidi phdp dfi xu ly va ldi sii dyng chat thai hieu

q u i , ndng cao hifiu qud sdn xuat, ddng thdi gop

phdn giim thieu 6 nhilm mfli truflrng ciia he

thflng VAC

2 P H L 0 N G P H A P NGHIEN C U D

Dieu Ira khao sat

Nhdm cd thflng tin phuc vy dinh gia ddu vdo

va ddu ra cua he thfing chiing tfli ihyc hifin dieu

Ira ihu thap thflng tin khu vyc nghifin ciru bang

phiiu khio sat Dfii tupng dupc chpn l i chii trang

trai vd cdc nhan cong ldm viec trong cdc Irang

trai, thupc xa Sflng Trdu, huyfin Trdng Bom, tinh

Dfing Nai Trong dd, VAC I Id Irang Irai cua chii

hp Nguyin Xuan Phong thupc dp 7 vd VAC2 la

uang trai cua chii hd Tran Quang Ngan

thupc dp 2

Lupng thfing tin duoc chia lam 3 nhdm ddc

trung cua mfl hinh VAC l i "Vudn", ' A o ' va

"Chufing' CJ mfii nhdm, thfing tin dupc thu thap

gfim c i c yeu tfi ddu vao va diu ra tuong ung

( B i n g I)

Lay mSu vd phan tJch mau

D i dinh gid dfing thai vd cac l i e dpng cua

chiing den mfii trudng xung quanh, chiing toi tifin hdnh Idy mau vd phdn tich mau nudc thai, nuflrc mdt (nuflrc ao), mdu khfing khi vd dat tai 2 trang trai

Mdu nudc thai: Mau nudc Ihii chdn nufii duoc ldy Iheo 2 mua, miia mua (thing 9/2010)

va miia khfi (thing 4/2011) Vi tri duac chpn id cufii dudng dng thoit nudc thdi ciia chufing trgi frudc khi cho xufing ao cd dfii vdi trang trai VAC

v i miu nudc thii tir chufing trai trudc vd sau khi cho xuflng h i m biogas dfli vdi trang trai VACB Cac chi tifiu phan lich bao gdm: pH, COD, BOD5 N-NH4*, N,o^, P,6„j, vd SS; su dung cdc phucmg phdp phdn tich phii hop tuong img bao gfim: Difin cue Ihiiy tinh - m i y Coming pH meter 445, phuang phdp Bicromat, do DO, phuong phdp so

m i u - buo^ sflng 630nm phuang phip Nito Kjeldalh, phuang phdp so mdu - buflrc sflng 880nm va phuang phap khfli lupng Mau nudc ao; Lay dai difin 3 mau nudc ao Igi 3 vi tri khic nhau frong ao ciia ca 2 frang frai

vd phdn tich cdc chi tieu lucmg iing vdi mdu nudc thai de so sinh

Mau khi: Miu khi duoc la> vio thing

9 2010 Ldy miu khi xung quanh khu vuc chufing Irai chdn nufli de ddnh gii dupc tdc dfing dfin mfii trudng khflng khi xung quanh Cdc chi tieu phan tich bao gfim: NO; SO;, CO; NH3, H;S, bui nhiel dp v i dp am dya frfin phuong phdp lay mdu v i phan tich theo Tifiu chudn Viet nam

Miu dat: Mdu dupc lay (heo 2 miia, miia mua (Ihdng 9 2010) v i miia kho (thdng 4/2011)

5 vi tri dupc chpn dai difin frong vudn cac mdu ndy sau dd duoc trfln Igi vdi nhau v i phan tich

cae chi tifiu K, N,^^ v i P,OT^ bing cdc phuong

phip do quang, Kjeldahl vd do quang d budc sdng 880nm

Thong kfi xir ly so lieu Phin m i m SPSS v i Microsoft E\cel 2010 duoc su dyng cho xu I;y vd phdn tich sfl lieu thfing ke tir phifiu khao sdl va kfit qua phdn tich mau

Bang 1 Thong tin Ihu thap tir c i c trang trgi

-s

>

o

• ^

_ = "1

Dau vao

- Su phan bo cav trong

- L i ^ g phan b6n cung cip tif hoat ddng chin nuoi

- Phan bon hoa hoc irong Iimg mua vu

- Luang thuoc bao v^ (h^c v|t

- So lan va luons niroc luai trong ngiy

- So loai va ^ lirone ca moJ miia vu

- Lmmg thiic an cone nghiep cho ca moi ngay

- Linmg thirc an lit phe phy phim Uong Ugt, chan nudi

- Nuoc ihai lit hoat ddng chan nuoi cho xuong ao ca

- S6 luqng vat nudi gidng vai nuCT

- Loai ihiic Sn danh cho v | l nuoi

- Khdl lirgng thuc an cdng nehiep

- Khdl Iirpng thuc Sn tu phi phu pham trdng Uot

- Luong nuoc tieu thu cho ve sinh chudng trai, mrdc cung c ^

cho vat nudi

- Sd luon& loai thudc ihu v su dun^ cho vat nudi

Daunt

• San luong cj^' Irdng timg miia vv

- Phan bon, cac chat thai tir vuon nhu canh la cat tia

- Du luong thuoc bao vg thuc v ^

- Nudc luoi tir ao

- Niroc bdc hoi vao khdng khi

- San luong ca mdi mua vy

- Thu nhap tir ao c i

- Nudc ao dimg d^ tinh virdn, vi sinh chudng irai

- Bun tir ao nudi ci

- Sd lutmg vat nudi xudt diuong

- Khdt lupng chat thai rfln (phan cim Ihtra )

• Khdi lupng nudc I h i i lan vdi nudc v$ sinh chudng trai

3.KET QUA VA T H A O LUAN

c d u t h i c vd qua Irinh v^n hdnh ciia 2 t r a n g

trgi

Trang trgi VAC dupe khio sit vdi dien tich

33.000m*, chia thdnh khu vuc frfing cdy (69,7%

tflng difin tich), nufli heo, nufii gd, ao cd, kho

chira cim, phdn bfin, nhd d v i mfit phan ddt frfing

chua dupe sir dung (13,6% tfing dien tich) Ciu

tnic vudn chii yeu l i giong cdy dn qua ngdn ngiy

bao gflm phdn lom l i du du (1800 cdy/ha) vd

chuoi (2000 cay/ha) 4000m" ao duqc sir dyng dfi

nufli c i thuong phim bao gom c i tra, fre, rfl phi

v i c i me vdi sfl lupng ca giflng khoing 4000 con

C i 2 ao dfiu Id ao tii v i khflng cfl cflng^thodl

nudc Dien tich dit danh cho chdn nufli Id 1.150

m" chiem 3,48% tflng difin tich loin bfl hfi thflng,

Irong do dien tich ddnh cho chin nufii heo Id 900

m" chufing nufii g i 100 m', con Igi Id dien tich

kho Chuflng dupc thifit kfi theo kifiu hd, cfl nfin

nghifing cfl dp dfic pbii hpp dfi thudn tifin trong

vific thodt nudc v i ddn chit thii mflt each d l

ddng, khfing giy u dong gdy fl nhifim chuflng trai

Nudc uflng cung c ^ cho vgt nufli bdng hfi thflng

ty dpng vd dupc liy tir gifing khoan N i n g suit

trung binh hdng ndm cua mfl hinh VAC l i 35 tin

frdi cdy/ha, 15 tin cd, 200 con heo v i 100 con gd

Cdu tnic hoat dpng frang frgi VAC dupc mfl t i

frong Hinh 1

Trang frgi VACB (hinh 2) vdi quy mo nhfi

han vfli tflng difin tich 6.000 m* Trong dfl, cdu

tnic vuim chiem khoing 58,33% Cdy frfing chu

yfiu Id bdp (12.000 cay) va rau lang (10.000 cSy) Mfl hinh n i y danh k h i it dien tich cho thiet k^ ao nufli c i Trang trgi cfl 2 ao, I ao diing dfi chiia chit thai sau ham biogas, difin tfch khodng 300

vd 1 ao diing de nuoi ca trfi cd difin tich khoing

200 m^ ( 3 3 % Iflng difin tich), vfli sfl lupng tha khodng 500 con C i 2 ao dfiu Id ao tii vd khflng cfl ranh thoat nudc Dien tich ddt dung cho chdn nufii cua trang trai Ii 1600 m^ (26,67% long difin lich), frong dfl difin tich chufing nufii heo l i 1500

m , dien tich chufing ga la 50 m" Quy mfi chin nufli Id 100 con ga va 700 con heo Ddy cung Id mflt dgng chuong nufii hd, nhung khde vdi mo hinh VAC, mfl hlnh ndy dupc thifit kfi gom 2 hfi thflng thodt nudc, mpt he thong dan nudc tir qud frinh nia mdng dn, todn bfi c i m roi vdi se theo dfl chiy v i o ao nufli ca trfi ddt ngay bfin ngodi chuong nuoi Mflt he thfing din loin bp chdt thai

va nudc Ihdi khi ve sinh chuflng trgi chdy vdo ham biogas Ndng suit trung binh hing ndm cua

mo hinh VACB Id 8 tin b i p , 10 tin rau Iang, 1 tdn c i tre, 600 heo thit, ngodi ra cfin cfl 4 tin phan chufing khfi thuang phdm Cdu tnic hoft dpng trang trgi VACB dupc mfl Id frong Hinh 2 Difim khde bifit ciia mfi hinh ndy Id cfl them yiu tfl ham bigogas (B) Nuflrc thai sau biogas cfl chua lupng phdn cdn Igi sau q u i frinh phan hiy dfi sinh khi gas mfli dupc cho xuong ao, nudc ao ddn len tudi cho vudn v i biin cdn dufli diy ao dupc thu gom dfi lam phdn bdn

ctymichmaftianh

^ WIN |<

Din uric u len tub] vuoi

Hinh 1 Cau triic hoai dgng trang trg! VAC Hinh 2 Cau true hoat dgng cua trang trai VACB

Ddnh gia cdc ddng thai

Phdn tich ddu ra cua cac hpp phan chinh

trong mfi hinh VAC va VACB cho thay cfln tfln

Igi nhifiu ngufin gay fi nhifim Dfli vdi hpp phdn

"Chudng", chit thii l i mpt lap hop phong phii

c i c chat d lit cd trang thdi rdn, ldng, khi Mdc dii

dong Ihdi dupc Idn dyng cho hpp phan "Ao" de

nufii cd Tuy nhifin, chat thii chin nufii chua qua

xu ly CO h i m lupng cic chil fl nhiem cao dupc

Ihdi true tiep xuflng ao vdi khfii lupng Ifln, lim

cho nude ao chda mot lupng nudc vdi cic hpp

chdl dinh dudng tit phan heo, md dien hinh la N

v i P Hai chi sfi nay cao hon khodng 10 Idn so

vdi quy chudn cho phep frong nudc thai (Bing

2), dan tfli hien tupng nudc ao bj phu dupng hfla giim chit lupng ao nufii Rifing dfii vdi mo hinh

VACB, chdl thai chdn nufii dd dupc xti \'jr co ban

bing hdm biogas vdi hifiu qud xu ly khd tfit (Bdng 3), nfin mdc dii cd lupng chat thai phdl sinh nhifiu hem vi quy mfi chdn nufii ldn (Hinh 3) nhung chat Iupng nudc ao vdn tfit hon so vdi mfi hinh VAC (Hinh 4) Ben cgnh cung c i p ddu vdo cho hpp phdn "Ao", phan heo cdn dupc su dung lam phdn bfln cho hpp phdn "Vudn" vdi thdnh phan giiu hifu co, chiing rit dfi bj phdn hiiy thanh cic sdn phdm dpc hai, mpt so khi dpc nhu CH4, NHj, H2S ,

Bang 2 Kfit qua phan tich nudc Ihdi so sanh vdi QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT

Thdng sd

pH

BOD,

COD

SS

N*„

P ™

Colilbnns

D™,I

me/l

mE/l

ms/l

mefl

MPN/IOOml

Nudc thai lai trang Irai VAC 7,56

836

1102

224

310

80

13500

Nuoc ihai Hu trang trai VACB

7 J 0

1120

970

405

97

14500

OCVN 40-201 l/BTNMT Cdt A

6 - 9

30

50

4

3000

C d l B

5 5 - 9

50

150

40

6

5000

QCfN 40.201 l/BTNMT Quy chudn ky ihugi qudc

T b d i ^ so

BOD

CX>D

SS

N ^

,-'^

L0\l\'7V.-

Bang 3 Hifiu qim xu K sau biogas tai trang trai V A C B Don\i

msrt ms/l

m a i

-z"

~i

\ o x ,, ^y

Nunc thai trirm:

bki-as

1120

970

Nuoc thai sai

410

535

Hieu q n a u r l y s a i

36.61 20.10

_:, - ii-J 2938

=- 35J05 14' 4^.« 6 g ^

1

1

<!

• T - ^ ^

•

n

VAC

•ALS

POO

s^ '

: •'20

O,^

!;r?2

:-;-:<?

-^•^

22J

d ^

,Vo.O

:-w JC^

pr6r>o

so

Hinh 3 Ket qua phan tidi mdu nuen: thai

Tuy nhifin, neu dinh gia hieu q u i xu 1> sau

biogas dfii vci BOD chi dat 36.61 "o v i 36,90 %

dfii vdi COD Nong dp N,,.-_ \ a P™^ frong nudc

thai sau biogas cung giam di mflt phin, trong dfl

hifiu qua xu l> N,,^^ dgi 29.38 "o P , ^ dai

35,05*'o Difiu nay co the li do thoi gian luu q u i

ngdn nfin cac vi sinh vdt ky khi frong he thflng

biogas phan Idn chi phan buy cac hpp chit huu

ca dfi phan hiiy sinh hpc cac sinh vat sinh khi

meian tdng tnrdng te bao cham vi thfi chdng it su

dyng niio vd phoipho de tgo lao tfi bdo hay tfing

hpp cic hogt chdt sinh hpc Thfim vao dfi, qud

trinh boat dpng cua ham biogas khflng dupc

khuay frfln Ihudng \u> en nfin can cfln tfin dpng

gay cdn trd qua frinh sinh khi

D6'\ vfli hpp phin "Ao", bim thai dudi day ao

la mpt ngufln thai chua ihanh phin phiic tgp gfim

cac chat thai cua vat nufli cic ngufln thiic an du

thira ma chii \eu Id phdn gia siic thfli rita phdn

hiiy cac chit tfln du cua vat tu hda chdt sir duno

trong q u i uinh nufli nhu vfli hda chit, bun phen

frong ddL Dd dd ngufin nay cfl fyk gflp phin

lan truyen dich benh \ i fi nhifim mfii frudng nfiu

khflng dupc xd 1> hpp K Kfit qua phan tich chdt

lupng nudc ao tai 2 frang trai cho thiy ngoai trir

chl so pH, tit ca cic thdng sfi cdn lai bao gflm

600- ^ ^

J X n ^ ^

BOD mVAC 430 -VACB 410

H i n h 4 KC-t t\

COD

M ? 53S uaphan

5 5 ACivig Ptcmg

1SO 122 ' 36

tich mdu nudc ao

BOD5 COD, SS N , ^ „ P , ^ \ a Coliform dfiu

vupt QCVN 24:2009 B T \ M T tu 4 dfin 8 ldn

(Hinh 4) Mac du do inh hudng ciia sy pha lodng

vd bfic hoi cdc ket qud phdn tich mau mrdc ao vdo miia mua cfl ndng dp cdc chit fi nhifim thip han so vdi mua khfi rUiung sy chfinh Ifich nay khfing Ion

Sau cimg dfli vdi hpp phan "Vudn", fi nhilm chli \ e u bdt ngufin tir viec chim sflc vudn nhu bfln phdn vd nuflrc tudi chua dupc xu ly friet dfi tir hpp phan "Ao" " Chuong" Hinh 5 trinh biy him lugng NPK dupc phan tich frong miu ddi d

2 trang trai Ket qud phan tich cho thiy ham

lupng \n,„„, P , ^ v i K,ig,, frong dit thay dfii rfl

ret giiia 2 miia khfl vd mua mua Difiu ndy cd thfi dupc gidi thich Id do ngoai mdt phdn dupc cdy trfing hap thu, mfit phdn khac cdc chit ndy bj nudc mua nia trdi dgc bifit la ion NO-," Ngoii ra, mpt sfi yfiu Ifi khic cd thfi kfi den nhu dfing thai ciia hpp phdn n i \ Id d u lupng phan hfla hpc,

thufie tru sau vd thufie bdo ve thuc vgt do diing

q u i lifiu lupng Nhirng yfiu tfi nay cung cfl thfi di vdo ngufln nuflrc duoi dii hay bj rda trfli theo nudc mua, nuflc tudi vao nguon nudc mit gay fi nhiem, phii hpp vdi ddnh g i i ciia Paul Mader vi cfing sy [7]

IIM IA* n Mua Kho

• Miia mira

NtorQptongKtcng NtongPtmgKtong

VAC VACB

Hinh 5, Kei qua phan ti'ch miu ddt trong 2 miia

Dinh gid dnh hudng dfin moi trudng khfing khi tir tfing hpp cdc dfing thii d ca 3 hpp phan, ket qua phdn lich chdl luong khflng khi xung quanh d 2 frang trgi cho thdy nflng dp SOi va bui cua 2 trang trgi dfiu vupt ngudng cho phep Nfing

dp NO3 vupt ngudng tai frang frgi VAC (Bdng 4) Mdc du him lupng NH3 vd H^S frong khfing khi tgi khu vuc khdo sit chua vupt nguong cho phep nhung chiing la nhimg khi gay miii Ion nhit sinh ra lir q u i frinh phdn buy ky khi [8], cimg vdi ham luong bui cao, cdc khi gay miii cfi thfi h i p phu frfin cic hgt bui lam cho kha ndng giir mill ciia chdt thai chdn nufli lau hem va tic dfing sau sic hon Chinh do cdc khi gay miii hap phy frfin cdc hgt byi ma Iim cho k h i ndng giii mui cua chat thii chdn nufii ldu ban v i tac dpng sau sdc ban

Bang 4 Ket q u i phan tich chit luong khong khi xung quanh

Nhin chung, hdm lupmg c i c c h i t NPK frong

d i l ciia ca 2 Irang trgi VAC dfiu chua vupt

ngudng cho phep (theo TCVN 7373:2004: Chit

lupng d i t - Gid tn chi thi ve h i m Iupng Nito

long sfl, Phfitpho tfing sfl vd Kali tfing sfi frong

ddt Viet Nam) Trong dd, ham luong NPK frong

ddt tai trang trai VACB thdp hon so voi VAC,

dieu nay co thfi duac gidi thich bdi hieu qua xu ly

chdt thai chdn nuoi bdng hdm biogas d trang trai

VACB dd giiip giam ham lupng cdc chdt fi nhilm

trong chat thai ding ke, nfin khi dimg dfi bfln cay,

hay tac dfing giin tiep qua nudc biin can v i nudc

tudi lay tir ao khong lom den moi truong dat nhu

trang trai VAC Ham lupng N cung c i p cho ddt

vuom tai trang trai VAC cd thfi dd bj du thira

Cac chl tieu

phan tich

NO

SO

H.S

BMI

D o n v i

niB/m-mg/m"

mg/m-mg/m'

VAC 0,053 0,071 0.031 0.19

VACB 0.034 0.059 0,13

QCVN 05 2009/BTNMT 0,04 0.05 0,05

OCVN 06-2009/BINMT

0.2 0.42

OCI'.\ 05.200V BTWfT Qiiy chudn 1^- ihudi quoc gia ve chdl luong khong khi xung quanh

OC\'S 06.2009 BT\MT Quy chudn ky Ihual quoc gm ve moi so chdl doc hgi irong khong khi xung quanh

Giai phap quan ly fi nhiem mfij trudng vd sir

di/ng kinh te chdt thai

Phin tich ciu tnic qua Oinh van hdnh va

dinh gid ddng Ihii d 2 frang trgi cho thiy 2 mfl

hinh n i y chua boat dpng that sy hifiu qud, ddc

bifit d yfiu Ifi mfii mrflng Nghifin ciiu im, nhupc

difim ciia ca 2 mfi hinh ndy, chung toi dfi xuit cac

giai phdp kifim soit 0 nhifim vd su dyng kinh tfi

chit thdi Kifim soil fi nhifim bing tfii uu hfia cdc

thdnh phan VAC va dp dung nguyfin tdc 3R -gidm thifiu, tii che vd tdi sir dyng chdt thai Ben cgnh dfi, trang trgi cfi thfi su dyng kinh tfi chit thai dya vio khai thdc sin xudt phdn bfln vd khi sinh hpc

Dfii vfli hpp phan "Vudn", chiing tfli nhdn manh dfin vific thifit kfi vudn cay hpp ly, frdnh dfic canh, don canh Bang viec lya chpn nhiing loai cay frfing phii hpp vdi logi ddt d dia phucmg

bfi tri frfing cay theo tdng khfing gian dfi tdn dyng

inh sdng vd chdt dinh duang Trang frgi cfl thfi

kfil hop trflng cac loai cay dn qui, cdy cong

nghifip vdl cdc loai rau, cii, ciy thuflc, cay

canh dfi tin dung khoing dat trfing, vua Iao

them nhifiu sdn phdm tu vudn vd tdng ngufln thu

nhgp Ben cgnh do, de ca> trfing phdt trifin tfit,

trang frgi can chu y dfin che dp phan bdn Chat

hiiu CO cdn dupc cung cdp deu ddn, chat thdi tir

hpp phan "Chuflng" v i "Ao" cd ihfi ddp img

nhung cdn phdi duoc xu ly irudc khi su dyng dfi

tranh mim benh, mdl cdn bdng dinh dudng dat

Cd phan bdn v i thuflc bdo vfi thyc vdt cin phii su

dyng dting loai, nflng do, lifiu lupng diing'cich,

dung noi v i dimg liic Phu phim ctia vutm co thfi

tdi su dung Idm thuc dn cho c i hay vdt nufii giam

thifiu phil thai ra mfii trudng

EJfii vdi hpp phdn "Ao", trang trai khflng nfin

thai hodn (odn chat thai tu chuflng nufli xuflng ao

vi dp dyng hinh ihuc nufli don Tiiy theo difin

tich ao, Irang thii nen su dyng hinh thiic nufli

ghfip cdc logi cd fl cdc dp sdu khde nhau frong ao

nhu ket hpp nufii c i trdm cfl, mfi trdng, me hoa,

trfi lai, c i chep Ao nufli ghep sfi cho ning suit

cao hon tir 20 - 30% so vdi ao dan va giup su

dyng ngudn chit thii chdn nudi hieu q u i han so

vdi chi nufli I hay 2 loai cd rieng Ifi Trang trgi

cung cin chii y muc dp in cua c i dfi tdng cutmg

hodc gidm bdt Ihuc i n khi cd ddi hodc du thua

thirc dn Vi tinh chat ao tu rdt de cfi hifin tupng

phu dudng, frang trai cdn ihufing xuyen kilm

sodt chit lupng nuflc ao, tifin hinh thay nudc

thuflng xuyen bing each dan nudc ao nrdi cho

vudn rfii bfi sung nuflc mfli Thfim vio dd, mfit

gidi phip ket hpp l i frfing thfim mflt sfl loai rau

muflng bfio tren ao dfi tdng Iupng DO hoa tan

qua q u i trinh quang hop, dong Ihdi bfl sung thfim

ngufln thiic dn cho qua trinh chdn nufli tuy nhifin

khflng nfin frfing kin ca mdt ao sfi lam c i nggp v i

chfit Sau khi ihu hoach cd trang trgi nfin tifin

hdnh nao vfit biin ao vd bfin vfii Bun thu gom tir

ddy i o cfi thfi tifin hdnh u ldm phan bfln cho cay

frflng vira giup giim phdl sinh chdl thai dflc hai

Dfii vdi hpp phin "Chuong", mdc dii tgi cic

tnaig trgi VAC dd tifin hinh nufli cd frong ao dfi

tgn dyng ngudn dinh dudng thira tir chdt thai

chdn nuoi nhung c i chi hdp thu mflt phdn rit nho ham lupng cac chdl dfl Nfiu tai c i c frang trai khflng chu Irpng den vi?c xir ly nudc thii frudc khi cho vdo ngudn tifip nhdn se ddn dfin o nhiem ngufln nudc nhu ket qud dd quan sdl d trang ugj VAC, dan den kha n i n g anh hudng dfin chit lupng mfli trudng ciing nhu chdt lupng vd san lupng cay frfing, vat nufii thu duac trong todn bp

he thflng Viec thu gom chit thdi cin phai thyc hifn d he thdng kin , xu ly vd tdi su dung ditng each va diing ky thudt dfi hgn chfi phdt sinh vi phit tin chit d nhiem Mfl hinh frang trai VACB

dd thyc hifin tflt hem difiu niy, he thdng hdm biogas dd giiip xii ly chdt thai irudc khi cho vdo

"Ao" ldm giam t i c dpng dfin ao nufli han mo hlnh VAC vdi lua chpn xd thing dong thai Nudc Ihdi sau biogas cfl thfi diing ludi vudn hodc dua

v i o ao nufii de xir ly phan hihi co cdn Igi Bfin cgnh dd, trang frgi cung can chii frpng vfi ky thudt chdn nudi, lua chpn, thifit kfi khdu phin dn hpp

ly, su dung luang nudc ve sinh chuflng frgi o mirc vira du dfi giam lupng t h i i Kfit qud so sdnh cho thay hieu q u i rfl ring cila vific kfit hpp VAC vdi tao khi sinh hpc tir chdt thii chin nufli bdng hdm biogas frong md hinh VACB Sin phdm khi sinh hpc thu dupc cd thfi dimg dun ndu, thdp sdng hay chuyen dfli ihinh ndng lupng difin dimg cho sinh hoat v i hoat dpng chdn nudi tifit kifim dupc chi phi cho ngudi chdn nufli Vi vdy, cdc frang trai VAC sdn cd ngufin nguyen lieu, cfi thfi xem xfii vific x i y dung cdc cdu tnic him biogas thfing dung nhu kifiu vflm ciu, dang Iui HDPE hodc dang flng Composite, quan tam dfin thifit bj thu khi vd thifit bi h i p phu khi gay hgi dfi ting cuflng hifiu q u i cho mo hinh

Dfii vdi lupng phan rdn, vific u phan Id bien phdp cdn thiet Iruflrc khi dem phdn chufing bfin eho cay frong Nhifit dp tuong dfli cao Irong qud frinh phdn buy chdt h&u c a cfl thfi tifiu diet hgt cfi dgi vd mam mflng cfln triing gdy bfinh, gidm miii hfii, giim khd ning lan truyfin chit thai phdt sinh tir qud frinh chdn nuoi ra mfli truong dit, nudc, khong khi, vira thiic diy q u i trinh phan buy chat hitu ca, ddy nhanh qud trinh khodng hoa dfi khi bfln vdo ddt, phdn hihi ca cd thfi nhanh chdng cung c i p chdt dinh dudng cho cay frflng so vdi

phan tuoi Xet vfi mdt kinh t l , tan dung lupng

phdn il se giiip hgn chfi vifc su phai dyng phdn vfi

CO nen giam chi phi, mang lai hieu qua kinh te

eho ngudi dan TiJy iheo thoi gian diing phan ii

md trang trai cfi thfi ap dung phuong phdp ii

nflng, lanh bode kfit hop chfi phdm vi sinh BIO-F

dfi vira dam b i o phdn diing diing luc, vira dam

bdo chit lupng Rfl r i n g voi chi phi d i u tu thip,

ngufin nguyfin lieu sin cfl, lpi nhuan thu dupc cao

thl viec san xuat phin hiiu co vi sinh (hay phan

compost) can dupc md* rflng va phfl biln hem

nhdm dem Igi hifiu qud kinh te cting nhu gflp

phan giam thifiu 6 nhiem mfli truflng

K E T L U ^ N

Cd 2 frang trai VAC khdo sat dfiu hoat dpng

theo mfi hinh san xuat kfit hop cfl day dii 3 thinh

phdn "Vudn", " A o " vd "Chufing", cfl nhimg mat

lich cue, dfing thdi cung tfin tai nhimg van dfi can

gidi quyfit Xel vfi mdl long qudt, cac thdnh phdn

ciia he Ihfing frang frai VAC da cfl mfli lifin hfi de

tgo thinh mpt mo hlnh tuang dfii khep kin theo

k i l u chuoi thuc dn frong he thfing sinh thai nflng

hp, nhung mfli tucmg tdc dfl chua hodn chinh vd

bfin virng, chua tdn dung hfit tiem nang ciia nguon tai nguyfin san cd dfi he thflng VAC cfl thfi hogt dpng mpt each hieu qua ca vfi mat kinh te ldn mfli trudng Cdc dfing thai d cd 3 hpp phdn vdn con tfln tai nhifiu yfiu to nguy hgi Qua phdn tich, danh gia vd so sdnh hogt dong d 2 mfl hinh, chiing tfli dd dfi xuit nhiing giai phdp nhdm qudn

ly fi nhiem mfli truong v i su dung kinh tfi chat thai dua fren tfli uu hfla c i c thdnh phan vd nguyfin tac j R , khai thic s i n xuat phdn bfln va sdn xuat khi sinh hpc, nham dp dung nhdm mfi hinh mpl each hieu qua va bfin viftig tgi dja phuang Tuy nhifin, frong gidi han, nghifin ciru nay chi tap Irung phan tich 2 mo hinh dien hinh

Id VAC va VACB frong rdt nhifiu dgng cua kifiu frang frgi VAC Do dd, cdc nghien ciiu trong tuong lai cd the md rflng dinh gia dfi tao ngufin dit lieu so sinh phong phii va hifiu qud hon vfi nhfim mfi hinh nay

Ldi cam cm Nghien cuu ndy dirpc hd lr(> lai chinh lir Dai hoc Qudc gia thdnh phd Ho Chi Mmh Chung loi xm duoc cam an su hd irg Ihong un lie hai irang Irgi VAC lgi huyin Trdng Bom linh Ddng Nai

Environmental management for vac farming system, a case study of two farms in Trang Bom district, Dong Nai province

Truong Thanh Canh

• Nguyen Thl Ngoc

University of Science, VNU-HCM

ABSTRACT

VAC is an artificial farming system

combined by three basic components:

Garden (V), Pond (A) and Animal Stable (C)

This type of organic farm is internationally

recognized as a sustainable production

system in term of economy and environment In Vietnam, however, most of researches have concentrated on the economic aspect The environmental effects are not adequately considered This

research on two VAC and VACB (VAC +

Srogas) farms was a case study in our VAC

research series, aimed to evaluate the

system in both economical and

environmental aspects and to introduce

environmental solutions in order to improve

the productive and environmental

performances of the system The research

Keywords: VAC (garden, pond, animal

T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O

[I] Dudng Hfing Dit, VAC - Tam cao mdi cua

nghi ldm virdn NXB Nfing Nghifip (2003)

[21 Dinh Son Hung, Tu lifiu vfi kinh tfi frang frai

- Kinh t l trang frgi, L< lugn vd thirc liin,

frang 202 - 206

[3] Truong Thanh Cdnh, Kiim sodt 6 nhiem moi

Irudng vd str dung kinh le chdl thai trong

chdn nudi NXB Khoa Hpc vd KJ Thugt

(2010)

[4] Nguyfin Thi Hoa Ly Nghiin citu cdc chi

lieu d nhiim cua chdl Ihdi chdn nudi heo

ldp Irung vd dp dung mdl sd bien phdp xu ly

Lugn dn Phfl tien sT khoa hpc nflng nghifip

Dai hpc Nfing U m Tp HCM (1994)

[5] Truong Thanh Cdnh, Nghifin citu fi

nhifim cua ngdnh chin nufli TPHCM, xdy

dyng cic giii phip tich cue nhdm han chl d

nhifim mfii Irudng, Bdo cdo di tdi sa Khoa

showed a result of reuse wastes fromAo each components V, A, C; especially in the case of combined biogas production gave a better performance in both productive and environmental aspects From the study, we propose solutions to optimize the performance of each individual component

of V A C and in one VAC system stable), farm, environment, economic

Hoc vd Cdng Nghi TPHCM (2006)

[6] Vu Dinh Ton, Lgi Thi Cue, Nguyfin Vdn Duy, Danh gid hifiu qua xu ly chat thai bdng bfi biogas ciia mfit so trang trai chin nuoi

Ipn viing Dfing bang sfing Hfing, Tgp chi

khoa hoc vd Phdt triin Tap VI, DH Nong

Nghifip Hd Nfli (2008) [7] Paul Mader, Andreas Fliebach, David Dubois, Lucie Gunst, Padruol Fried, Urs

Niggli , Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in

Organic Farming (2002)

[8] Truong Thanh Canh, M.W.A.Verstegen, A.J.A Asnink, and J.W.Schrama, Infuence

of dietary factors on nifrogen partitioning and composition of urine and feces of

fattening pis American Journal of Animal

Science (1997)