Hoat dong khai mo cua ngtfdi Hoa d vung thtfdng du mien Bac Viet Nam dtfdi thdi ky Le - Trmh the ky XVII - XVIII TRAN XUAN THANH* Trong hai the ky XVII-XVIII, ben canh cdc boat d^ng buf
Trang 1Hoat dong khai mo cua ngtfdi Hoa
d vung thtfdng du mien Bac Viet Nam dtfdi thdi ky Le - Trmh (the ky XVII - XVIII)
TRAN XUAN THANH*
Trong hai the ky XVII-XVIII, ben
canh cdc boat d^ng bufin bdn cua
Hoa thtfdng tai khu vtfc dfi thi thi mpt Itfe
Itfgng ldn ngUdi Hoa dd tdi khai mo vd thu
gom khodng sdn tai nMlu khu vtfc vung
thfldng du m i l n B l c ^^$t Nam, gdy ra
nMlu tdc d | n g tdi ddi song vd bO mdt vung
bi&n viln eua Dai Vi&t Cdch ddy hon ntfa
t h l ky, gido stf P h a n Huy Le da cfing b l
tdp hop bdi vilt eua minh v l tinh Mnh
khai md dtfdi trilu Nguyen, tiong dd ed d l
edp nMlu tdi boat dOng khai mb eiia ngtfdi
Hoa Trtfde dd, gido stf Ddo Duy Anh cung
eung edp m$t s l thfing t m v l tinh hinh
khai md dtfdi thdi L& - Trinh Trong bdi
vilt ndy, tde gid ke thtfa k&'t qud ngM&n
cuh eiia hai nhd si3f hgc ldn, egng vdi viec
tham khdo them cdc b$ cMnh sd khde, de
chu trpng ve boat d | n g khai md ctia ngtfdi
Hoa tr&n lanh t h l ^^$t Nam, mfit s l db'i
sdch cua chinh quyln L& - Trinh nhkm
han e h l ede tdc d$ng ti&u cde cua hoat
d^ng ndy dfi'i vdi xa hgi Ddng Ngodi trong
thdi ky ndy
1 Stf xuSit h i g n vk q u a t r i n h khai m o
c u a ngi:fdi H o a & vung ihvlpns d u
m i l n B^c Vi$t N a m
Du khfing dtfdc phan anh mgt cdch trtfe ti&'p qua eae tdi U&u bi&n m&n stf chinh thflc song ehung ta cb t h l Met rang cdc hoat dbng khm md cua ngtfdi Hoa fien ra
d vung thtfgng du m i l n bac Viet Nam cb
t h l dien ra manh me ttf khoang nda cufii eua t h l 1 ^ XVII Thdi 1 ^ dau, p h l n ldn cdc
md d khu vtfc ndy diu do cde thu linh dia
phfldng t u khai thdc Trong suit thdi L^ -Tran, cae tu trUdng cua cdc chau rmen nui pMa b l c thddng dem cae Ioai kim loai quy dang len trilu dinh Dai Vi&t d Thdng Long Vdo dau th&' ky XV, ngay sau kM tM&'t lap dfldc chinh quyln db hfi d Viet Nam, trieu finh nhd Minh da cho tMit lap cdc hoat dgng khai thdc khodng sdn Mm loai Day cb the dflpc xem nhd mgt sd Mgn ddnh dd'u stf cd mdt rat sdm eiia ngtfdi Hoa trong ngdnh cfing ngMep khai khodng cua Viet Nam Thdng 10 nam 1409, nhd Minh cho ddt cue Khai thde vdng d tran Thdi Nguyen, thufic phu Thai Nguyen, cue khai thae vdng t r a n Gia Huhg, thugc chdu Gia Hdhg vd cue khai thdc vdng d trdn Quang Oai, thufic chau Quang OM*^*; d i n ndm
1416 lai cho ldp cue khai thde vdng tai trail Vpng Giang, Dien Chdu, tran Ldm
An, phu Nghe An*^* Tuy vdy viee khm
Trang 2khodng vdi quy mo ldn ciia trilu Minh
khfing ton tai dtfde ldu K l ttf sau kM
Viet Nam gidnh dugc dge lap ndm 1427
eho den the 1 ^ XVIH, vi$c khai thde
khodng san mbt phan vdn do nhd ntfdc
quan ly song phan ldn lai trd lai vdi vai trb
cua ngfl&i Hoa vd cdc thu Iinh dia phflOhg
i^Udi Vi§t
Deh thdi ky L&- Trinh, chinh quyln eho
phdp ngddi chu md ttf bd vfi'n ra thue i^tfdi
khai thdc, tao dilu M&n cho stf tham gia
vdi ttf cdch tu nhdn ciia cdc quan lai trilu
finh, tho tu dia phtfdng vd ddc biet la cdc
thddng nhdn Hoa Miu NgUdi Hoa ddgc
ph6p ddhg ra khai thdc bdi life Itfgng ndy
mdi dli vln thu& nhdn cfing eiing nhtf trtnh
dg, Mnh ngMem to chtfc cae trtfdng md Dii
dtfdc coi la mgt bign phdp tdo bao eiia
ehinh quyln n h i m thde day ngdnh khM
mo phdt trien nhUhg chfnh sdch ndy nay
ciing tao filu Men cho hdng van phu mb
Trung Hoa sang khai mo k h i p Ddng
Ngoai Theo Ngb Thdi a tM Hoa Kilu d
Ddng Ngodi cd d&'n 5, 6 van, 5 Hpi An eiing
dlh 6000, ngoM ra d cdc thdnh thi khdc
khbng ke heV^' Khbng eo s l Ueu cu t h l v l
Hoa Miu d vimg bi&n gidi pMa blc nhdng
theo Ngd Thdi Si tM trong so 5, 6 van
ngtfdi ndy, "phln ldn ldm nghe khai md",
vd da s l hp Id thtfdng nhdn va phu mb d
miln Van Nam, Quang Tdy, Trilu Chmi,
TMeu Chau qua bien gidi d i n ngu d sdu
trail Lang, Thai, Tuy&n, Hdng, Cao, Quang
d l "khai md ldy dia"^*' Nhuhg thd md
Trung Quoc cd tay n ^ l cao, cd Mnh
ngMem khai thdc vd ldm vipc theo phtfdng
thdc khai tiide ti&'n bfi hon: "C^ stf phdn
ebng, hgp tdc gian ddn trong tiing khdu eua
qud trinh khai t h d c Chinh vi vdy ma ndng
sua't lao dbng trong cde md nay eao hdn
h l n so vdi cde md eua n g i ^ Vi&t^^* Den aioi t h l 1^ XVII, Ddng Ngodi da c6
74 md vdi 11 loai khodng san dddc khai thdc, cung cap cho nha nddc lay ngtqren lieu
d l due tiln, ldm dd gia dung vd xuat k h ^ Itfy nM&n nhd nddc quan Iy tat ca cdc mo ldn mfit cdch gidn ti&p bdng cdch giao cho cae quan lai pM&n trdn, tho ti dtfde quyen khai thde C!Jae Hoa thddng ed goe gdc tif vung Van Nam hay ttf cde vdng md khdc d bien gidi da tim cdch vfldt bi&n mfii kM viec tMet lap cd sd tai Viet Nam gdp dilu kien
d l ddng '\^&c ndy cho thdy ehle ehan Id hp
da cd mdt dong dao tai cdc vung nui cao gidu khodng san ma nhd Thanh dd gidnh dtfde vao nhiihg thdi ky khde nhau trong cdc t h l ky XVH - XVEI Diln hinh Id vigc sdp nhap md d i n g Tu Long eiia Viet Nam vdo Trung Quoc trong vbng ba ehue ndm (tit cuoi the' ky XVH den nam 1728) Trung Quic ciing da tra cdc md dong NgdU DUOng,
Ho Diep, Phfi Vien, da hi cM&'m gifl vdo dau the ky XVH Cdc vimg dat khdc nhU Tung Lang, Hodng Nham, Hgp PM, L& T ^ J ^ Tuy Phu, NgMem Chau do hdu du& cua Hoang Cbng CSilt nhddng lai, dd hi s ^ nhdp vdo Tnmg Quoc'^*
The le khai thde hay che do ehuy&n loi aia nhd nddc dfi'i vdi cde hoat dfing khai mo eua ngtfM Hoa ed le dtfdc gM lai sdm nhA
Id ndm 1720 kM chinh quyln Le - Trinh dp dung cae mtfc thue sua't dtfde dp dung cho cdc Hoa thflOhg dang tien hdnh khai thdc tai cde mo dong tai Dang Ngodi Tat ea cdc bien phdp nay nhdm loai bd UU t h l eiia nhtfng nhd khM thdc ngtfdi Hoa hi xem Id lufin tron thue, r^uy&n nhan ciia cde vu chay mau tdi nguyen quoc gia vd dia cde ric roi chinh tri Ngay ttf dau the ky XVI, nhd
Trang 3giao quyln khai thdc vd thu thue hdng ndm
b l n g M&n vdt Nhd ntfde khfing cam cdc
thda ty tham gia vdi ttf cdch ttf nhan vdo
vi&c san xuat Mm kM md hg cd nM6m vu
gidm sat Mai d i n niia sau the ky XVIII,
vi$c nhtfdng quyln khai thdc dtfdc dU tien
eho cac vi&n chtfc cap cao dtfge phdi tdi vdi
ttf edeh nhd quan ly vd gidm sdt bfi phan
qudn ly khodng sdn tai cdc phu huyen cb
md, nham muc fi'eh khfii phue lai ky nghfi
khai thdc md dd phai tam ngdhg t r o r ^ mfit
thdi gian do cMfi'n tranh vd bao dam thu
dugc nMeu thue eho nhd ntfdc
Cde khu khai thde ciia cdc quan dtfge
miln mgi loai t h u l trong thdi ky diu
(thtfdr^ la ttf 3 d i n 5 ndm), h i t thdi han
ndy se ddng thue theo ty lg khai thdc
(thtfdng Id 20%) Trong llnh vtfc khai md
ding, c h l d& ndy cbn khm theo mfit thtf
thue dddc ban hdnh ndm 1720 ddnh tr&n
vipc giao dich Tdt cd cdc nhd buon, ngodi
cdc loai t h u l phdi tra d l dtfde quyln mua (3
n&n bac), d l qua thue' quan n^i dia (6 quan
fi, 10 quan vl), cbn phai npp cho nhd nddc
30% so Itfdng Mm kM mua vdi gia dddc ah
dinh Id 15 quan/100 can T;y suat nay ciing
dtfde dp dung eho ede Hoa thtfdng, nhdhg
thay vi Mgn vdt hg phai trd b l n g t i l n mdt
T i t nM&n, nhffhg Hoa thtfdng cM dtfde
ph&p giao dieh vdi cdc thtfdng gia dia
phtfdhg sau kM da giao dich vdi sd quan ly
ding Ld nhflhg ngtfdi n l m trong tay cfing
nghe khM md tiln bfi hon v l ed ky thudt vd
t l chtfc, vdi mfit dfii ngu thg ldnh nghi,
chuyen ngM6p, ngtfdi Hoa ngdy edng md
rgng dia bdn boat dfing vd ngdy cdng ddng
vai trb quan trgng trong boat dgng khai md
cua Viet Nam luc b i y gid Vi vdy ma d thdi
kV cde doi tddng boat dfing khai md duge
dfi'i xfl binh d i n g nhtf nhau tM ngtfdi Hoa
lufin cMlm uu thfi' Nhdhg eo sd khai thde ttf nhdn mde dd nMeu nhUhg khbng t h l canh tranh dtfdc vdi ede trtfdng mo ed q i ^ mfi Idn cua ngddi Hoa Thay dtfdc filu nay, trong hai ndm 1739-1740, chinh quyen Le
- Trinh da ban hdnh mgt sb' bi&n phap
n h i m ban ch&' vai trb dia ngtfdi Hoa nhtfng
k i t qua khfing nhtf mong dgi Du cM trtfe tilp gidnh dtfde phan it eae mo d l khai thdc, nhflhg vdi td each Id nhd thau lai hay vdi ctfdng vi Id nhuhg ngtfdi thg, ngtfdi Hoa
v l n thu dtfde ldi nhuan tfl vfi'n Miu bilt sau rfing ve hg thong cdc h i m md khu vtfc Thtfdng du "Vi&t Nam")
Cdc trtfdng md do ngfldi Hoa quan ly hoat dgng theo mfi hinh tdOng ttf nhtf d Van Nam, md m l i ddn vi san xult ldn gim
nMlu tau (vi tri) khai thdc, dddc cMa nhd thdnh nMeu tikm Tgi&'ng), ngddi dtfde
chuyen nhtfdng thtfdng cho cdc nha khai
thdc nhd thau lai cdc tikm ndy Mbt cd sd
sfl dung ttf 5 chuc deh hm trdm nhan eong, ldm thdnh nMeu nhdm, thay phien nhau ngdy d&m, m l i nhbm gim nhilu dfii dam nMem cdc cfing vi&c khde nhau nhfl tach qudng, chlng dd dfldng h i m , thbng kM, dung bdm ldm can efing trtfdng Sau khai thdc la ngMen qudng, rda, Ifla chpn vd nMlu giai doan pha che' khdc'^'
Cb t h l t h i y vdi stf xua't M&n cua cac cd
sd khai thde eb quy mb ldn ddi hbi sfi' von dau ttf quan trgng, da xuat Mgn nhuhg ed nhdn lam ehii mfit sfi' vfi'n, ddhg ra ldnh truhg vd ehiu trdch nM&m vdi k i t qua hoat d^ng, ldm dn ciia eo sd minh Dong thdi, mfit gidi lam cfing ttf do, thodt khdi mgi nM&m vu bb huge mang mdu sic phong Men, ngay cdng ed cho duhg*^' Dilu ndy hodn toan trdi ngtfgc vdi nhffng ngtfdi thg
Trang 4Men dbng dao nhifl^ v l n gdn bd, rdng
huge vdi rupng dat mpt phln'^*'' Sd phat
trien ngdy c d i ^ ldn manh cua eae trtfdng
md do Hoa thtfdng cM phli da kMin ngtfdi
Viet lo i^ai Tuy nM&n, nhflhg Men phdp
chifti du manh dtfge trieu dinh Viet Nam
ban hdnh ndm 1767 nhdm true xua't nhijfng
hgUdi Hoa khfing chiu nhdp qufi'c tich Viet
Nam Cling khbng the ngdn can dUdc ldi t h l
cua ngtfdi Hoa trong cupc dua tranh p h l n
cdc md khodng san gidu cd Sang dau th&'
ky XVIII, nhu vdo ndm 1717, so Iddng
nhan cbng khai md d Ddng Ngoai dd tdng
len mpt cdch ddng k l kMen ehinh quyln
nha L& - Trinh phai quy dinh ban e h l v l
so lUdng cfing nhdn ldm viec trong cde
trUdng khai md: "Lue dy, cdc md vdng, bae,
dong, tMec d ede tran phan nMlu mp
ngtfdi nhd Thanh khai quat de lay, phu md
quin tu mfii ngay mfit nMlu Trilu dinh e
r i n g se sinh sd bie'n dpng, ben dinh the le:
sfi' phu moi md, nMlu nhd't 3 ngtfoi, thfl
din 200 ngfldi vd it Id 100 ngudi, khong md
ndo dupe dung qua so da dinh Tfl day, s l
phu ldm d trudng xUdng khai mb mdi cb
ban che*^"*
Hoat dpng khai thde manh me nhat eua
ngudi Hoa tai cde md d Dang Ngoai luc nay
phai nhac d&'n md dong Tu Long Md dong
Tu Long gidu cb ciia tran Tuyen Quang vfi'n
Id mpt "kho cua" tr&n eUdng vtfc Viet Nam
Tfl thdi Hau Le, md ddgc to chtfc khai thde
tr&n quy mb ldn, gdp nguon thue ddng ke
cho trilu finh Vung niii eb md dong Tu
Long thufic tong Tu Long, Chdu Vi Xuyen,
Phu Yen Binh, Trail Tuyen Quang; sau ndy
thufic tong Phuong Dp, tinh Ha Giang
Ndm giiia hai Idu vtfc sfing Lo va sfing D l
Chu Id nhflhg day nui cao, quay quan lien
lae hhtf Mnh con r i n g n&n gpi Id "Tu
Long" Khfing cM cb cdc md dong, Tu Long cbn cb ca md bac, dd nam chdm (sdt tfl) va ngdn sa Thdi Hau Le vi&c khai thdc md bi tha noi eho ttf nhan vd trilu finh khbng thu dtfpc thul Md d cde vung bi&n gidi cb qua nMeu ngtfdi Hoa (Trieu Chau) sang khai thdc ldm mat I n dinh trdt td dia phtfdng vd that thodt tdi nguyen khfing ke xiet CM dddi thdi Bao Thdi (Vua L& Du Tfing), trieu finh An Nam mdi b i t dau luii tdm d&'n nguon tdi nguy&n phong phu tfl khai thae md*^^' Theo eac gM chep ciia Le Quy Don tM d khu vtfc md Tu Long gom nMlu loai md khodng san khdc nhau trong
dd ed cae md bac la Long Sinh, Thuy Dpng
vd Minh Trilu edn md dong thi nli tie'ng nhat la cdc md Na Ngp vd Bdn Gia Trong
db, rieng khu vtfc md Na Ngp cd tdi 26 cda
h i m nhd Phtfdng Hodng, TM&n Nguy&n,
Tu Bao, Mdu Huhg Dddi ndi Id cdc lb a hai b&n ed ddo ranh thodt ntfdc, tr&n nui co chua thd Phdt va mie'u Quan Thdnh, phia dudi nui la quan xddng, kho tdng, p h i xa
va chd bua O pMa b&n trdi lai cd ngoi nudc; mbt dai nui ddi vd thdng d pMa ben trdi bm vdo; phia ngodi lai cb ngbi nUdc Nudc cdc ngdi cung tu vdo pMa trUde roi lai cung xuat ra Qudng d i n g d day moi ndm luyen dupc 45 van edn Ben eanh mb Na Ngg till md Bdn Gia cung khd noi ti&'ng Theo L& Quy Dfin tM vdo thdi Bao Thdi s l lupng thd lam thu& d md Bdn Gia cflng Ien tdi hdng van ngtfdi''^',
Ddnh gid v l chat Itfdng d i n g d Tu Long, Phan Huy Chu cho bilt: "trong eac mo dong ntfdc ta, cM ed dong Tu Long la dong tot nha't, tien te cua nhd ntfdc deu do d dly
md ra"*i«' Theo Alexander Woodside, v6i san lugng trung binh ttf 220-280 tail moi
Trang 5the dtfge xem nhu Id mfit trong nhiing md
d i n g eb san Itfgng ldn nhd't d chdu A<i^'
Vdi ehi mfit khu vtfc nhd vdi fien tich
khfing qud rfing ldn nhtf Tu Long dd tid
thdnh film ctf tru eiia hdng nghin gia finh
ciia nhflhg ngtfdi khai md, ta't nMen phan
nhieu trong so dd Id Itfc Ifldng lao dfing
ngfldi Hoa Theo L& Quy Dfin tM d Tu Long
cd 72 thfin, m l i thfin cd khoang hOh mbt
trdm hodc bay tdm mtfcd nhd, udc chtfng cb
khoang ngMn nhd Tho quan mfii ndm thu
t h u l eiia mfii nhd d ddy Id 5 lang bac Nbi
vl qui mfi khai thde md d i n g Tu Long diu
the ky XVIII, cdc ghi chep eiia L& Quy
Dbn trong Kiin V&n Tiiu Luc nhU sau:
Ndm Bao Thdi thd 3 (1722) Nguyin Thdnh
Ly, chi huy qudn dpi vung Tuy&n Quang cb
ban ttfdng trinh ndi r i n g td't ca cdc md
vdng, bac, dong vd kem d Binh Ri vd Tu
Long ti&'p gidp vdi Trung Hoa can mfit dao
quan gom 2.315 ngtfdi de viec phdng thu
dugc hflu Meu*^^' Khu vung md cb 72 ldng,
moi ldng ttf 70, 80 den 100 gia finh, mbi
gia finh ed 7 d&'n 8 ngtfdi, tinh chung cb
1000 gia dmh t i t ca Tai md dong cd
khoang 300 gia finh ngtfdi Hoa d pMa Blc
den tfl t i n g Ttf Bich Trong cdc md d Na
Ngg, Ban Gia cd khoang vdi trdm d&'n
10.000 phu ldm viec Mfii thd mo Idnh
Ifldng tbdng m^t lang bae & Na Ngg cd 26
dddng h i m khai thdc tr&n eac ndi da
Phddng Hodng, TM&n Nguyen, Tu Bao,
Mgn Hdng Mo bac Nam Ddong eb tdi 71
dtfdng ham khai thde'^'^* Ddn Lich triiu
hiin chuong logi chi ctia Phan Huy Chu:
Vdo "khoang cdc ddi Chinh Hod, Vinh
Thinh, md dong Tu Long hi ngtfdi Thanh
xam cM&'m md't D i n ddi Bao Thdi tranh
bign mdi Id'y lai ddgc bd eoi cu, td ddy viec
trtfdng d dia phfldng, la hp Hodng Den cube loan ndm Canh Than, bpn gidc, tde Hodng Vdn Chat, tu dang d xtf Tuyen Quang, Hdng Hod, thi md Tu Long chdu Vi Xuyen lai bi bd hoang de'n gan 20 nam, khfing thu dtfdc thue, cdi nguon lgi ve tien
te cua nhd nddc khbng dddc doi dao nffa"*^*' Den ddi "Hiln Tfing, ndm Canh Hiftig thd 18 (1757), nham khai thac Iai cdc nguon lgi tfl khodng san chinh quyen nha Le "cho bien thu chdu Vi Xuyen Id Hodng Van Ky khai khan mb dong Tu Long Mb d i n g Tu Long khi trfldc ed ngach thue', sau bd hoang da lau, den bay gid Van
Ky phai xin khai khan, lay dong dang nop Chua chuan y, mdi sai tri Hg phi&n Id Lieu Trung h l u Vu Dinh Trdc Idm gidm dfldng, Luu thu xfl Tuyen Quang la Tin Thp hau Nguyen Huy Huyen lam giam tri, cho Van
Ky thuge theo, giao cho chieu tap thue ngfldi lam, h&'t han 2 nam thdnh mo Iai gia ban cho miln thue trong 3 ndm, ngoai han
dy pbai nop thue' theo le ehuan dinh He lay dtfdc dong dd thi cho dddc ban ngay trong trtfdng mb d l thbng thdong trong nddc Lai sM thu thue' had mo bac Nam SUdng vd Long Sinh de npp"*^^' Mfit md khoang san khdc cung cb su tham gia cua dbng dao Iao dpng ngtfdi Hoa vao t h l ky XVIII d Dang Ngodi, db Id mo bac Tfi'ng Tinh N l m d khu vflc ehau Bach Thfing, tinh Thdi Nguyen'^O', Tfi'ng Tinh duge xem nhU Id trung tdm khai md cua
tran Thdi Nguy&n Theo sach Kh&m dinh Viet sd thdng gidm ciicmg muc cua Qufi'c sd
qudn trilu Nguyin thi md bae Tfi'ng Tinh duge ra ddi vdo khoang dau ndm 1716 Den cuoi the ky XVIII, Ngb Thi Si eho bilt thi tai khu md Tong Tinh ndy so ngddi tu d Ude
Trang 6chfi ndo TO kM sac lodi Mm la hg khai qugt,
chd dat ra ngoai cda Id, ehfla thdnh tram
ngan ding d ndi dat b a i ^ , t r o i ^ lb cd till
chfla dddc hang trdm ngtfdi'^^' Ndm Canh
Hd[^ thfl 28, tfle 1767, ehua Trinh Doanh
"sai bpn Ngiqrln Dinh Huan, Ngfi TM Si fi
xep ddt efing vi&c d Thdi Nguy&n", trong dd
cb xUdhg md Tong Tinh, filu tra va phdt
Men "trtfde day, cdc xUdng md d thfldng du
vd vo qui d mii riing deu giao eho ngtfdi
Nung d Hba Yi ntfdc ta khai k h i n vd bbc
llfy TH kM trddng xddng md ra nMeu, vi&n
quan gidm dtfdhg phan nMlu tap hpp ngtfdi
nhd Thanh khai lay Do day, ngtfdi ldm
thu& trong m l i xtfdng ke den hdng van,
phu md, nhd lb tu tdp thanh ttfng dan,
trong so ay phan nMlu Id ngtfdi Trilu
Chdu vd TMeu Chau, tinh tinh hung ban,
hay ddnh nhau; moi kM tranh nhau cfla Id,
liln noi quan d l ddnh lan nhau, ngtfdi ndo
chit tid nem xuing ho Trieu finh eoi hp la
bang ngudi ngodi gido hda, n&n cM cot thu
du tiiue md thfii, ngodi ra khfing hdi ^ d i n
ea" '22' NgoM Tu Long ( t r ^ Tuyen Quang)
vd Tfi'r^ Tinh (trmi Thdi Nguyen), vdo t h l
ky XVn - XVm, ehung ta cd t h l bilt tdi
hdng loat ede mo khodng san duge chinh
quyln Le - Trinh eho phep ngtfdi Hoa khai
thdc, nhtf O tran Tuy&n Quang: xtfdng bac
Nam Xfldng va Long Sinh, trdn Hflng Hba
eb xfldng dong Trinh Lan vd Nggc Uyin,
trail Thdi N g i ^ n cb xfldng dong Xang
Mge, Y&n Han, Li&m Tuyin, Vu Nbng,
xUdng vdng Kim Ma vd Tam Long, »jdng
cM Cfin Minh, trail Lang Son eb xtfdng
dong Hodi Vien*^'
2 Mpt s o d^i s a c h c u a chinh q u y e n
Lfe - Trinh n h ^ h a n c h e n h i i ^ tac
dfyng tieu ctfc c u a hoat d^ng khai m o
Ttf nfla dau the ky XVH, trilu finh L& -Trinh da chu y de'n viec khai thdc mb dl phuc vu cMen t r a n h vd quic dung, nhUhg
do nhiihg fieu M&n klideh quan nhtf cufic cMin tranh Nam - B l c trilu kdo ddi gdy nen stf b i t on d khu vtfc m i l n ndi, cdc tho til d day cM chiu stf rang huge long leo nen trilu dinh khfing t h l quan ly Viee khai thdc md d cac khu p h l n ldn eon tha noi cho ttf nhan khm thde ttf do r l i nop mpt phan tiiue' cho trilu dinh, dan din tanh trang "thul nop mtfdl p h l n cM dupe mot phan" Ttf ntfa sau the ky thfl XVH, tinh hinh chinh tri tam I n dinh, Nha nfldc e6 fieu Men quan tdm va ehu y vdo cfing cupc khai thdc khodng san, b a n che dddc nhiing M&n tugng tieu ctfc trong n g h i khai thac Luc ndy, khai mo dd trd thdnh mgt ngdnh kinh t l quan trgng, eb ddng gbp Idn cho thu nhgp cua nhd ntfdc Do dd, de Mem sodt ngdnh kinh te' nay, eac ehua Trinh da eho thdc Men cac Men phdp tang eUdng viee quan ly tiiong qua ehinh sdeh thue va Mem sodt so nhan cfing
Vdo nam Vmh Thinh thfl 12 (1717), Nhd nUdc da quy dinh han eh&' so ngtfdi troi^ cdc md, khfing ke ngtfdi Viet hay n g i ^ ntfdc ngodi: md nMlu cM 300 ngtfdi, mb vfla
la 200 vd md it Id 100 ngtfoi'^"" Mtfc thul Nhd nude quy dinh cho tiftig mo tuy thupc vao trfl lugng va nang suat khai thdc d cac
mo Nam 1774, trilu finh "dinh thue mo
Tu Long mfii ndm thu 1 van edn"^^' Ddy co
le Id mtfc thue cao n h a t doi vdi mpt mo c6 trff Iddhg n a i ^ suat nMlu nhdt d nddc ta lue bdy gid Ndm 1761, chua Trinh Sam da bdi ehde LdU thu Bui The Khanh vi fing ndy
xm giay phep md mpt trtfdng md nhung tr&n thde te la khm thae ldu them ba trddng mo khdc: "HM md vdng vd mfit mb
Trang 7k6m khfing cd td khm" D l khuyin kMch
hoat dfing khm md, cdc chua Trinh thdc
M^n chinh sdch "eho mien thue 5 ndm; sau
db cMeii s l sdn xuat hdng ndm md b l thul
Vi6n quan ndo khai thdc xong md tM cho
dtfde vinh v i l n quan gidm d l hp no ldc dfin
doc cfing vi&c, ldm ldi t h u l khod eho Nhd
ntfdc" Chinh sdeh ndy dd ldm cho "ngUdi
biy gid diu dua nhau vui Ibng khai md" f^l
Stf bung n l cua cde hoat d^ng khM md d
vtmg thddng du Ddng NgoM vdo ntfa euli
eiia t h l I ^ XVIII khfing phai khfing cd
nhflhg ke hd kM md cd e h l thu thue ttf ede
md khodng sdn dtfdc thu bdi cdc quan lai
dia phtfdng Chinh quyln Le - Trinh quy
dinh, ngtfdi m u l n khai thdc phai cd ddn,
sau kM dtfdc c h i p thudn phdi td bd tiln diu
ttf, cM&u m$ cfing nhdn vd to chflc khai
thdc Tff luc xm md sau 2 ndm phai dtfa vdo
khai thde, m i l n thue 3 ndm diu Trieu finh
dd phai Mim sodt chdt ehe cdc khoang san
dong, cM, tMie vd clin h l n viec mua bdn
dong vdo ndm 1759 vd thtfc Mgn che' dfi
gidm sdt chdt ehe sau db, ndm 1760, vdi sd
tham gia ciia cdc thdnh phan qui tpe, vtfong
hlu, quan Iai ttf nguyen vd tfi trtfdng (tho ti,
tho muc) cdc dia phtfdng cd mo Dd Id vi&c
quan ly cua nhd ntfde tr&n vdn ban, giay td
Cbn thtfc t l tM sao? Chflng ta hay xem
nhdhg ^ md Phan Huy Chd gM lai: Ngb
TM Si, die d i n g viing Thdi Nguyen, dan ldi
filu tran eiia eua Bui Si Ti6m ndi: "Thl san
cua rtfng nui d l gidp eho qub'c dung, nhUhg
sung thue eho nhd ntfde mddi p h l n khbng
dtfge m^t p h l n The md nui sfing chl Mim
eho blng, dtfdng fi loi ngang lli t i t , nui eao
dbo die, thung lOng sdu Mn, h i t thdy diu
bi ngtfdi ntfdc ngodi bilt ro vd giff ldy ldm
ndi nfldng tda, dd Id mfit filu khfing n&n
Mach dd't chay v l ntfde ta tM Thdi Nguy&n
d vao m i l n ti&n, ma ke kia ctf theo luong vdng md ddo dd't, chuyin ra etfa ham, tr&n dat b l r ^ cha't de'n trdm nghin dong dat,
md trong h i m tM rgng chfla dtfge den hdng trdm ngfldi, nhU the mach dd't thtfdng t i n biet la nhtfdng ndo, dd Id hai filu khfing n&n Ngddi khdeh van ebn chdc tdc mde quan do ngUdi Blc (Trung QuSc), ldy dtfge bac tdc mang ve ntfdc hg, bac da dem vl ntfdc hg tM khbng phai Id bae eua ntfde ta nfla, db Id ba filu khfing n&n Nay xm td sang eho Ludng Quang ndi Id nUde ta v l n van Mnh thuan thugng qufi'c, n&n chtfa bie't khu xfl t h l ndo \ ^ r i n g 1& cu cua Blc trieu cung cb kM sai ngtfdi sang ntfde ta tim mua qui, nhflhg kM vdo den ntfdc ta tM phai theo tuc ntfdc ta, mua bdn phai thudn nhdn tinh, khfing de eho hg cdy phep quan md lah dp ngfldi ha qufi'c" Minh vfldng (Trinh Doanh) cho Id r i t phai, sai ed theo nhfl t h l
ma lam Khfing nhdn dddc td ttf ndo cua quan Lfldng Quang, ben sai bpn Dinh Hudn
d i n mo Tong Tinh de duli h i t ngfldi khach
vl Nlu cd ngfldi ndo tinh nguy&n d lai nfldc
ta, tM phai d l tbe vd dli y phuc, nhap tieh ldm dan nude ta, mdi eho dfldc ctrng vdi ngfldi Nung Hba vi ddo mo ehiu thue'^^'^ Thflc te tien cho thay ngdnh khai md d miln bac Viet Nam trong thdi ky nay giff mgt vi tri quan trgng dli vdi n i n kinh te ciia ehinh quyen L& - Trinh; ding thdi cb nhffng dbng gbp nhat dinh dli vdi sfl phdt
t r i l n Mnh te d m i l n nam Trung Hoa cung nhd quan h& kinh te giffa Trung Quoe vdi Ddng Ngodi Dai Viet vd Dbng Nam A Ehrdi gdc dfi Mnh t l , ehinh saeh cua trilu dinh L&
- Trinh v l vigc quan ly cdc boat dgng khai
mb trong nude ndi chung, vdi boat dgng khai md eiia ngtfdi Hoa ndi ri&ng v l thdc te khfing CO M&u qua, bdi thtfc chit ldi nhuan
(
Trang 8thu dddc tfl khodng san khfing dem lai
nMlu nguon thu eho nhd ndde ma hau h i t
roi vao tdi nhuhg ngtfdi giau eb, cb quyln
lue vd cdc thuong nhdn ngfldi Hoa Dtfdi gdc
dp xa hgi, sd bung n l eac boat dpng khai
mo tai miln bdc \^&t Nam keo theo nhuhg
ldn song fi dan Trung Qub'c khong t h l
kilm sodt tai ede vung bien vien, tilm I n
vd bung phdt nMlu y&'u to gay mat In dinh
xa hpi, it nMeu khi&'n cho trilu finh Le
-Trinh gdp nMlu khd khdn trong viee Mim
sodt tinh Mnh vung thdgng du, nha't Id khu
vflc bi&n gidi phia blc./
CHU THICH
1 Ho Bach Thao dich va chu thich, Minh
thuc luc- Quan hi Trung Quoc - Viit Nam
2010, tr 329
2 Ho Bach Thao dich vd chu tMch, Min/z
thi^ luc- Quan ki Trung Qudc - Viit Nam
2010, tr 33
3 Vu Duy Men, "Ngoai thutmg Viet Nam t h l
ky XVII-XVIir, Nghiin cdu kinh ti', s l 292
(2002), tr 60-68
4 Phan Huy Le, "Tinh Wnh khai mo dudi
trieu Nguyin", Nghien cdu Lich sd, so 52
(1963), tr 56
5 Trin Thi Vmh (chu bien) Do Ddc Hung,
Tnrong Thi Yen, Nguy&n Thi PhUdng Chi,
Lich sd Viet Nam the ky XVII - XVIII, Nxb
Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hd Npi, 2007, tr 221
6 Nguyen Thanh Nhd, Bi& tranh kinh te Viet
Nam the ky XVII va XVIII, Nxb Tri thflc,
2013, tr 167
7 Nguyin Thanh Nha, sdd, tr 168
8 Dao Duy Anh, Lich sd c6 dgi Viit Nam,
Nxb Van hba Thong tin, Hd Nbi, 2010, tr
610-622
10 Nguyin Duy Hinh, "Kinh t l xa hpi L&
-Nguyin", Nghien cdu lich sd, so' 1 (1997),
tr 55
11 Vien Sd hoc, Kh&m din/i Viit sd thong giam ci&mg muc, Tdp 2, Nxb Gido due, Hd
Npi, 1998, tr 410
12 Nguyin Dinh Diu, "Phdp da de mat mo
dong Tu Long cua Viet Nam", Xua va Nay,
so 114 (2008), tr 28-29 vd 38-39
13 L& Quy Dbn, Kiin van tiiu luc, Nxb Khoa
hpc xa hpi Ha Npi, 1977, tr, 395-412
14 Phan Huy Chu, Lich trieu hiin chuong logi chi Tap 2, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hd N6i,
1992, tr 261
15 Woodside Alexander, "The relationship between political theory and economic growth in Vietnam, 1750-1840" - Anthony
Reid ed The Last Stand of Asian Autonomies (London and New York:
MacMilan), (1997), pp 259-260
16 L& Quy Don, Kiin v&n tieu luc, Nxb Khoa
hpc xa hOi, Hd N^i, 1977, tr 403
17 http://www.baomoi.com/Home/DuLich^ee net.vn/Cam-moc-bien-gioi-chong-ngoai-bang-nhom-ngo-mo-dong/6769911.epi,
Nguyin Dflc Huy, Cdm mdc biin gi&i chdng ngogi bang "nliom ngo" mo dSng", truy c|ip
ngay 19/5/2013
18 Phan Huy Chii, Lich trieu /lii'n chuong logi chi Tap 2, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi Ha Npi,
1992, tr 261
19 Phan Huy Chu, sdd, tr 261
20 \^en Sfl hpc, KJiam dinh Viet sd thong gidm crnng muc Tap 2, Nxb Giao due, Ha
Nbi, 1998, tr 667
21 Vien Sfl hpe, sdd Tap 2, tr 666
22 Vien Sii hpc, sdd, Tap 2, tr 666-667
23 Vien Sfl hpc, K/iam dinh Viet sd thdng gidm ciicmg muc, Tdp 2, Nxb Giao due, Hd
Noi, 1998, ti 410
24 Phan Huy Chu, sdd, tr 79
25 Vien Sfl hpc, K/i&m dinh Viet sd thdng gidm cuang muc Tap 2, Nxb Gido due Ha
Npi, 1998, tr.711
26 Phan Huy Chii, sdd, tap 2, tr 78