Qua khao sat tai dia phuong cho thay thuc trang cap nuoc tuoi phuc vu phat trien cay nho lay la hien van chi dirng o cap d6 tu phat, chua co giai phap cu the va lau dai, dieu nay da anh
Trang 1N G H I E N c t r u D £ X U A T G I A I P H A P K H O A H O C V A C 6 N G N G H E
V E H A T A N G C O SCf T H U Y LOfI P H U C V U P H A T T R I E N C A Y N H O
L A Y L A X U A T K H A U T A I T I N H B I N H T H U A N
ThS T r a n Thai Hung, PGS.TS Vo Kh5c Tri,
GS.TS Le Sam
Vien Khoa hoc Thuy lai mien Nam
Tdm tdt: Ndng thon viing Duyen hdi Nam Trung bo noi chung va tinh Binh Thugn noi
rieng da dicgc Chinh phu ciing nhdn ddn dia phuang dong long chung tay gop sue nhdm xdy dung vd phdt trien kinh te-xa hoi, ddc biet la he thong hg tdng ca sa Hien nay ngttdi ddn tinh Binh Thudn dang trien khai mo hinh trong cdy nho lay Id xudt khdu vd ket qua ban ddu cho thdy day la logi cdy trong rdt co tiem ndng Tuy nhien viec sdn xudt cua ngiedi ddn vdn cdn manh mun vd chua co quy hoach phdt trien dong bg, he thong hg tdng ca sa thuy lgi phuc vu tuai chua ddm bdo, ddn den ndng sudt vd chdi hcgng sdn phdm chua dgt dugc ky vong cua nguai dan vd dan vi Ihu mua Vi vgy, nghien cuu de xudt gidi phdp khoa hgc vd cong nghe ve hg tdng ca sd thdy lgi phuc vu phdt trien cdy nho lay la xudt khdu tgi tinh Binh Thugn la rdt cdn thiet, giup on dinh vd ndng cao dai song nguai ddn theo lieu chi nong thon mdi
Tu-khda: Cay nho Jay la; ha tang cffsff tliuy Igi; giaipJiap kJioa hpc vd cdng nghe; Binh Thuan Summary; Countrysides of the Coastal South Central Vietnam in general and at Binh Thuan
province in particular have been unanimously join by Government and local people's hands lo build and develop (he socio-economic, especially basis infrasl rue lure systems Currently, Binh Thuan people is implementing Grape leaves models for export and initial results show that this is the potential crop However, the farmers' production are still fragmented and non-synchronous development planning, basis infrastructure systems of irrigation have not satisfied water requierments, leading to productivity and product quality were not satisfied people's expectations as well as purchasing units Therefore, the Research on solution proposal of science and technology of irrigation basic infrastructure for development of export grape leaves
at Binh Thuan province is necessary to stabilize and improve people's lives according to the criteria of new rurality
Key words: Grape leaves; Irrigation basic infrastructure; Scientific and technological solution; Binh Thuan
I DAT VAN DE chfnh va he thdng cac hd chiia, dap dang lan
Binh Thuan la mot trong nhiing vimg it mua ^^ P ^ ^ P^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^"^^ ^^^^ ^ ^ g ' ^™"g d"
nhat ca nuac l o a n tinh co 7 ltiu vuc song "^^ mien ntfl phuc vy nhu cSu nuac ngay cang
tang nhiim phat trien kinh tl-xa hpi da m\ic
- — tieu ciia tinh, trong do dac biet la phat triin Ngirdi phan bien: G S T S Tang Due Thdng nong nghiep, nang cao doi s6ng nguai dan khu Ngay nhan bai: 31/7/2014 , , , ,
Ngay thong qua phan bien: 29/10/2014 ™ "™S * ° " * ^ ° " ^ " "^ " ° " 8 * ™ •"<" "^"^
Ngay duyet dang: 05/02/2015 Dang va Nha nuac [1], [2]
Trang 2Tnrac day, cay nho duac biSt den nhu mot
loai cay cho trai an tuai hoac dung Iam rugoi
Nhung hien nay, cay nho con duac trong de
lay la a nhieu nuac tren The gi6i nhu; My,
Tho NhT Ky, Hy Lap, Autralia, Brazil, Trung
Quoc, Thai Lan O Viet Nam, Cong ty
YERGAT FOOD (My) da tr6ng khao
nghidm giong nho lay la IAC 572 tir nam
2006 den nay tai cac tinh Binh Thuan, Dong
Nai va Lam Dong cho ket qua kha quan ve
nang suat la, san lugng trung binh dat 7-10
tan/ha.nam (3 vu mua) La nho sau khi dugc
che bien se dugc xuat khau tai thi truang cac
nuac Trung Dong va Chau Au Hien nay,
nha may cua Cong ty YERGAT FOOD tai
khu cong nghiep Binh Duang se bao tieu thu
mua hoan toan san pham vai gia 2-2,5
USD/lkg la tuoi Tuy nhien, hien nay mai
chi dap ung dugc mgt phan rat nho so voi
nhu cau xuat khau Vi vay, Cong ty
YERGAT FOOD da phai nhap kh^u mgt
lugng la nho tuai rat lan tir Tho NhT Ky,
Brazil va My vh Viet Nam de che bien va tai
xuSt khau Voi dieu kien tu nhien thuan lgi
cgng vai tiem nang nhan Iuc kha Ion ciia
Viet Nam, cay nho lay la co thi dugc trong
va khai thac thuang xuyen trong nam ( tai
cac nuac thuoc Chau Au va Chau My chi co
thi thu hoach trong mot miia nhat dinh)
Trong thai gian tai, nguai dan cac tinh Binh
Thuan, Ninh Thuan, D6ng Nai, Ba Ria
-Viing Tau se co ke hoach mo rgng mo
hinh san xuit loai cay nay Trong nho lay la
CO v6n dau tu ban dau khong cao (lam gian
don gian, giong re) tir 60-65 trieu dong/ha,
trong khi cay nho lay qua tir 120-125 trieu
d6ng/ha Dieu do cho thay cay trong nay rat
CO trien vpng, co the phat trien rong rai giup
nong dan tang them thu nhap, thoat ngheo va
nang cao doi song
Qua khao sat tai dia phuong cho thay thuc
trang cap nuoc tuoi phuc vu phat trien cay nho lay la hien van chi dirng o cap d6 tu phat, chua co giai phap cu the va lau dai, dieu nay da anh hucmg lan toi viec quy hoach va phat trien cay trong Vi vay, nhiem
vu quan trgng hien nay la can nghien cuu va
de xuat cac giai phap khoa hgc va cong nghe
ve ha tang co so thiiy lgi phu hgp, cac ky thuat tuoi tiet kiem nuoc hieu qua [4], [7] de trg giup dac luc cho san xuat nong nghiep, trong do CO cay nho lay la
IL PHirONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ
Tiep can thuc tiSn mgt each toan dien, ket hgp vai viec ke thua co chpn lgc cac ket qua nghien ciiu khoa hgc cong nghe hien dai ve phat trien ha tang co so thiiy lgi (HTCSTL) phuc vu san xuat;
Tilp can cac phuang phap, mo hinh quan ly va phat trien tai nguyen nuac Nghien cuu de xuat he thong HTCSTL khai thac su dung hieu qua nguon nuoc de phat triln kinh tl - xa hpi va bao ve moi truong ben vung;
ITng dung cac tien bp KHCN ve vat lieu, ket cau, cay trong va cac phan mem tinh toan hien dai de phuc vu viec phan tich, lua chpn, thiet ke va xay dung mo hinh;
Tiep can cac thanh phan cau true ciia mo hinh su dung nuoc: nguon, van chuyen, khai thac sir dung Xay dung cac mo hinh trong trpt phu hgp doi vol nhung loai cay trong co gia tri kinh tl cao tai hien trudng Tinh toan nhu cau nuoc tuai hgp ly cho cay trong; iing dung cac phuong phap thu hoach va cong nghe bao quan san pham;
Quan trac, tong hgp dii lieu tir thuc tiln san xuit va phan tich trong phong thi nghiem, xac dinh mo hinh hgp ly lam co so nhan rpng pham vi iing dung;
Trang 3KHOA HOC • I ||l| ||l| III •
(Fai nguyen dat - nirdc dang bj khai ihad
I can kiet, nguon nirgc bi 6 nhilm |
Giai phap cSp nucrc cho c3y trong bang khoa hoc k-y thu^t hi?n dai
Xac dinh l?i cac chi lieu cap nuac cho cay irong
THUC H I E N KV THUAT TUdi TIET KIEM NlTdC
LA GIAI PHAP H<fP LY NHAT '^n^
Tong quan, khai ni^m, dinh n ^ T a D9c diem k ; thu^l cua I
ky Ihugt luai tiet kijm nudc |
Cac CO so khoa hoc phyc vu cho \ if c nghien cuu
chS dd tirdi nho giot thich hop cho cay nho lay la
Qua tnnh quy hogch va thiet ke mo hinh thyc nghiem chl do ludi nho gipt thich hop cho cay nho Uy la
kmh te-xA hgi, khai
ly iihlim bao vc tai
+ +
Cac dieu k]«n tu
nhien (khi h^u, Iho
nhuilmg tai nguyen
Phucmg phap va ky
thuJt nghien cuu va
Thiel ke, xay dyng va quan ly khai ihac cac cong trinh ph\ic v^ cSp nudc cho cly trong Ky (hujit san xuat nonij nghif p va lieu chuan ve chat lupng san pham
Theo cac dieu ki^n
Theo yeu cau su dgng tong hpp
nguon nudc vi bao
\i moi truong smh
thil ben vung
t Xac dmh thfing sd ky thuat ct
cua k5 thuat tuai tiSt kiem n
I va l;ra chpn mo hmh ludi phii hqip
la ky thugt tudi liit ki^m nudc
C
Hinh 1: Sa do logic cdch tiep can, phuang phap vd ky thudt nghiSn ctiu
III DE XUAT GIAI PHAP KHOA HOC
VA CONG NGHE VE HA TANG CO SO
THIJY LOI PHUC vy PHAT TRIEN CAY
NHO LAY LA XUAT KHAU
3.1 Co- s& khoa hoc p h u c vu fle xuSt giai
p h a p khoa hoc va cong n g h e
a) Dac diem tu-nhien [1], [2]
Khi hau Binh Thuan thuoc loai nhiet dcd gio
miia, nang nong quanh nam Cac s6 lieu dac
tnmg chinh nhu sau: Nhiet do trung binh nam tu
26 -27 C (trung binh cua ca nuoc 2l''c) Do km
khong khi trung binh thang 79% (trung binh cua
ca nuoc 83%) So gio nang trung binh nam
2.466 gid/nam (trung binh ciia ca nuoc tiJr
1400-3000 gio/nam) Lugng boc hoi trung binh nam
khoang 930mm Luong mua trung binh khoang 1.500mm/nam, rieng khu vuc Tuy Phong va Bic Binh chi mua klioang 600-800mni/nam; miia kho (tu 6-9 thang) co luong mua khoang 12% tfing luong mua nam, mua mua (tit 3-6 thang) chiSm khoang 88% t6ng luong mua nam (lugng mua trung binh ca nuoc 1.960mni/nam) Han han xay ra thucmg xuyen nen nuoc tich trong cac h6, dap chi con khoang 20-30%, diSu nay gay thiet liai dang kS cho san xuit va doi s6ng nhan dan Nam 2004, t6ng thiet hai do han gay la tren
287 ty dong, trong do nong nghiep khoang 264 ty Ket qua phan tich cho thiy m l u d i t a cac ting 0-lOcm, 10-30cm, 30-50cm chu y8u la loai dit cat pha thit nen kha nang giir nuoc kem
B a n g 1; C a c chi tieu cg ban cQa d a t taj cac k h u v u c t r o n g cay
Vi tri mau dat
Ham Thuan Nam
Tuy Phong
Ham Thu^n Nam
Tuy Phong
Ham Thuan Nam
Tuy Phong
Do sau
(gm) (g/cm')
0,93 0,86 1,06
" f,o"i
(%-yi.)
19,8 13,5 22,3
"21,3"
J3A
24,7
Thanh phan hat (%) (<0.01mm"l _32,6_
29,5 34,5 32,5 31,2
Trang 4Bang 2: Thanh phSn hat cua dat trong nho xa Thuan Quy,
H Ham Thuan Nam, Binh Thuan
TT
1
2
3
fid sau
lay mau
(cm)
10
20
30
Thanh phan hat tren moi sang (%)
To
2-1
0
0
0
Trung 1-0,5 4,8 5,7 6,8
Vira 0,5-0,25 63,2 62,5 56,7
Nho 0,25-0,1 18,5 15,3
19,5
Rat nho 0,1-0,05 3,4 3,8 4,9
To 0,05-0,01 5,9 7,3 6,7
Nho 0,01-0,005 1,1 1,1 1,5
Hat set
<0,005 3,1
4 3 3,9
b) Nguon nhan lire lao dpng khu virc nong
thdn[\],[2]
Dan so trung binh nam 2010 cua tinh Binh
Thuan la 1.171.675 nguai, mat do dan s6 150
nguai/km^ phan bo khong ddu giiia cac khu
vuc, s6 nguofi 6 nong thon la 709.998 nguai
Dan cu phan bo chu yeu theo cac ddng bing
ven song, ven bien, thugc cac Imi virc song
Phan Thiet, song Luy, va song Long Song
Khu vuc Bac Binh-Tuy Phong dan cu tap
trung chu yeu a dong bang ven bien Ngu6n
luc cho phat trien san xuat nong nghiep cua
Bang 3: Thong so ky thuat cac ho tao nguon
tinh kha doi dao
c) Cd sd ve khd ndng ngudn nu&c phuc vu tu&i\\l[2l[3,]
Toan tinh Binh Thuan c6 tk ca 276 cong trinh
thuy lgi: ho chura, dap dang, tram bam, cong, kenh tuai, tieu vai nang lire thiet ke tuoi la: 53.340ha
Nang luc tuoi thigt ki d8n nam 2015: 99.573ha, chiem 64,2% dien tich dkx tr6ng cay
hang nam; D8n nam 2020: 117.523ha, chiem 76,0% dien tich dat cay hang nam;
cap niTffc chinh phuc vu phat trien KT-XH
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ten ho
Long Song
Song Luy
Ca Giay
Song Quao
KaPet
Song Mong
BaBau
Song Phan
Song Dinh 3
Nui Dat
Dia phuong
Tuy Phong
Bac Binh
Bac Binh
Ham Thuan Bac
Ham Thuan Nam
Ham Thuan Nam
Ham Thuan Nam
Ham Thuln Nam
Ham Tan
Thj xa LaGi
Dung tich (Tr.m^) VIrir
37,15 151,78 45,33 80,0 51,23 37,16 6,94 29,48 58,13 8,46
Vhi 33,55 126,78 36,92 74,3 47,42
3416 6,44 26,98 42,84 7,40
Vchit 3,6 9,3 8,41 5,7 3,81 3,0 0,5 2,5 15,29 1,06
Cao trinh (m) MNDBT +76,95 +132,0 +747 +90,0 +136,0 +75,8 +42,0 +74,2 +45,95 +23,2
MNDGC +77,6 +1333 +78,2 +91,0 +137,77 +78,3 +43,2 +76,9 +48,44 +24,05
MNC +54,0 +126,0 +67,5 +72,0 +123,6 +65,0 +37,5 +65,0 +40,0 +17,0
Ghi chu
DaXD Dir kien XD DaXD DaXD Dir kien XD DaXD DaXD
Du kien XD Dang XD DaXD
Ngudn: Chi cue Thuy lgi tinh Binh Thudn
Trang 5d) Ddc diim canh tdc cdy nho lay Id
Cay nho ldy la co than day mhm, leo gian
va phat triSn nhanh, c6 thi trdng va thu hoach
quanh nam Cay thich nghi voi tat ca cac loai
dk nhu d4t cat pha set, thit pha cat, dat it soi
da, dit ddi d6c co kha nang thoat dugc nuac
t6t trong miia mua va du nuoc tuai trong mua
kho D4t cat pha set hoac cat pha thit se phii
hgp han do tai xop, tuy nhien phai chu y toi
viec tuai nuac hgp ly dam bao cho cay trong
sinh truong va phat trien tot
Nhan giong nho c6 3 each: cam canh, chiet
va ghep Khoang each trong: hang each hang
tu 2,0-2,5m; cay each cay tir 1,0-1,5 m tiiy vao
do mau md cua dat Mat dp thay ddi tir
2.660-5.000 cay/ha De cay trdng phat trien tdt thi
ngudi dan nen ap dung theo ggi y; nhimg khu
vuc cd tiet trdi gia ret, suang mudi (mien Bac
va mien Trung) nen trdng cay vao miia Xuan
hoac Ha; Tai nhiing noi co 2 miia mua va khd
(mien Nam) nen trpng cay vac mua mua
Lam dat: Cay 2 lan bang cay pha ISm ddi
voi dat moi va cay bang loai cay 5 chao cho
dat da canh tac Neu dSt bi chua cd dp pH <
5,5 nen bdn vdi bdt tir 750-1.500 kg/ha, rai
deu tren mat dat trudc khi cay dk Thilt k§
hang theo huang Ddng Tay tren dk tuang doi
bang phang va theo dircmg dong miic tren ddt
ddc Dao hang nho kich thudc tdi thiiu (rpng x
sau) la 0,7x0,7(m) va trdn phan bdn lot (phan
chudng hoai 10kg + 50g NPK (20-20-15)71
cay) deu vdi dat trong hang nho Cdng viec
nay hoan tit truoc khi trdng it nhk 20 ngay
Cach trdng cay: Dao hd kich thuoc tdi thidu
(dai X rpng x sau) la 0,4x0,4xa,6(m) Dat cay
nho vao ho va lip ddt, nen chat vira ddt biing
vdi mat dat ban dau xung quanh gdc cay, sau
do tuai nudc de dam bao do dm cho cay
Lam gian: Mdi cay nho cam 1 cay chdng
cao 0,5m, sau 0,3m, each gdc cay 0,1m va
dung day nylon budc cay nho cd dinh dk tranh
bi gid lam nga hay gay do Dpc hang cay dung
cac tru da (bang gd hoac be tdng) phdn chan
tru chdn sau 0,5m, phhn tren mat ddt cao 1,7m,
khoang each giua cac tru tir 6-8m Cang day thep dgc theo cac tru da lam gian giup nho leo bam va phat triln, khoang each gifl-a cac day theo chieu cao la 35cm
Tao tan cay: Sau khi trdng dupc 15-20 ngay, ngpn nho moi bat ddu phat tridn va chdi nach cac la bat dau xudt hien Chpn 4-6 chdi nach khde manh cpt cac canh vao cac day thep theo hinh re quat de tao he thdng tan thang dling va de giii lai lam canh ldy la sau nay Bdn phan: Mdi vu nho (tir khi cat gdc chira lai 2-3 mat tren than chinh cho din khi thu hoach xong la) la 4 thang se bdn phan 8 ldn, chu ky khoang 15 ngay/lan Lugng phan bdn nhu sau: 15g NPK (20-20-15)/gdc/l ldn tuong duong 50kg/ha/l lan, sau mdi ldn bdn phSn tudi dam nuoc cho phan hda tan
Phong trir sau benh: De dam bao san phdm la nho an toan cho siic khde con ngudi nen luu y chi diing cdc loai thudc sinh hpc khdng ddc hai
Thu hoach: Sau khi xudng gidng khoang 4 thang cd the thu hoach liia ddu tien va theo dung chu ky khoang 20 ngay hai la mdt ldn Kich thudc la nho khi thu hoach nhd nhdt 13cm, ldn nhdt 18-20cm Vao thoi dilm la tdt
va dat kich thudc cho phep, c6 thi cii 5-7 ngay thu 1 ldn tiiy theo sd lugng la truong thanh va ngudn cdng lao ddng
Tudi cay bang each lam ranh dpc theo hang cay hay keo dudng dng day din din tudi timg gdc nho (tudi cd truyen) hoac diing he thdng tuai nhd gipt, tuai phun mua (tuoi" tidt kiem nudc) tiiy thudc vao kha nang ddu tu va ngudn nudc tudi Can cii vao miia vu va dp dm trong ddt de tudi nudc cho cay nho Vao miia mua lugng nudc tudi chi bang 1/2 so vdi miia khd Chu ky tucfi phd biln tir 2-4 ngay/ldn dl dam bao duy tri dp dm tdi uu trong ddt tir 60-75%
do dm tdi da ddng rudng Sau khi bdn phan
Trang 6KHOA HOC • • • { • I f U f M I M
phai tuoi nuac du dam bao duy tri dp km
thuong xuyen trong dit dS hoa tan phan giup
re cay hap thu chit dinh duong Truoc khi thu
hoach la nen tuoi dii nuoc cho cay di la tuoi
va xanh muot Miic nuoc tuoi trung binh 1 vu
4 thang mua kho tit 1.200-1.500m^/ha d6i vol
tuoi c6 truygn, tir 600-800m-'/ha d6i vol ky
thuat tuoi nho giot tilt kiem nuoc cho khu vuc
tinh Binh Thuan.[5]
e) Tinh toan nhu cau nuoc tuoi cho cay nho
liy la [6]
Nhu cau nuoc tuoi cho cay trdng dugc tinh
toan theo phuong phap Perunan:
Boc thoat hoi nuoc mat ruong dugc tinh toan
nhu sau:
ET = ETpan * Kpan (nun) (1)
Bdc thoat hoi nudc mat la dugc tinh toan vao
thdi diem cue dai:
ETo = (0.1 + — ) * ET (mm) (2)
100
Nhu cau nudc tinh toan cho cay:
l = Kc*ETo (mm) (3)
Tdng lugng nudc can tudi cho khu vuc trdng
cay:
W-10-^*(I - P ) * F (m^) (4)
Trong do:
ETpan: Bdc thoat hoi nuoc hang ngay quan
trac tren thiet bi do dac (mm);
Kpan: He sd bdc thoat hai nudc Permian ciia
khu vuc trdng trpt;
S: Ty le hinh chilu thang dimg cua tan la cay
tren mat dat tai thdi diem cue d^i (%);
Kc: He so nhu cau nudc theo timg giai doan
sinh trudng cua cay;
P: Lugng mua hihi ich do dac tai hien
trudng trong chu ky tudi (mm);
F: Dien tieh khu vuc can tucd (m'^);
10" : H? sd chuyen ddi don vi (khi ETo lay don vi mm);
3.2 De xuat giai phap khoa hpc va cdng nghe
ve HTCSTL phuc vu phat trien cay nho lay la xuat khau tai vung dat cat Binh Thuan
^ a) Giai phap KH&CN ve tao ngudn nudc tudi
- Nguon nuac tie cdc cong trinh thuy lgi ddu moi
Xay dung, duy tu bao dudng he thdng cac hd, dap: Sdng Quao, Ca Giay, Long Sdng, Sdng Dinh, Song Mdng, Ca Pet, Sdng Liiy, Phan DOng, Ca Tdt , dap dang BaBau, Sdng Phan, Ddng Mdi tao ngudn tic nudc mua, ddng chay rnat va ddng nudc ngdm tai chd
- Nguon nuac tai cho dam bdo ddp ung yeu cdu tuai
Tai cac khu vuc gan cac ddi cat, ngudn nudc tai chd la cac kenh, hd thu nudc ri, nudc ngdm tang nong tir cac ddi cat, ung dung vai dia ky thuat, Gabion de chdng tham va sat Id cat Khao sat tai cac dia phuang cho thdy, dien tich
hd khoang 4.000-5.000m^, khoang each giiia cac hd la lOOOm/cai la phii hgp; loai hd 500-l.OOOm^ bd tri each nhau tu 500-700ni/cai rieng hd gia dinh chi nen xay dung ao tru nudc dien tich khoang 400-500m^ Dp sau nhiing hd
ao nay tiiy thupc vao tang dat cat va muc nudc ngam Xay dung eac be chiia noi de tru nudc mua tai chd sir dung trong mua khd Xay dung cac tuyen de ngam ven bien, ngan chan ddng ngam chay ra bien va chdng xam nhap man Ddi vdi khu vuc gd ddi, xay dung cac be chiia tren dinh doi hoac sudn ddi de tru nudc trong miia mua Ngoai ra dung cac giai phap dap dap dang nhd tai cac khe sudi tao thanh nhung ao,
hd de nang cao mue nuac tudi tu chay, ddng thdi bd sung nudc vao trong dat giiip cay trdng phat trien
- Nguon nuac chuyen tu nai khdc toi
De xuat giai phap KH&CN chuyen nudc tir noi khac tdi khu vuc trdng cay Viec chuyin
Trang 7KHOA HOC MEJSBiBII^B
nudc nay thudng la tu chay bang he thdng
kenh hd hoac dudng dng ve chiia vao cac ao
hd nhd Dd tranh thdt thoat nudc trong qua
trinh chuyin, cac kenh can dugc lat BTCT, vai
dia ky thuat chdng thdm, kenh nhya due san Dang dudng dng nen dimg dng nhua HDPE, han chl sii dung dng thep hoac betdng do van chuyin va bao quan khd khan, de hu hdng
I KD i K» I, KD I
(a) Dgng hinh thang (b) Dgng hlnh thang mdi doc (c) Dgng nua hinh
tron Hinh 2: Mat cdt ngang kenh bdng BTCT (Dan vi: cm)
b) Gidi phdp KH&CN ve khai thdc nguon
nirdc phuc vit tirdi
Cac giai phap khai thac dugc de xuat dua
vao dac diem tu nhien, nguon nudc va ke
hoach phat trien kinh te-xa hdi cua tirng tieu viing trong tinh Thanh phan, cau true, quy
md md hinh khai thac dua theo so do nguyen tac sau:
VAN CHUYEN
D 6 I Tir<?NG DtiNG N i r d c
Ngudn nir&c: phai bao dam ben viing, dn
dinh trong qua trinh khai thac
Khai thdc: uu tien giai phap khai thac tu
chay, bom nudc va, bom thuy luan va cac
dang thiet bj khai thac cai tien, hien dai, tilt
kiem nang lugng
Van chuyen: phai dam bao tdn thdt nudc it
nhat, kiem soat lugng nuoc tdt nhdt va van
hanh thuan lgi nhat
Ddi tieffng ditng nu&c: phai su dung tilt
kiem nudc va tuan thu luat tai nguyen nude,
bao ve radi trudng; tham gia trong pham vi
nao dd cimg nha quan ly khai thac cdng trinh
dap ling diing yeu cdu cua minh (dang PIM)
Qudn iy, khai thdc: Can thiet td chtic tdt
dpi ngu can bp Iam cdng tac nay Tang cudng
trang thiet bi theo huang hien dai hoa, tu dgng
hoa, ddi vcfi he thdng tudi can thiet phai hirdng tdi md hinh PIM
Ddi vdi viing gd ddi va trung du, dl xudt giai phap khai' thae bang bom dpng lyc va van ehuyen bdng dudng dng HDPE Ddi vdi vimg ddng bang ven bien, dang khai thac chu ylu la tudi tu chay tir cac ao hd, dip dang phia tren cao Ngoai ra cdn cd cac giai phap khai thac ngudn nuoc khac nhu tram bam chay bdng dien, xang dau, tram bom sire nuoc, tram bam nuac va hoac thiiy luan la cac loai may bam tu ddng lgi dung ddng chay, ddc nudc dl chuyin ddng nang thanh the nang dua nuoc len cao
c) Gidi phdp KH&CN vi chuyin nu&c luu
VHT: dl can bdng cac ngudn cdp nuoc toan tinh
va phuc vu phat triln da muc tieu, trong do cd san xudt ndng nghiep giai doan 2012-2020 dugc UBND tinh Binh Thuan phe duyet [2] nhu sau:
Trang 8c KHOA HOC
(1) Tuyen kenh tir hd Cd Gidy -kenh Cdy Cd:
Dai 44km Nhiem vu cung cdp nudc tudi cho
1.200-2.000ha khu vuc Cay Ca, xa Phong Phii,
huyen Tuy Phong va 400ha khu vyc cac xa Binh
An, Phan Diln va Phan Hda, huyen Bdc Binh
(2) Kenh tiep nimc Dd Bgc ihugng-Vinh Tdn,
huyen Tuy Phong: Dai: 17km Nhiem vu lay nudc
tir hd Da Bac thugng bd sung eho hd Sudi Chiia ;
(3) Tuyen cong trinh chuyen nuac lit ho La
Nga 3-h6 Ka Pet: Dai: 4,7km Nhiem vu bd
sung nudc cho hd Ka Pet, sau dd chuyen
xuong hg Sdng Mdng va dap Ba Bau de cung
cap nuac cho cac nganh thupc Nam TP Phan
Thiet va huyen Ham Thuan Nam
(4) Tuyen cong trinh chuyen nuac tic ho Ka
Pet-hS Song Mong: Dai: 2,3km Nhiem vu bd
sung nude vl hd Sdng Mdng, sau dd chuyen nudc ve hd Ta Mon va hd Du Du
(5) Tuyin cong trinh tit ho Ldm truong Song Dinh - hd Song Phan - ho Td Mon - ho Tdn Lap: Dai 40,14km Cdp nudc sinh hoat
7.915mVngay dem va phuc vu tudi 3vu/nam
va chan nudi gia siic, gia cam cho luu vuc Sdng Phan (4.250ha); phuc vu nudc sinh hoat 2.490m /ngay dem tai xa Tan lap va Thi tran Thuan Nam, huyen Ham Thuan Nam
(6) Tuyen cong trinh Du Du - Tdn Thdnh: Dai
19,7km Cap nud'c tir hd Sdng Mdng phuc vu sinh hoat, trdng trgt va chan nudi cho
1 -OOOha khu vuc Ham Minh va Tan Thanh
Hinh 3: Ho Cd Gidy tgo nguon vd kenh cdp nuac tuai huyen Bac Binh, tinh Binh Thudn
Hinh 4: Bdn do cdc tuyen cong trinh noi mgng
he thdng thuy lgi tinh Binh Thugn [2]
d) Giai phdp KH&CN vi ky thuat tu&i
Truoc day, cac trang trai trdng nho ndi chung
va cay nho ldy la ndi rieng thudng dimg phuong phap tudi truyln thdng, tuy nhien hieu qua mang lai khdng cao va rdt Mng phi nudc
D I nang cao nang suat va chat lugng san phdm, mang lai hieu qua kmh le cao thi rat can thilt phai ap dung cac giai phap KH&CN ve
ky thuat tuoi tilt kiem nudc: tudi nhd gigt, tudi phun mua cd giam sat dpng thai dm cua ddt trong qua trinh canh tac
Trudng hgp trang trai cd dugc ngudn kinh phi ddi dao dl ddu tu he thdng tudi tilt kiem nuac thi nen ldp dat ddng thdi 2 loai thilt bi tudi nhd gipt va phun mua hoac phun suong Tac dung cua he thdng nay la: tudi nhd gigt cdp nuac cho bd rl giiip nudi cay phat trien, tudi phun mua/phun suong de cai tao vi khi hau,
Trang 9rira trdi bui va chat ban tren la, giiip la phat
triln tdt dat kich thudc va trpng lupng cao khi
thu hoach Dilu nay rdt huu ich ddi vdi nhung
viing cd nhilu cat bui, suong mudi va da dugc
chiing minh qua thyc tien
e) Di xudt cdu triic mo hinh tu&i tiet kiem
nu&c hap ly
Qua kit qua dieu tra, khao sat thyc dja la md
hinh san xudt thuc te cho thay, khi trang trai ap
dung ky thuat tudi hien dai tiet kiem nudc cho
cay nho lay la, re nho phat trien tap trung len
sat bl mat ddt (ldp dat 0-20cm), vi vay khdng
nen tudi trong thdi gian dai gay lang phi nudc,
chi can tudi trong thdi gian khoang 30 phut
ddi vdi tudi nhd gigt, chu ky tudi 2 ngay/lan la
dam bao du dp dm cho toan bd bd rg cay hiit nuac de phat triln tdt
Ddi vdi khu vuc cd ngudn nudc mat ddi dao thi khai -thac va su dung hgp ly ngudn nudc mat dl tudi, khdng phai khoan gilng Ddi vdi khu vyc khdng cd ngudn nudc mat thi phai khoan gilng va xay dung hd chiia dung tich tir 50-lOOm^ de ehiia nuoc va tudi chu ddng
He thdng tudi phai ldp dat ddng bp: may bom,
bd lpc can trong nuoc, bd cham hut phan tu ddng (khuyen khich sir dung), ddng ho do ap lyc va do dung tich nudc de kiem soat ap luc nudc va lugng nuoc mdi lan tudi Cac trang trai cd the trang bi them thiet hi do do am dat,
do bdc thoat hoi nuoc mat thoang [8]
Hinh 5: De xudt sa do md hinh tuai tiet kiem nuac cho cdy nho lay Id
Hinh 6: Vuan uam giong vd rudng trdng nho lay Id vdo thai diem thu hogch
Trang 10KHOA HOC ^ ^ B S H I B i I ^ B
Hinh 7: Thiet lap he thdng tuai cua md hinh tuai tiet kiem nuac cho cdy nho lay la
IV KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI
4.1 Ket luan
Qua thuc tiln san xuat cho thay, giai phap ca
sd ha tdng thuy lgi ddi voi cay nho lay la cCng
giong nhu cay nho lay qua va cay Thanh long
dang trdng pho bien tai tinh Binh Thuan Khi
ngudn cdp nudc dn dinh vdi he thdng tudi tiet
kiem nude dugc ddu tu (tucd nhd gipt, phun
mua hoac phun sucmg cd thai gian sir dung
trong vdng 5 - 6 nam), vdn dau tu ban dau tang
them tir 45-50 trieu ddng/ha, nang sudt san
phdm se tSng tir 1,3 - 1,4 idn/nam Vdi gia
thanh thu mua san pham nhu hien nay thi
ngudi dan trdng gidng cay nay se cd thu nhap
dam bao eupc sdng
Hien nay, cay nho ldy la dang dugc ngudi dan
quan tam phat trien Do dac dilm sinh ly cua
cay phu hgp vai dilu ki?n ty nhien tai Viet
Nam, nen qua qua trinh trdng thu nghiem tai
tinh Binh Thuan, Ddng Nai va Lam Ddng thi
day la cay trdng cd tilm nang phat triln mang
lai hieu qua kinh te, nang cao ddi sdng ngudi ndng dan Viec de xuat cac giai phap khoa hpc
va cdng nghe ve ha tang ca sd thuy lgi ddng
bd tic cap vi md (tao ngudn va phan bd nudc) tdi cap vi md (cap nuac mat rudng) phuc vu phat triln cay nho lay la va kinh te ndng thdn
se gdp phan xay dung Ndng thdn mai cap xa phii hgp vdi tinh Binh Thuan va viing Duyen hai Nam Trung bd theo diing chu truang cua Dang va Nha nudc
4.2 Kien nghi
D I nghi Chinh phu va Chuong trinh Khoa hpc Cdng nghe phuc vu xay dung Ndng thdn mdi
hd trp kinh phi:
(l)Ddu tu ha tang ea sd thuy lgi phuc vu cap nudc tuoi, hudng dan ky thuat canh tac giiip ngudi dan xda ddi giam ngheo va dan dan Iam giau tren chinh que huong minh
(2) Cd nhung chinh sach khuyen ndng phii hgp, hd trg ve vay vdn trong thoi gian ban dau