Vi sd khai thde tridt de, nhdn loai da phdi nhin lai va dinh hddng phdt trien ndn kinh td theo hddng mdi - hddng p h i t trien ben vdng vdi ndi dung eo bdn Id khai thdc va sQdyng hpp ly
Trang 159
Bir6c DAU TIM HIEU TINH HQfP LY TRONG TRI THlTC DIA PHlTONG
VE KHAI THAC VA SU^ DUNG TAI NGUYEN
NGUYEN HONG ANH*
I.Datvande
Tai nguyen thien nhidn Id ngudn lae ed
bdn cho sdsinh tdn va phat trien cda loai
ngadi Ve mat cau true chdc nang, eac
nghien cdu da xae djnh cd ba loai tai nguyen
thien nhien ed bdn, dd la t i i nguyen ddt, tdi
nguyen nddc, tai nguyen rdng va da dang
sinh hpc Trong dd, dat la cd s6 hinh thanh
nen sQsdng; ndde quyet djnh den vide duy tri
sa sdng; rdng va da dang sinh hpe ed ^ nghTa
ddc biet ddi vdi sd tdn tai va phat trien xd hdi
loai ngddi vi khi khdng cdn rdng thi dat va
nddc cung khdng edn tdn tai Ve mat g i i trj,
tai nguyen thidn nhien ludn chda ddng hai
loai gia trj: hdu hinh vd vd hinh NhQng gia trj
niy thay ddi theo cic hinh thdi kinh td xa hdi,
td chd tai nguydn thidn nhidn mang gid trj vd
van hda tin ngddng va t i m linh chuydn sang
gid trj kinh te va hidn dang td xu the chuydn
vd gia trj sinh t h i l mdi trddng
Odng trddc nguy cd ngudn tai nguyen
suy kiet, gia tang sd ddi ngheo, keo theo
nhieu he luy ve van hda va xd hpi Vi sd
khai thde tridt de, nhdn loai da phdi nhin lai
va dinh hddng phdt trien ndn kinh td theo
hddng mdi - hddng p h i t trien ben vdng
vdi ndi dung eo bdn Id khai thdc va sQdyng
hpp ly tdi nguyen thien nhidn, chu trpng vdo
ede bidn phdp nhdm bdo tdn va phuc hdi tdi
nguyen thidn nhien tdi tao; ddng thdi, tao
tap lai mdi quan he cdn bdng giQa con ngddi
va mdi trddng t d nhien Bdi "suy cho cung,
con ngddi va he thdng xd hdi la mdt bd phdn
eda t d nhien"
* Vien Khoa hpc xa h§i vung Tmng Bp
Trong sd cd gang van hdi lai mdi quan he hai hda da mat giQa con ngddi v i mdi trddng, loai ngddi da nhdn ra rang, chi cd each dng
x d t h i n thidn vdi thien nhidn mdi tao ra nen kinh td sinh thdi, tang trddng xanh, p h i t trien ben vQng mdi la giii phap de dat dddc muc tidu hai hda dd
Vi the, du trdn quan diem nao chang nda thi theo xu the hien dai, ede edng trinh nghien cQu dang dan di sau de tim ra luin
eQ khoa hpc nham hit hda mdi quan he gida con ngadl vdi thidn nhidn Trong do, mdt thdng didp quan trpng dddc dda ra la, dd
cd dddc mdi quan he hai hda dd can phai: (1) Khai thde va sQ dung hdp ly tai nguydn thidn nhidn; (2) Quan ly tdt tai nguyen thien nhien Ca hai cdng viec trdn ddi hdi ed sd tham gia cua toan xd hdi trong mdi quan he lidn ket: Nhi nddc, Nhi nghidn edu, Nha dau
t d (doanh nghiep) va Nha ndng (cdng ddng)
2 Vdn de khai thdc, suf dung hpp ly tdi nguyen thien nhien
Tai nguyen thien nhien chinh la ngudn ldc t d nhidn dapc con ngddi khai thac de phye vu cudc sdng eda minh Odng thdi, tai nguyen thidn nhidn eung la mdt trong nam ngudn ldc tao lap sinh ke Cac loai tai nguydn nay rat da dang nhang ddu the hien hai chac ndng ed bdn (chde ndng ngudn Ide
va chdc nang mdi trddng) va hai gid trj (gid trj mdi trddng, gia trj kinh td) khic nhau Do
dd, tai nguydn thidn nhien cd tfnh hai mat: mot mat tai nguydn l i ngudn ldc trong phdt trien kinh td - x i hpi (KT-XH), vi the sd giau ed phong phu eua t i i nguydn thidn nhien Id mpt trong nhQng eo sd eua sd phit tridn KT-XH Mat khac, tai nguyen thien nhien edn la mpt
Trang 2cau phan true tigp hoic giin tigp tao ngn mdi
sinh, mdi trudng sdng Do tlnh hai mat nen
tai nguyen dua dgn eho mdi trudng mdt m i u
thuin tiem an: m i u thuan gitta phit trien
kinh tg v i stt can kiet t i i nguygn, suy thoii
mdi trudng Mdt cich tdng quit eo the p h i n
thinh hai loai la t i i nguygn vd han (cd the tai
tao, phuc hdi) va tai nguyen httu han (khdng
thg t i i tao, phuc hdi)
Khai thie v i stt dung (hpp ly) t i i nguygn
thien nhien la mdt trong nhttng ddi tttpng
ctta q u i n ly t i i nguyen thien nhien va b i o ve
mdi trudng d i dupc luit hda khii nigm trong
cic v i n b i n phap luat ve t i i nguygn
Cac n h i ttt nhign khi nghign cttu vg khai
thic va stt dung hpp ly t i i nguygn deu cd
diem xuit phit chung la stt dung tigp can
sinh t h i i nhan van {ca sd einh quan)^ (Lg
Trpng Cue A Terry Rambo, 1995), ndi dung
khai thic va stt dung hpp iy t i i nguyen thg
hien trong td chttc linh thd mpt cieh phu
hpp dg d i m b i o sU sinh tdn v i phat trien ctta
eon ngudi dua trgn stt ket hpp eua cic die
trttng t u nhign, cac digu kign mdi trudng sinh
t h i i iinh thd (Pham Hoing Hal, Nguyen Ngpc
Khanh, 1998), eung vdi mdt ngn van minh hii
hda vdi thien nhign (Vu Tu Lip, 2004), ngn
v i n minh do the hien trinh dp sin xuat, each
thttc ttng xtt vdi ky thuit, cdng cu, each thttc
sinh hoat sin xuit, tri thttc dja phuong.Trong
dd, khai thic va stt dung hpp ly tai nguygn
khdng trgn co sd vdn g i i tri hien ed ctta t i i
nguygn m i tren co sd gia trj gia tang vdn ctta
t i i nguyen nhung ddng thdi phii nam dudi
ngudng chju t i l ctta he sinh thai thi mdi duoc
coi la hpp ly (VACNE, 2005)
Thuyet sinh thdi nhdn vdn la mpt trong
nhttng ly thuygt co b i n trong nghien cttu
khai thie, stt dung hpp iy t i i nguygn thign
nhign Ban d i u , Odum E R eoi he sinh t h i i
bao gdm khdng chi cic sinh v i t sdng trong
dd m i c i cac digu kign t u nhien nhu khi h i u ,
d i t nudc va cic sinh v i t Tat c i iign quan
' Cinh quan duac hieu mpt cdch don gian nhit la d6
la bao gom moi truang tu nhien va lop phu van hoa do
con ngucri tao nen (NHA)
vdi nhau trong mdi tUPng t i c gitta sinh vat
- sinh vat, sinh v i t - mdi trttdng, m i trong
dd eon ngttdi dUpc coi la mpt loii trong he sinh thai ttt nhign, chju su sap xep va tuan theo quy luit van ddng ctta ttt nhign (Odum
E P.,1978) Nhung digu n i y chl dung trong x i hdi nguygn thtty vdi van minh h i i lUpm Khi x i hdi p h i t trien, cd sin xuat, ed nen kinh tg, eon ngttdi ngoai su thich ttng vdi tU nhien, da d i n t i c ddng tdi tU nhign Thuygt sinh thai n h i n v i n coi con ngudi va x i hdi ioai ngudi la mpt hg thdng rieng Nhu thg, neu sinh t h i i hpe nghien cttu ve mdi quan
hg gitta cic sinh v i t (ndi chung gdm e i con ngttdi) va mdi trudng, thi thuygt sinh t h i i hpc n h i n v i n d i t i c h eon ngudi thinh mdt
hg thdng dde l i p dupe gpi la t u - sinh t h i i hpc vdi die tinh ndi bat nhin chung ttt tdn (Georges Olivier, 2002), chtt trpng dgn stt lign kgt gitta he thdng ttt nhign v i he thdng x i hdi trong mdt the thdng nhat, hoin chlnh
Vi thg, sinh thai n h i n v i n la khoa hpc nghign cttu he thdng die bigt, httdng tdi mdi quan
he h i i hda ctta con ngudi va thign nhien de dua ra du bao v i hudng vg tuong lai ctta loii ngudi Oigu nay giup cho con ngudi ly giii dupc tien trinh x i hdi loai ngudl vdl cie lin sdng v i n minh da t i e ddng lam huy digt mdi trudng sinh t h i i , dan tdi m i t ein bang trong quan he vdi mdi trudng sinh thai v i eung vdi
su v i n ddng ndi tai theo ehu ky tU nhign cua
he sinh t h i i da tao ngn nhttng tai bign thign nhign, d chttng mttc n i o dd d i trd thinh nhttng t h i m hpa thign nhign m i hign nay loii ngudi dang phii httng chju
Ket q u i ctta q u i trinh tuong tie gitta hai
he thdng da i i m eho hai he thdng tU sap xep
td chttc trong chlnh npi tai ctta nd dg thleh nghi, thich ttng vdi he thdng kia, de rdi cung tdn tai, cung tign hda va cung phit trign liu bgn - day la chieu thuin ctta stt p h i t trien NgUpe lai, khi hai he thdng khdng the thich ttng, thich nghi vdi nhau, chl can mpt trong hai he thdng suy t h o i i thi khdng chi b i n
t h i n ndi tai ctta mdi hg thdng bj tdn thuong,
m i cdn tao hieu ttng "domino" gay ngn sU tdn thupng liu dai cho he thdng kia trong
Trang 3I 61
qua trinh tdong tde Ndi theo cich cua cdc
nha khoa hpc, dd sd Id "khdi phdt dau ehdm
het cho sp tdn tai cua ft nhdt mpt he thdng
vd gay tdn hai l i u d i i cho he thdng cdn lai"
(Nguyen Thj Phddng Loan, 2012), day la
chidu nghjch cua sd phdt trien Vi the, cic tri
thQc, thdc hanh van hda va sinh t h i i eua cac
cpng ddng ngddi dja phddng ddng mot vai
trd rat Idn trong vide bao ve ben vdng ngudn
tai nguyen, da dang sinh hpc va la co sd eua
sd phdt trien ben vOfing ed ve kinh te va v i n
hda tpc ngadi
Cac nha nghidn cdu khoa hpc xd hdi khi
nghien cQu mdi quan he glQa eon ngadi va
mdi trddng t d nhidn tren quan diem xa hdi
nhin v i n da ddt eon ngddi va hoat ddng
sdng cua con ngddi ta trpng tdm, ndn ngoai
each tiep can sinh thai nhdn van, cdn ed ede
tidp can chuydn nganhva da nganh de tim
eo sd khoa hpe eua vide khai thde va sd dyng
hpp ly tdi nguydn thidn nhien(Hi Huy Thanh,
chu bien, 2001) Do dd, tren quan diem xa
hdi nhdn van, khai thac va sQ dung hpp ly tai
nguydn thidn nhidn la hinh thdc sQ dung vda
dap dng dddc nhu cdu sQ dyng tai nguydn
cua xd hdi hien tai vda dam b i o duy tri lau
d i i ngudn tai nguydn eho ede the he tddng
lai, ed nghia la d i m bao cho chung ta ed mdt
tddng lai an toan va day du
Theo dd, tren khia canh kinh te, khai thac,
sddung tai nguydn thidn nhien ddpe xem la
mdt hoat ddng kinh teva la ndi dung cd ban
cua hoat ddng kinh te; chi sd khai thdc v i sd
dung hpp ly tai nguydn thidn nhidn la mpt
trong nhQng chi sd quan trpng de danh gid
tfnh hieu qud cua hoat ddng kinh te
Tren khia eanh mdi trddng, khai thde v i
sd dyng hpp ly tdi nguyen thien nhidn la
bupc phdi gidm thieu tdn that tdi mde tdi da;
ddng thdi phai dam bdo tinh bdn vQng cua
viec khai thae va sd dung TQc ta, p h i i ed sd
hdi phue, tdi sinh, tdi san xuat ede ngudn tai
nguyen thien nhidn bdi ehung da trd thanh
t d lieu sdn xudt, dddc dat trong he kinhte Do
vdy, khai thdc va sd dyng hdp ly tai nguydn
thidn nhien, bdo vd mdi trddng ed eai gdc la
d kinhte
Tren khfa canh van hda, quan he gida eon ngddi va t d nhien la mdi quan he da chieu, trong do nhdn td ta nhien quyet dinh cic dang thQc van hda v i xa hdi Ipai ngddi Vin hda eua eon ngddi la sd thfch dng vdi t d nhien, sd thfeh dng nay the hien qua hanh vi van hda vdl cac yeu td ky thuat, edng cy, td chde xa hdi, tfn ngddng va satiep bien trong qua trinh tiep xue, giao Idu van hda, va didu niy dd hinh thdnh nen van hda mdi trddng
"Vdn hda mdi trddng la khai nidm ehi tdng the nhQng tri thQc, gia trj, chuan mQc va bieu tapng trong vide khai thie t i l nguydn, dng
xQ vdi mdi trddng cua con ngddi, ddng thdi
la phddng thdc Qng xdvi myc dich phdt trien bdn vdng eda eon ngQdi" (Hi Huy Thinh vd nnk, 2008) Chfnh vi vdy, van hda mdi trddng
va dao ddc sinh thai Id nen tang de khai thac
v i sd dyng hdp ly t i i nguydn thidn nhidn Nhdng, khai thac va sQ dung tai nguydn thidn nhien se khdng hdp ly neu khdng cd chu thd, hay la sd sd hdu t i i nguydn thidn nhidn tren hai chidu canh: khai thic vd sddyng Chu the niy bao gdm chd the sd hdu va chu the khai thde Trong nen kinh td thi trddng, chu
sd hdu phdi trd mdt phan gid trj (tai ehfnh) de
cd ddpc quyen sd hdu tat nguyen thidn nhidn
v i bdn eanh do, ngddi khai thac cung phii trd mdt phan gid trj (tdi chfnh) eho ngddi sd hdu de dddc quyen khai thic va sd dung t i i nguyen thidn nhidn Nhdvay, chu the hda t i i nguydn thidn nhidn la co sd khich quan, dieu kien cd ban de dat vide khai thde va sd dung tai nguydn thien nhien mdt each bdn vdng
To chdc Lidn Hpp Qudc chi ra nguydn tac
"sd dyng hpp ly la tranh lam dung tai nguyen thidn nhien" vdi ede nhidm vu chung la: (1) GiQ mQc khai thac trong pham vi cd the tdi sinh, tdi tao ddpc ddi vdi cdc ngudn tai nguydn phye hdi; (2) Quin If tdt cic ngudn tai nguyen khdng phye hdl, sddung nhdng
ky thuat tien tien de giam hao phi tai nguyen, chdng nan phe thai bda bdi, thay ddi each hoat ddng va tieu dung cua con ngddi de
g i i m bdt sdtidu dung cde ngudn tai nguydn nay; cd phddng p h i p t i i sinh thfeh hdp de
Trang 4quay vdng sd dyng cic ngudn tai nguydn
khdng phuc hdi mot each hidu qua nhat; (3)
Tdn trpng khd ndng chju t i i cua he sinh thai
Tuy rdng, gidi han eudi eung ma ehung ta
cho ring mdi trddng ed the chju dang dapc
thadng khdng the xic djnh mpt each chfnh
xdc, nhang can cd mdt khodng cdch an toan
glQa toan bd tdc dpng cua ehung ta vdi ranh
gidi ma ta ddc tddng la mdi trddng chju ddpe
(UNEP, 1998)
Nam 1968, Hdi nghi do Lien hdp qude to
chde vdi chuydn de"sd dung va bdo vd ede
tai nguydn thidn nhidn" ed 10 bdo cao ehpn
Ipe da tap trung v i o ndi dung khai thdc va sQ
dung hpp ly tdi nguydn dat, nQdc, rdng va da
dang sinh hpc (OOH, 1972) Tai day, cdc n h i
khoa hpe khang djnh:
Dat ddng vai trd quan trpng trong tat ca
cic he sinh thai, dde bidt ddi vdi con ngddi
thdng qua vide sd dung trdc tiep hode g i i n
tiep Caeh khai thdc va sd dung dat ed xda
nhat the hidn trong viec hai Iddm va sin bat,
eao hdn la vide thu hoaeh sin ldpng vat nudi,
cdy trdng Vide phan chia ede khu nudi trdng
chdn thd va trdng trpt vdi t)f Id tdi du gida
cde loai sddung dat khie nhau (dat rdng, dat
trdng trpt, dat chdn nudi ) la hinh thQc khai
thde vd sQ dyng ddt hpp ly eCia eon ngddi
Cung vdi do, l i bdo ve va gia tang dp phi
cua dat thdng qua ky thudt eanh t i c (cay xdi
dat, chpn gidng cdy trdng thfch hdp vdi chat
dat hay ndi eich khde l i ludn canh, xen canh
thay the don gidn mdt loai hd re nay bang
he re khac, tddi tidu, bdn phdn, ti'nh ddn mat
dd cay trdng, thdi gian gieo trdng va thu
hoach ), tao Idp phd thde vat (trdng rdng
va trdng cd phue vu chan nudi) Tren dia ban
midn nui, ndn ndng nghiep ed dp dung ludn
eanh la mot phdong thQc khi hoin thien,
xen eanh hdn giao da tang hoin toan dung,
die biet d cac vung nhiet ddi, nhdng ndi mda
khi quyen khdng dieu hda (Ober G., Punier R,
RoozanoovV., 1977)
Nade can thidt cho mpi dang sdng, ddng
thdi nddc rat nhay eim ddi vdi sd thay doi
eOa mdi trddng t d nhien 6 trong sinh quydn
nddc hoan thanh hang loat chdc ndng quan trpng Trong didu kien ddt dai da dddc bao phu bdi Idp thdc bl ta nhien ram rap va phong phd se tao dieu kidn cho ddt trd
tha-nh tdi gid nddc ed trQ iQdng Idn Chi'tha-nh vl the khai thac va sd dung hpp ly tai nguyen nddc thep Perier Kh X., Dimitrevxki X., Penman Kh L., Zextei K., Nemek Dz., Neix R L, (1977) la:
- Trm nhdng phddng phap sd dyng eie ngudn dd trd dat Co sd kinh td cua viec bien cdc ngudn dQ trQ thupc ve sinh thdi t h i
-nh ddt ddng rudng, bdi chan tha, ndi -nhdn gidng, dat rdng phu hdp vdi didu kien thu nhdn va sd dung nddc, can tao ra hd thdng kdnh mddng, dan ndde, ede cdng trinh thdy lpi de didu hda nddc;
- Cai thien Idp phu thdc vat da dan ten' viec thay ddi cung cap ni/de va thay ddi khi hdu
- Xay ddng cdc be chda trdn mat dat (ho chda, t d nhidn, ho chda nhan tao;
- Bao ve cae mach nadc ngam ed vd trd lddng v i ehdt lddng;
-Tai ehe ndde la bien phap khai thde va sOf dung hpp ly tai nguydn nddc;
- Cdi thidn chat lddng ndde bdng cdng nghe;
- Ndng cao ngudn nhdn tdc qudn ly nddc dcac ndde dang phdt trien
Rdng ddng vai trd quan trpng trong vide gidm ngheo trdn the gidi Cd ba edch de khai thde va sQdyng hdp ly tai nguyen rdng nhdm
g i i m ngheo, trong dd each thde dau tidn Id lam tang g i i trj sdn pham cua rdng, ke do la phan bd lai rdng (quy hoach), lam cho rdng
ed the tiep can dddc (chu the hda rdng), thd
ba la sd chi trd cac djeh vu mdi tradng va sd hddng Ipi g i i n tiep (William D Sunderlin, Arild Angel Sen, Sven Wuder, 2003) Khai thic vd sQ dung hpp ly tai nguyen rdng trddc hdt phy thudc v i o eac hinh thde sddung dat, can quy hoach sddung dat hdp ly: dat trdng rdng, dat ehan tha, dat trdng trpt, eung vdi do l i viec gia tang dp phi cda dat bing ky thuit cdy eay, Ida ehpn gidng eay trdng va phdn bdn Thd hai, sd thay doi can
Trang 563
can nddc Thd ba, day la dieu kidn kha quan
trpng, do la thay ddi quan he sinh vdt, hay
ndi each khde sdluan eanh, sQthay phidn ede
cay trdng va cdc phde hop edy trdng de tao
nen nhQng dien the tdt, ddng nghTa vdi do l i
tao ra sd tich luy vd duy tri he sinh t h i i t d ddi
nay sang ddi khde, cudi cung ta lam phong
phu he thde bi mpt each phu hpp dan tdi sd
can blng,"se rat rCii rp, ndu phdi ngQng luin
canh, khi ma rdng gia da ngdng cung cap sdn
pham, thi trdng edy mdi ed sde de khdng, sQe
tang tradng tdt se la hdu hieu hon sQ dung
rdng gia" (Ellenberg G., Lebren J., 1977) Ddy
la CO sd khoa hpc de thay tinh hpp ly khi tao
ra gid trj gia tang vdn tai nguyen rdng, can
bang sinh thai trong khai thae va sd dung
hdp ly tai nguydn dat, nddc va rdng
TQ nhidu cdch tidp can khde nhau cac
cdng trinh nghien cdu trong va ngoai nddc
dda trdn nhQng each nhin rieng biet mang
tinh rdi rac eua rieng khoa hpe t d nhidn hode
cCia rieng xa hdi n h i n van, ma ehda the giai
quyet triet de van de khai thac va sd dyng
hpp ly t i i nguydn thien nhidn
Ngiy nay, tren quan diem phat tridn, xu
hddng hidn dai da dda cde nha khoa hpc t d
nhien va khoa hpc xa hdi, nhdn van den sd
thdng nhdt trong tiep can Tiep can tdng hpp
mang tinh lidn nganh va da nganh t d nhien
vd x i hpi ma trpng do, tiep can sinh thai
nhan van, sinh thai hpe van hda va tiep can
sinh ke la tiep can chinh, nhd do da xic djnh
ddpe ed sd khoa hpe trong ndi ham khai thac
va sd dung hdp ly tai nguyen thidn nhidn tai
nguyen dat, nddc va rdng gdm:
-Td chdc ldnh thd hpp ly khoa hpc la mot
phan quan trpng cda tfnh hpp iy tren khfa
canh t d nhien Cdc nha khpa hpc ly gidi rdng,
vide thiet ke, td chQc khdng gian la edng ey
de sQ dung hieu qud t i l nguyen thidn nhien,
vl td chQe khdng gian la sQ sip xep, bd trf va
phdi hdp eac ddi tddng i n h hddng lan nhau,
cd quan he qua lai gida ede he thdng sin
xuat, hd thdng t d nhidn va he thdng ddn ed
nhdm sddyng mdt each hpp ly eac tidm ndng
t d nhien, lao ddng, vj trf kinh te xa hpi de dat
hieu qua kinh te cao va ndng cao mQe sdng dan cd eda linh tho do (Xauskin, 1981) hoac vide thidt ke vd quan ty "sdp xdp khdng gian", nghTa la sd pha trpn ed muc dich cua khdng
gian "vit \f va "tinh thdn" nhd la mpt phan
cua viec djnh hinh va td chde cdnh quan (ReneTissen - Frank Lekanne Deprez, 2008)
- Cd ndn van minh h i i hda vdl dieu kien
t d nhien bao gdm ky thuat, each thdc sinh hoat sin xuat, tri thdc dja phddng la mat the hidn tfnh hdp ly trdn khia canh van hda
Sd hai hda gida eon ngddi va thidn nhien tao ndn nen v i n minh trong td ehdc linh thd ma Pierre Gourou (1936) nghidn edu Idi sdng cua ngddi ndng ddn chau thd sdng Hdng (Viet Nam) qua eung eich sinh boat v i sdn xuat, phu hpp vdi mdi trddng t d nhien da nhdn xet:
"NhQng net cd b i n cda dja hinh, khf hiu, thOy vdn, nhd sd chia d eua dat dai ddng bing, nhd tinh that thddng cua khf hdu chf tuydn gid mda, nhd sd hung dd eiia 10 sdng Hdng d i ddn den mdt ndn van minh lua nddc cd ddp
dd va lam thuy ldi, tren rat nhieu thda rudng nhd cd bd bao da the hien mdt nen van minh
dn djnh trong mot sd hai hda ve vat chat va tham mT vdi cde dieu kien td nhidn "
- Cd sd cua khai thic va sQ dyng hpp ly tai nguyen thidn nhidn gdc la d kinh td, nen tang
Id van hda mdi trddng va dao dde sinh thai, dieu kien cd bdn la ehu the hda t i i nguyen thidn nhien D i y la sd the hidn tfnh hpp ly trdn khfa eanh xd hpi
- Khai thdc va sd dung hdp ly t i i nguyen thien nhidn trdn cd sd tao gia trj gia tdng vdn tdi nguydn de he sinh thdi cd du sdc chju tai trddc tdc ddng cua eon ngddi.Taogli trj gia
t i n g la tai sinh va t i i sin xuat t i i nguyen thdng qua cic hoat ddng sinh kd,tddd hinh
t h i n h tri thdc dja phddng mdi phu hpp vdi edng eude phit trien
3 Tri thvTc dja phi/c/ng ve khai thdc vd siit dung hop ly tdi nguyen
Tri thde dja phddng la mpt he thdng hoac the gidi quan hoan chinh bao gdm cac khai niem khong chi ve ten dja phdong dat cho ddng thae vat va eae he phin loai, ma edn
Trang 66 4 I
can hieu biet vd tdn gido, tfn ngddng va Id
nghi, cac khfa canh eua tri thdc b i n dja trddc
do khdng ddde quan tdm trong b i o tdn mdi
trddng (Pam McElwee, 2010), ed the duac
bleu dien he thdng phdc hpp dd bao gdm
"Hieu bidt - Thdc hanh - Nidm tin" (Berkes
Fikret,2012)
He thdng tri thde dja phddng la sd tfeh
hpp tri thdc truydn thdng vdi kidn thdc mdi
hinh thanh va tiep nhdn qua giao Idu, sinh ke
dxa hpi hien dai, trd thinh "tri nhan"cua edng
ddng, ma trong do, tri thde truyen thdng ta
nen tdng v i edt Idi eua tri thdc dja phddng,
ludn tidp bidn va thich Qng vdi sd bien ddi
cua mdi trddng (Pham Quang Hoan, 2003)
Tri thde dja phddng duac biet ddn rdng rai
v i ddpc mde nhidn thda nhdn gid tri Idn trong
thdc tien "la ngudn t i l nguyen quan trpng cd
the hd trd qua trinh phdt trien mdt caeh cd
hieu qud ve mat chi phf, cd sdtham gia bdn
vdng "* (Hansen D O and Erbaugh, 1987;
Vanek E., 1989), la "cd sd cho vide ra quydt
djnh d cap dja phddng trong ndng nghiep,
cham sdc sdc khde, ehuan bj lddng thdc thdc
pham, giio due, qudn ly t i l nguydn thidn
nhidn va la cd sd cho eie hoat dpng khac d
cde edng ddng ndng thdn.";"cd g i i trj khdng
nhQng ddi vdi ndn van hda ma nd hinh thanh
ma nd cdn ed gid trj ddi vdl eie nha khoa hpe
v i nhdng nha lap ke hoaeh dang ed gang
cdi thien cic didu kien tai cie dia phQdng"
(Mundy and Compton, 1991) Do do, thd gidi
da dng hd viec bio tdn va phit huy gia trj
thde tien cua tri thde dja phdong, thda nhin
va khuyen khfch viec dp dung tri thdc dja
phddng trong thde tidn phit trien
Trpng tri thde dja phddng, khai thdc, sd
dung, b i o ve, q u i n ly cde loai tai nguyen
* Nguyen ban tieng Anh "But we are now beginning to
recognize that indigenous knowledge is an important
process in cost-effective, participatory, and sustainable
ways" (NHA)
** Nguyen ban tigng Anh "It is the basis for
local-level decision-making in agriculture, health care, food
preparation, education, natural-resource management,
and a host of other activities in mral communities"
(NHA)
thddng dupc the hidn tren cac mat: (1) nhan
biet, hieu biet ve khdng gian t d nhidn, vd tai nguyen thien nhien, vd vai trd quan trpng cCia tai nguydn thidn nhien trong cude sdng ; (2) ky thudt (phin loai vd each sd dung tai nguydn thien nhien dat, nddc, rdng va da dang sinh hpc); (3) cdng cu va hd thdng canh
t i c ; (4) cdch thdc sinh hpat sdn xuat; (5) tri thQc dja phQdng vd Ijch thdi vu; (6) phddng phip canh tde xen eanh, ludn canh va hdu eanh; (7) tfn ngddng, t i m linh lien quan tdi dat, ndde, rdng eua cdc tdc ngddi va nhin nhdn trdn quan diem p h i t trien; (8) thiet ehe
xa hdi va nhdng tap qudn phdp
Cde nha nghidn cQu deu chung y kien ring tri thQc dja phQdng cd the mang tfnh hda ddng, bd trp hoac the hien tfnh tddng phdn, khac biet vdi "tri thdc ban lim'|"tri thdc
khoa hpc"ve sd hpp !y trdn ede didm (bdng 1)
Mac du vay, nghidn cdu tri thdc ede tde ngddi eho thay, du d bat ky vdng sinh thai
n i o eung ddu cd nhdng diem gidng nhau
Dd l i nhQng diem hdp ly trong khai thie va
sd dyng tdi nguyen dat, ndde va rdng: Diem thd nhat, do la nhQng nhan thdc
vd khdng gian ed tru va viec phan ehia khu vQc sdng, ndi thd cung chung, khu vde trong trpt, bai chdn nudi trong khdng gian sinh tdn eua edng ddng
Diem thd hai la he thdng thdc hanh van hda (cich thdc dng xd) phu hdp vdi didu kien
t d nhidn (dja hinh, thd nhddng, khf hau ndi edtru) Diem nay bao gdm ky thudt phin loai va each sddyng t i i nguydn thien nhien dat, nddc, rdng va da dang sinh hpe; cdng
cu va he thdng canh tac, each thdc sinh hpat sdn xuat, tri thde ve thdi tiet va ndng Ijch, phddng phap canh tde xen canh, ludn canh
va hau canh, chan nudi taong thfch vdi mdi trddng sinh thai ay Tat ed nhQng eai do nhdm ddm bdo cho sd sinh tdn va sd d i p t r i eua eon ngddi trdde nhdng thach thdc cua mdi trddng sdng
Ddi vdi tai nguyen dat, thddng phan chia thanh nhidu loai theo ehdt dat, theo dia hinh, theo mue dieh sd dung, phdong thdc canh
Trang 7I 6 5 B&ng 1 NhuTng khdc bidt giura tri thufc ^ a phucftig va tri thuTc khoa hoc TVi thuc dia phutfng
TruySn mi?ng la chd yeu
Dugc tiep thu thdng qua quan sat va th\rc hanh
dua tren kinh nghiem
Mang tinh tdng the
Mang tinh true giac
Dinh tinh
Dupc tao ra bdi ngudi su dung tai nguyen
(dupc chia se)
Lich dai
Moi trudng la mpt phan cua xa hpi/ tim linh
La kinh nghiem tap the duac tich luy
Tri thirc khoa h9C
Truyen lai qua tai lieu viet Duac day va hpc nhu cdc khdi niem trim tupng
Mang tinh gian hoa Mang tinh phan tich va trihi tupng Dinh lupng
Dupc tao ra bdi chuyen gia (mang tinh dpc quy§n)
Dong d^i Mang tinh dang cap va each bi?t hda
Co cac ly thuyet va cac quy luat chung
Ngudn: Gemot Brodnig and Viktor Mayer-Schdnberger (2000)
tic va tQ do cd ky thuat khai thde va sQ
dung gidng cay trdng phu hpp
Ddi vdi t i i nguyen nddc, phdn khu vde
nddc dau ngudn de Iam npi thd cdng, nhij^g
tfn ngddng tam linh ve nddc vdi nhdng Id
eung Id edu, ede ky thuat khai thde va sd
dung
Odi vdi tdi nguyen rdng, dd la phdn loai
rdng de cd ddOe eac sdn vat can thiet, l i kinh
nghiem nhdn bidt va phdn loai ddng thae
vit, ljeh khai thac va edeh sd dung trong
cudc sdng (an, mac, d, chQa benh )
Oiem thd ba, thidt ehe truydn thdng, luit
tye va each thQc sd hQu cua cdng ddng vd dat
dai, tai nguyen da ddng gdp vai trd tich cdc
cua nd ddi vdi vide bdo vd mdi trddng va viec
khai thdc hpp ly cde ngudn tai nguyen ndi trdn
Ludt tuc (tap qudn phdp) ddpc eoi la "kho
tang tri thdc b i n dja", tinh tich cac eua cac
quy adc, phong tyc tap qudn ddng vai trd
quan trpng, la ndn tang de khai thac va sd
dung hop ly' tai nguyen thidn nhidn
Mdi quan he cd nhin va cdng ddng trong
sd hiJfu tai nguyen thidn nhidn la cd sd khach
quan tao nen sd hdp ly va bdn vdng (chu the
hda tdi nguyen thien nhien)
Diem t h d t d , mdi trddng la mdt phan eua
xd hpi, tin ngddng, tam linh (nidm tin) Tfn
ngddng va tdm linh dd ehi phdi hpat dpng
khai thde va sd dung hdp ly tai nguydn ddt, ndde, rdng; bao ve mdi trddng sdng, tao ndn vdn hda mdi trddng va dao ddc sinh thai cua
ca nhan va edng ddng
Diem thd nam, khai thdc va sQ dung hop
ly tai nguydn thidn nhien cd gdc la d kinh te,
do viy tri thdc truydn thdng dddc hinh thdnh trong qud trinh sinh tdn, tri thdc mdi eung se hinh t h i n h qua sinh ke trong qua tnnh phdt tridn Tdedc hoat ddng sinh kd, nhieu tri thde mdi dddc hinh thanh va trd thanh "tri nhdn" cCia ngddi dan va cdng ddng
4 Bdn luan
Cic ket q u i nghidn cdu ddu chl ra rang, tri thdc dja phddng cd vai trd quan trpng trong sinh tdn va phit trien xa hpi Trong van hda truydn thdng, sinh ke cua edng ddng la ndn kinh te sinh thai, mdi quan he hai hda vdi t d nhien, nhdng trong xd hdi hidn dai, khi ngudn tai nguyen d i can kiet, cin t i i lap can bang lai mdi quan he gida sinh ke vdi t i i nguyen bdng chu trinh mdi: dung vdn tai nguydn thien nhien de tao lap sinh kd, dung sinh kd
de tdi sdn xuat tdi nguyen thien nhidn, lam gia tang gia trj tai nguyen thidn nhidn Khi tai nguyen ddpc gia tang, ehi khai thae va sd dung mpt phan nham:(1) ddm b i o ngddng chju tdi he sinh thai (khong lam ton hai tdi he
Trang 86 6 I
sinh thdi); ddng thdi de (2) dap dng nhu cdu
sinh tdn (xda ddi giim ngheo) va phat trien
(gdc Id d kinh td); (3) mdt phan dda vao tidt
kiem (danh lai eho ddi sau) Day ehinh l i mdt
trong nhdng nguyen t i c cua khoa hpc ve sd
hpp ly trong khai thac vd sd dung tdi nguyen
thidn nhidn
Vdy cd sd de sinh ke bdn vdng ehinh la
dda vdo cpng ddng, didu do ddpe hieu vdi y
nghTa: (1) hp l i ehd the; (2) dda vao tri thdc
dja phddng cOa cpng ddng; (3) van dung
nhdng diem hpp ly trpng khai thac va sd
dyng t i i nguyen thidn nhidn eda he thdng
tri thdc do trong bdi cinh phit trien mdi ben
vdng (hinh 1)
mdt vd "ddt gay" van hda va tri thdc truyen thdng, ndng ne hon la nguy cd tiem an vd xung dot xd h d l
(2) Gidi phdp qudn ly tai nguyen dda vio edng ddng hoae ddng qudn ly, tren khia eanh nao do, chinh la vdn de chu the hda t i i nguyen thidn nhien khdng phdi tren binh dien cd nhan ma la trdn binh dien tap the
Dd thdc chat td xa hdl hda cdng tac bdo tdn tai nguyen thidn nhien gdn lien vdi sinh kd cdng ddng Ydu td tich cdc trong thidt chd truyen thdng, ludt tye vd sd hQu vd rdng, dat
va nddc cd the lam dung hda giQa chinh sdch eda Nha nddc vdi Ipi ich cua edng ddng ^ a phddng Nhidu bdi hpc that bai ddde rut ra
M $ t stf DKuyCn I f cda tri thurc t r u y t n t h & i g dirg'C v^n dyng trong n ^ hAm mM
T i l s i n x u A
Sinh ke
Tri thdrc truySn
thtfng vS khai
thicvA sfrd^ng { • i — ^ j^ J
Nv Trr thu-c ]y^
^ cflng '
Trithdrc m d i v l
khai thdc v^ sir
dvns
c9ng
Hinh / Moi quan he sinh kim von tdi nguyin thien nhiin
Cd nhttng digm tttong ddng gitta khoa
hpe ve sU hpp ly trong khai thic v i stt dung
t i i nguygn thign nhign tdn tai trong hg thdng
tri thttc dja phuong (bdng 2)
-Thuc tign p h i t trien cho thay:
(1) Hg thdng ehinh sich nhtt: chinh sich
bio tdn da dang sinh hpc, ehinh sach d i t
dai, d i tieh cdng ddng ra khdi khdng gian
sinh tdn t u nhign - v i n hda ctta hp, i i m han
che vige tiep can vdi t u ligu sin xuit tU nhien,
dan tdi thay ddi tap q u i n sin xuat truygn
thdng, hg q u i tat ygu l i ddi ngheo Bay la
mdt trong nhttng nguyen nhin giy ra mai
do khiem khuygt ttt q u i trinh quan ly va thue hign Dd la vige ngudi d i n khdng hieu rd luit, ngudi q u i n ly thi hieu bigt ehua diy dtt hoic hieu chua dttng ve phong tuc, t i p quan
v i luit tuc ctta cdng ddng d dja phuong Do
dd, d i y l i co sd de tao nen nhttng giii phip
q u i n ly dua vao edng ddng hoie ddng quin
ly, trgn khia canh chinh l i van de chtt thg hda
t i i nguygn thign nhien khdng p h i i trgn blnh dien c i nhin, m i i i trgn blnh dien tap the Thue chit ctta giii p h i p q u i n iy t i i nguygn thign nhien dua v i o cpng ddng i i vigc x i hdi hda edng t i c b i o ve, b i o tdn va p h i t trign
Trang 967
Bang 2 NhuTng tiTcmg dong ve sU htfp iy cua tri thuTc dja phiTcmg va tri thCic khoa hoc
TVi thiTc khoa hoc
T6 chuc lanh tho hpp ly, khoa hpc de nham
dam bao khong gian song, san xuat va bao ve
moi tradng
Cd nen van minh hai hoa vdi dieu kifn t\r
nhien bao gom ky thuat, each thiic sinh hoat
san xuat, tri thdc dia phuong
Nha nudc va cac quy dinh trong Luat ve khai
thac va su dung hpp ly tai nguyen Dieu kien
CO ban la chu the hda tai nguyen thien nhien
Nen tang la van hda moi tradng va dao due
sinh thai
Khai thac va six dung hop ly tai nguyen thien
nhien tren co sd tao gia tri gia tang von tai
nguyen (tai sinh va tai san xuat tai nguyen)
- Gdc la d kinh te
Tri thvc dia phu-omg Tri thuc ve quy hoach khong gian cu tni Quy dinh cac khu vuc sdng, khu san xuat, khu chan tha, khu thd ciing chung ciia cpng ddng,
La h? thong thuc hanh van hda phu hpp vdi dieu kien tu nhien (dia hinh, tho nhuang, khi hau nai cu tni), bao gdm each phdn loai tai nguySn, cong cu, ky thuat khai thac vd su dung
Yeu to tich cue trong thiet che tmyen thdng
va luat tuc ve riing, dat va nudc Moi quan he giiia ca nhan va cpng dong trong sd hiiu tai nguyen
Moi tradng la mpt phan ciia xa hpi, tin ngudng, tam linh (niem tin) Tin ngudng va tam linh
da chi phdi hoat dpng khai thac va su dung hpp ly tai nguyen dat, nudc, rimg; bao ve mdi tradng song, tao nen van hoa moi tradng va d^o diic sinh thai ciia ca nhan va cpng dong Tao lap sinh ke (goc d kinh te), tai san xuat tai nguyen, hinh thanh tri thiic mdi va van dung tri thiic trayen thong trong npi ham mdi, thich ung vdi boi canh mdi
t i i nguydn thidn nhidn gan vdi sinh kd cua
cdng ddng
(3) Tfnh tfch cde eda ludt tuc la sd quy
djnh chat ehe tdi tdng ddi tddng, tdng hanh
vi nhd nhat, trong mdt dja b i n cu the (budn
ling) mang tfnh die thu (Id lang), da giup
cho con ngddi t d kiem sodt duac hanh vi
bdi da t d y thdc duac hdnh vi cua minh (dao
ddc) Trong khi do, ludt phap cua Nha nddc
quy djnh mang tfnh djnh hddng d t i m vT md
(phdp nddc) ed the dp dung ehung cho cde
cdng ddng xen cd va cdng ed, noi ma ludt
tuc khdng the thde hien dapc Vide ket hpp
hai hda giQa tri thdc dja phdong (luat tyc)
vdi ludt phdp dd la giii phdp hieu q u i trong
nhidu ddan, Idm cdsd thdc tien khuyen nghi
vide didu chinh ehfnh sdch cua nha nddc
S Ket ludn
Trong bdi canh hdl nhdp va phdt trien, ede td chde NGO, cic da an nghien cdu phdt trien dd chu trpng nghidn edu dng dyng tri thdc dja phddng va luat tue vao vide khai thac, qudn ly tai nguydn thien nhidn (Trung
t i m Nghien cdu Tai nguyen va Mdi tradng (CRES), 2004) Da cd nhdng b i i hpc va nhQng kien nghj dddc rut ra trong qud trinh nghien cdu thdc tidn, nhdng bat cap, nhQng mdu thuan, khd khan, thdch thde vd kem hieu qua glQa chinh sdeh, luit cua nha ndde va phong tuc, tap q u i n cua ngddi ddn.Tddd, van dung cdc tri thdc ve luit tuc ed truyen vao viec bdo
ve mdi trddng va quan ly ed hidu qud vide khai thae eie ngudn tai nguydn thien nhidn, nhat la trong cdng tde giao dat, giao rdng hidn nay d cac dan tde mien nui (Trung tdm
Trang 10Khoa hpe X i hpi v i Nhin v i n Qudc gia, 2000)
Vige kgt hpp hai hda gitta tri thttc dja phUPng
vdi l u i t phap d i la g i i i p h i p hieu q u i trong
nhieu du i n , l i m cP sd thttc tien khuygn nghi
vige digu ehinh chlnh sich trong giai doan
hign nay
TAILIEUTHAMKHAO
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Third edition, Taylor and Francis Publisher,
New York and London
2 Lg Trpng Cue A Terry Rambo (1995),
Mgt so vdn di sinh thdi nhdn vdn vdphdt trien
dVlitNam, Nxb Ndng nghigp, H i Ndi
3 Ellenberg G., Lebren J (1977), Thuc bi tU
nhien vd nhitng phuang thdc thay doi nd desif
dung ddt hop /y, Nxb Tign bd, Matxeova
4 Georges Olivier (2002), Sinh thdi hgc
Nhdn vdn, Nxb Thg gidi H i Ndi
5 Pham Hoing Hii, Nguygn Ngpe Khinh
(1998),"Quy hoaeh v i td chttc linh tiid trgn co
sd nghign cttu, dinh g i i cinh quan" Tgp chi
cdc Khga hgc ve Trdi Ddt, tap 20 (2), tr 81 -85
6 Pham Quang Hoan (2003), Tri thirc dia
phuang cua cdc ddn tdc thiiu so d Viet Nam,
Dan tpc hpc Vigt Nam thg ky XX va nhttng
nam dau thg k^ XXI, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdl, tr
83-107, H i NPL
7 Vu TU Lip (2004), SUphdt triin cua khoa
hoc dia ly trong the k^ XX, Nxb Giao due
H i Ndi
8 NguyenThj Phttong Loan (2012), Nghiin
cdu tiip can sinh thdi nhdn vdn vdo ddnh gid
tinh ben vdng cua viec phdt trien nuoi tdm
tgi vung nudi tdp trung ven bien huyen Nghia
HUng, tinh Nam Dinh, Luin an tign sT khoa
hpc IVldl trttdng H i Ndi
9 Ober G., Punier R, Roozanoov V (1977),
B i t va viec gitt gin dp phi ctta nd, cac n h i n
td i n h hudng den vige sttdung d i t , Nxb Tien
bd, Matxeova
10 Odum E P (1978), Casdsinh thdi hoc,
tap 1, Ngttdi djch Pham Blnh Quygn, Nxb Bai
hpc va Trung hpc chuygn nghiep Ha Npi
11 OOH (1977), Stt dung va b i o vg cic
t i i nguygn thign nhign (HcnonbaoBaHMewo
xpaHanpkipoAHbixpecypcoB HsflarenbCTBO
"Dporpecc"), Ngudl djch: D i o Trpng Nang, Nguyen Kim Chuong, Nxb Khoa hpc Ky thuat,
H i Ndi
12 Pam McElwee (2010), Viit Nam cd Vi
thdc bdn dja" khdng? Hiin dai vd ddng thai cua truyin thong d Viit Nam Nhiing cdch tiip can nhdn hgc, Quyen 1, Ngudi djch: Vu Thi
Digu Huong, Nxb Dai hpe Qudc gia thanh phd Hd Chl Minh, tr 1-27
13 Pierre Gourou (1936), Les paysansdu
Delta tonkinois: Etude degeographlehumaine,
Paris: Les £d d'art et d'histoire
13 Perier Kh X., Dimitrevxki X., Penman
Kh L, Zextei K., Nemek Dz., Neix R L, (1977),
Nhifng vdn di vi cdc nguon dtt trif nUdc: Nhu cdu hien tgi vd tuang lai cua ddi song, Nxb
Tign bd, Matxeova
14 H i Huy Thinh (chtt bign, 2008), Qudn
iy Nhd nudc vi tdi nguyin vd mdi trudng, Nxb
Khoa hpc x i hdi Ha Ndi
15 Ha Huy Thinh (ehu bign, 2001), Mdtsd
vdn de xd hgi vd nhdn vdn trang viic sit dung hgp ly tdi nguyen vd bdo ve mdi trudng d Viet Nam, Nxb Chlnh trj Qudc gia Ha Ndi
16 Trung t i m Nghign cttu Tii nguygn va
Mdi trttdng (CRES) (2004), Qudn iy vd Phdt
triin ben vitng tdi nguyen mien nui, Ky yeu hdi
t h i o khoa hpe H i Npi
17 Trung tam Khoa hpc X i hdi v i Nhan
v i n Qudc gia (2000), tupt tuc vd Phdt trien
Ndng thdn hiin nay d Viet Nam, Ky ygu hpi
t h i o khoa hpe, Nxb Chi'nh trj Qudc gia Ha Ndi
18 UNEP (1998), Hdy citu Idy trdi ddt, Nxb
Khoa hpc Ky thuat H i Ndi
19 VACNE (2005), Cdc biin phdp suf dung
hgp If ddt tai, Nxb Ndng nghiep H i NpL
20 William D Sunderiin, Arild Angel
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