La mpt phan liru ciia song Hong, sflng Day nhan nudc ciia song Hflng d dia phan Ha Npi giua huydn Phiic Thp va huydn Dan Phuang.. Nhimg gid day Sflng Tfl Lich la noi tiep nhan chinh nudc
Trang 1CO s d KHOA HOC CHO DINH HlTonVG SU^ DUNG HOP LY
VA BAO VE MOI TRl/OfNG HE THONG SONG NGOI VA
HO NirdC THANH PHO HA N p i
BANG VAN BAO, NGITYEN HIEU, DANG KEVH BAC, PH^iM THI PHI/ONG NGA, GIANG TUAN LINH '
C6ng trinh niiy &u<?c hodn thinh trong khuon kho de tai trong diem cap DHQGHN ma so QGT012.05 Tom tdt: He thong cac ho nuofc va song ngoi dong vai tro quan trong trong phat trien Icinh tl
-xa hpi va bao v? moi truang cua thanh pho Ha Noi Kit qua th6ng Ice cho thiy Ha Npi co Ichoang 111 ho, bao gom ca cac ho d npi va ngoai thanh, vai tong dien tich mat nuoc kho^g
2180 ha, dupe phan loai thanh cac nhom ho tir nhien va ho h^ nhien - nhan sinh Dua tren viec phan tich chijrc nang cua cac ho nuac va song ngoi, da xac lap dupe 12 khong gian chijra h6
nuoc va song ngoi cua Ha Npi vai cac dinh hucmg sir dung ben viing khae nhau, trong do co cac
khong gian bao ton nghiem ngat cac he sinh thai, cac khong gian quan ly tich cue moi truang,
cac khong gian bao ve canh quan va cac he sinh thai, cac khong gian phat trien hanh lang xanh,
va cac khong gian phat trien than thien vai moi truang
SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR ORIENTATION OF RATIONAL USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION OF RIVER SYSTEMS AND LAKES IN HANOI
Attract: System of lakes and rivers plays an important role in socio-economic development and
enviroiunental protection of Hanoi The result of statistic show that Hanoi has about-111 lakes, including lakes in the city and metropolitan, with a total water surface area of about 2180 hectares classified into groups of natural lakes and natural lakes - human Based on the analysis
of functional classification of the lakes and rivers, 12 spaces containing lakes and rivers of Hanoi with the orientation of different sustainable use were established, including spaces of; strict protection of ecosystems, active management of environment, protection of landscapes and ecosystems, development of green corridors, and eco-friendly development
Keywords: rivers - lakes, multi - purpose, sustainable use, Hanoi
1 Gi*i thi$u ngoi Cflng nhan thay rang cho tai nay, nhiSu H6 nuoc va song ngoi la nhflng th\rc thS tu cong trinh nghien cuu ve ho nuac va song nhien hoae tu nhien - nhan sinh, la nhung ngoi thuong mang tinh don nganh, trong do
dang tai nguyen quy gia bai no dem den cho cac nghien ciiu vi dieu ki?n thuy vaii, tai
con nguai lgi ich tu nhilu mat khae nhau nguyen nuac; ve tai nguyen sinh vat, ve dia Cac h6 nuoc tao canh quan moi trudng, dilu ly tu nhien cua cac hd nuoc, song ngoi cfing hoa khong khi, phuc vu muc dich du lich, thi da duac quan tam nghien cilu, song chua thao duoi nudc, nghien ciiu khoa hpc va hpc ddng bp Ngoai huong nghien cflu thuy van tip; chua va dilu tiet nuac; cung cip nuoc va tai nguyen nudc dupe xem la cot loi cua sinh boat va san xuat; cung cip nguSn Ipi ca sd khoa hpc ve ho nudc - song ngoi, cac thuy san (tu nhien hojc nuoi trdng) hd nudc va song ngdi cung duac su quan tam
Da cd nhilu cong trinh nghien cuu ca vl ly cua cac nha dia chit, dia mao vi tram tich thuyet va thuc tien lien quan vdi dac dilm sdng, hd phan anh su thay doi cua moi trudng hinh thanh, phan bd va dinh hudng khai thac, tram tich theo khdng gian va thdi gian Cac sfl dung bin vihig h? thong hd nudc va sdng nghien cflu thuc te cho thay su bien doi theo
• e j n g van B4o Nguyin Hilu, B^ng Kinh Bic, Pham Thi Phuang Nga, Giang Tu^n Unh
Tmong Bui hgc Khoa lipc Tif nhien, DHQG Hit N0i ^ j
Trang 2thdi gian va khdng gian cua trim tich sdng,
hd va lien quan vdi chung la cac dieu kien cd
dia mao, cd khi hau Hen quan chat che vdi
qua trinh hinh thanh, phat triln va xu hudng
bien dpng cua he thdng sdng, hd - mdt trong
nhflng ca sd khoa hpc het sflc quan trpng cho
quy hoach su dung bin vflng chung
Cac hd thuy ipi ddng vai trd het sflc quan
trpng trong phat trien ben vung Trong nhung
nam trudc day, tai nhieu nudc tren the gidi va
d Viet Nam, cac hd thfly Ipti (HTL) dupe xay
dung chfl yeu phuc vu tudi, tieu Tuy nhien,
ddng thoi vdi sy phat triln kinh te - xa hpi va
dac biet la nh|in thflc va nhu cau cfla con
ngudi, he thdng thuy Ipi ndi chung va h^
thiiy loi dupe xac dinh la da chflc nang hay
da muc tieu
Cac ket qua nghien cuu d nhilu qudc gia
trin thi gidi da cho thiy rd hieu qua HTL
phuc vu da muc tieu Cac he thdng thuy Ipi
da cung cap nudc va tieu thoat nudc cho
nhieu ddi tupng khae ben canh nhiem vu
chinh la tudi, tieu nudc cho cay trdng Cu thi
vai trd phuc vy da miic tieu cua cac HTL
gom cac linh vue sau: i) Cung cip nude tudi
va tieu thoat nudc cho cay trdng ndng - lam
nghi$p; ii) Ket hpp cung cip nude sinh boat;
iii) Nudi trdng thuy san va thuy cim; iv) Kit
hpp cdp nude cho chan nudi; v) Ket hpp cung
cap nudc cho cdng nghiep va dieh vu d ndng
thdn; vi) Ket hop cung cap nudc cho thuy
difn va giao thdng thuy; vii) Tac ddng tich
eye den mdi trudng, chu trinh thuy van va eai
thi$n tieu khi hau, bd simg ngudn nudc
ngam, lam sach nudc cua eac he thdng thuy
Ipi; viii) Bao tdn da dang sinh hpc nhd cac
HTL; ix) Gia trj du lich sinh thai va giai hi
cua cac he thdng thuy Ipi (Bui Hien, 2010)
Ddng thdi vdi thuat ngu "hd da muc tieu",
trong nhflng nam gin day tren thi gidi va d
Vi§t Nam cdn sfl dung khai niem hS sinh Ihdi
(Ecological lake) Hd smh thai la hd chfla
nudc mang diy du dac frung, tinh chat va
tieu chuan cua mdt hd vua du s?ich nhung lai
ddng vai trd rit quan trpng trong he sinh thdi
tv nhien, mang din cac loi ich to ldn cho
cupc sdng con ngudi nhu cung cap nudc sinh hoat va san xuat, tudi tieu va nudi trdng thfly san, ngoai ra cdn la noi nghi dudng va du lich sinh thai, cai tao tieu khi hau, bao ve da dang sinh hpc va mdi trudng trong lim vuc hd (Le Sam, NguySn Van Lin, Nguyin Binh Vugng, 2010)
Vdn de phdt trien ben vimg doi vdi cdc khu vuc song - ho ciing dupe eac nha khoa
hpc the gidi quan tam Trong chuong trinh nghien cflu va dao tao ve Phyc hdi hp sinh thai cua Trudng dai hpc Madrid, Tay Ban Nha da cd rieng ve hudng phuc hdi he sinh thai lien quan vdi bien ddi cac long" sdng Brookers, A.J and Shields, F.D, 1966 cflng
da cdng bd cdng trinh "River Channel
Restoration: Guidinh Principles for Sustainable ProJets^\
La mdt thanh phd sdng nudc, he thdng sdng hd ddng vai trd het sflc quan trpng Uong phat trien kinh te - xa hpi va bao ve mdi trudng cfla thanh phd Ha Npi Tuy nhien, dflng trudc xu hudng cdng nghiep hda va hien dai hda thi hang loat vin dl dang d^t ra gifla kiln true dd thi va mdi trudng Ha Npi
md rpng va se hien dai horn, nhung sdng hd thi ngay cang bi san lip, thu hep va d nhiem
han (Dio Binh Bic, BJng Van Bio, 2010)
Theo thdng ke chua that diy dii, Men nay
Ha Ndi cd khoang 110 hd, bao gdm ca cac hd
d thanh phd va ndi thanh, vdi tdng dien tich mat nudc khoang 2.180 ha Cd 24 hd ldn hong ndi thanh vdi dien tieh khoang 765 ha, trong dd Hd Tay cd dien tieh ldn nhit (516ha) va tilp la ho Lmh Dam; dp sau hung bmh cfla cac hd tfl 1,5 din 3,5m (P.N.Dang and T.H.Hue, 1995)
Nghien ciiu xac l|p co sd khoa hpc dl phat triln bin vflng he thdng sdng ngdi, hd, dam liy Ha Npi la mpt trong vin dl khd, bdi
vi Ha Npi cd tdc dp dd thj hda rit nhanh, djc bi|t la tfl nhutig nam cudi thi ky XX din nay Mdi hd nudc d Ha Ndi deu cd nguon gdc va qua trinh phat trien khae nhau, va do vay xu hudng bien ddng ve quy md cung nhu chit lupng mdi trudng cCmg khae nhau Dd la co
sd khoa hpc cho cdng tac quan ly tai nguyen
12
Trang 3va moi truong cac h6 niroc Cac ho nuac co
nguon goc song thuang dugc iien he voi
nhau theo tuyen, la cac long song co Nghien
curu moi lien he nay se la ca sa cho viec quy
hoach phat triln do thi, tren ca sof phat hien
quy luat phan bo cac tSng dat yeu, phong
tranh nguy co ngap lut, sut \d dat
2 Cac nhan to anh huvng tdi qua trinh phat
trien cua hS thong song - bh Ha Noi
2.1 Cau triic dia chdt, tdn kiin t^o
Cac nghien cuu Iy thuyet va thirc td diu
thSng nhit danh gia cau true dia chdt - tan
kien tao co' y nghia dac biet doi voi su dinh
hu6ng cac dong chay va h6 nuac Da c6 nhit
cua Ha Ngi la cac thanh tao biln chat thupc
phiic he Nui Con Voi tuoi Proterozoi, phan
b6 thanh ddi tir Son Tay den Thach Thit Cac
thanh tao tuoi Triat la thanh phan chu yeu ciu
t?o nen cac kh6i niii os phia Tay Ha Noi
Tram tich Miocen he tang Phan Luang la vat
chit chinh ciu tgo nen day h6 Suoi Hai Cac
thanh tgo hat tho nhu cuoi soi thuoc he ting
Ha Noi tuoi Plelstocen giiia - muon cau tao
nen cac bac them cao 2 0 - 3 0 kha pho bien,
chiing ciing tgo nen Icrp phu a day dflng bing
vai dp sau tir 20 - 50, la tang chiia nuac
ngam quan trpng cua Ha Npi (Vu van Phdi va
nnk, 2011) Cac thanh tgo tuoi Pleistocen
muon - Holocen la tram tich mem bcr, song
suoi CO the xam thuc de dang va tgo nen cac
khiic uon long song va ho mong ngy:a
Hau nhu cac dong song, ca tren mien niii
va dong bang deu dugc ke thira tir cac diit
gay kien tgo Tren phgm vi dflng bang Ha
Npi, song Hong, sflng Day, song Nhue,
dupe hinh thanh, phat trien dpc cac diit gay
kien tao trong thai gian lau dai va ciing da
timg trai qua nhieu dpt nang ha, bien doi dia
hinh lan trong qua khii
2.2 Bia hinh vd qud trmh dia mqo
v l khai quat, dja hinh thanh phfl Ha Nfli
CO huong nghieng tir Bac xuflng Nam va tir
Tay sang Dflng, phu hop voi be day tang din
cua cac thanh tgo bo roi tuoi D$ Tii Dia hinh
mii chilm di?n tich nho o phia Tay Bic, Tay
va Tay Nam thanh phfl Dia hinh dflng bing
phan bfl a trung tam Chuyin tilp giiJa hai nhom dia hinh tren la be mat go dfli trung du
Dia hinh ddng bang chiim dien tich Ion
nhat cua thanh pho Ha Npi, phan bfl o cac huyen Hoai Dire, Quflc Oai, Tir Liem, Thanh Tri, Gia Lam, cac quan npi thanh va cr huyen Dong Anh Dp cao cua bl mat dia hinh nay dgt tir 4-5 den 8-15 met so voi muc nuac bien hien nay Nhin dgi the, dia hinh dflng bing tuang dfli bang phang, tren do phan bfl cac dai triing co nuac thuong xuyen (song, ho) hoae khfl Nhieu dai trung, nguyen la diu vit cac long sflng cfl Nam ben cgnh cac dai trung thuang la cac dai dit cao dgng con trach, noi cu tni ciia nguai dan lau idoi nhat cua viing dat nay Do chinh la cac go cao ven long song, mpt trong cac diu hieu dl nhan dang cac long song co B I mat dia hinh dflng bang hien nay bi chia cat mgnh bai cac he thflng sflng, kenh muong va de dap So voi truac day, hien nay be mat dia hinh dflng bang cua Ha Nfli da bi bien dfli rit nhieu do tac dpng cua con nguai Qua trinh dia mao chiem im the hien nay la rira troi be mgt, xoi
la ba, tich tu do sflng duai tac dflng ciia ca cac nhan to dia mao tu nhien va lan hogt dpng cua con nguai
2.3 Dieu kien khi hdu
Khi hau Ha Nfli tieu bieu cho viing Bic
Bp voi dac diem cua khi hgu nhiet doi gio miia am, mua he nong, mua nhieu va miia dflng lanh, it mua Thupc vimg nhiet doi, thanh phfl quanh nam tiep nhan lupng biic xa Mat Trai rat doi dao va co nhiet dp cao Va
do tac dpng cua bien Ha Npi co dp am va lupng mua kha Ion, trung binh 114 ngay mua mpt nam Mot dac diem ro net ciia khi hau
Ha Npi la sir thay dfli va khae biet cua hai miia nong, Ignh Mua nong keo dai tir tiiang 5 toi thang 9, kem theo mua nhieu, nhiet dp trung binh 29,2°C Tir thang 11 toi thang 3 nam sau la khi hau cua miia dong voi nhi^t
dp trung binh 15,2 **C Cung voi hai thoi ky chuyen tiep vao thang 4 va thang 10, thanh pho CO du bon miia xuan, hg, thu va dong
13
Trang 42.4 Cdc hoat dgng nhdn sinh
Mpt trong nhung tac dflng Icm nhit ciia
con i^;uoi o vimg dat Ha Nfli la viec dap de
va xay dung thanh luy Cac tac dong cua con
nguoi din tv nhien a vimg Ha Npi thiy ro net
nhit la tir sau Cong nguyen din nay Do la
vi?c xay dung thanh Dai La, cai tao viing dat
thip Of dflng bing vao Thien nien ky thii nhat
sau Cflng nguyen Cflng viec tu bo h? thong
de cu va dap cac de mai dflng thai dao kenh
dan nuac duoc dgc bi?t quan tam tir sau khi
hoa binh lap lai (1954) Co thi noi, he thong
de dilu a Ha Nfli noi rieng va dflng bang Bac
Bfl noi chung la mpt cflng trmh mang tinh
van hoa - nhan van rat Ion the hien tinh than
mfl nuflc va giir nuoc cua dan tpc ta
Phan tich h? thflng de a Ha Npi co the
nhan thay rang vi?c dip de sflng Hflng la
quylt dinh diing din, song duofi khia canh dia
chit - dia mao thi cflng trinh nay da la su can
thiep ldn vao tu nhien Cac con de gan nhu
cit dirt lidn he cua cac hfl mong ngua va tham
chi ca mpt sfl song nhu song Day, sflng Nhue,
song To Lich vai chinh con sflng tung tgo ra
va nufli duong no Dong nuoc chiia nhieu
phii sa cua song Hong khflng con tran vao
dflng bing ma bi nhflt giira hai than de Do
vgy day song khflng ngimg bj nang cao,
nhieu doi cat giiia dong va bai bfli dupe hinh
thanh, dgc bi?t dogn tii Son Tay den Nam
Dinh Tvmg phan day song va be mat cac doi
cat fl nhiSu noi da cao hon mat rupng trong
de Do la nguyen nhan khien cho tir dfli nay
qua doi khae cac con de cii phai dupe ton tgo,
dap cao len mai
Mflt hrong cac tac dflng mgnh ciia con
ngudi toi bien dfli cac dong sflng dang ke riira
la vi?c xay dung h? thflng thiiy lai va chflng
lu Dgp Day (dgp Phiing), cflng Lien Mgc da
tac dflng Ion toi d|c tnmg thuy van va moi
truong cua sflng Day, song Nhue
3 Khai qufit ve hf thong song - ho 6* Ha Npi
3.1 Cdcsdngchinh of HdNoi
1 Song Hong: bit ngufln tir nhiing dinh
nui cao cua day Ai Lao San (tinh Van Nam,
Trung Quflc) Dien tich toan luu vuc khoang 143.700 km^ (trong do phin thupc lanh thfl Viet Nam la 61.400 km^) vcri chilu dai la 1.126 km (phin thupc Viet Nam la 556 km) Din khu vuc Viet Tri, song Hflng nhan them cac phu luu la sflng Da va sflng Lfl, trong do luong nuoc tir sflng Da chiem tai gan mflt mia Sflng Hong chay vao dia phan Ha Npi d
xa Thuang Cat (huy?n Tir Liem) va ra khoi
Ha Nfli a xa Van Phiic (huyen Thanh Tri) voi chilu dai khoang tren 40 km Che dp thuy van cua h? thflng sflng a Ha Npi, diln hinh la sflng Hflng hoan toan phu thupc theo mua: miia lii va mua cgn Mua lii xay ra tir thang
VI din thang X, mua can keo dai tir thang XI den thang V nam sau Song Hflng cfl luu
lupng nuflc Ion nhat a Viet Nam Gia tri luu
lupng trung binh khoang 3.800 mVs, 122x10^ m'/nam tai tram thuy van Son Tay Luu luong cue dai co the dgt toi 38.560 m"'/s Khoang 75 - 80% luu luang trung binh nam xay ra vao mua mua (tir thang 6 den thang 10 hang nam) va chi 20 - 25% xay ra vao miia khfl (tir thang 11 den thang 5 nam sau) Trong gin 70 nam qua (tir nam 1930 din nam 1998) da CO 10 lan luu lupng nuac sflng Hoi^ do dupe tai tram Son Tay vuort qua 20.000 mVs Tuy nhien, tir Son Tay vl Ha Npi, lupng nuoc ciia sflng Hong con chia cho sflng Duong dl do ra biln qua cura Bach Dang
2 Sortg Duong: Mpt trong cac chi luu Ion
cua sflng Hflng, hien tai gpi la song Duflng (truoc day gpi la sflng Thien Diic) Sflng bit dau tir khu virc thon Xuan Trgch, xa Xuan Canh, huyen Dflng Anh, con phia ben kia la thfln Bic ciu, xa Nhpc Thuy, huyen Gia Lam O dogn dau (khoang tren 4 km) Song Duong ch^y theo hudng Dflng - Nam va tgo vdi dong chinh sflng Hflng mpt goc nhpn phu hpp vdi quy luat phan nhanh cita sflng Song Duflng vira la tuyen giao thflng dudng thuy ra viing biln Dflng - Bic, viia la hanh lang thoat lii cua song Hong Co khoang 23% nudc tir sflng Hong duoc chuyen qua song Duflng Trong lich sir da co it nhit 3 lan ngo vet sflng
14
Trang 5Duflng d dpan tu sdng Hflng din ciu Duflng
vao cac nam 1515, 1729 (thdi Le) va nam
1860 (thdi Nguyin)
3 Song Da: cdn gpi la song Bd hay Da
Giang la phy luu ldn nhit cua sflng Hflng
Sor^ bat nguon tir tinh Van Nam, Trung
Quflc chay theo hudng Tay Bic - Dflng Nam
de rfli nhap voi song Hflng d Phu Thp Sflng
Da dai 910 km (cd tai lieu ghi 983 km), dien
tich luu vuc la 52.900 km^; doan d Viet Nam
dai 527 km (cd tai lieu ghi 543 km) Dilm
dau la bien gidi Viet Nam - Trung Quflc tgi
huyen Mudng Te (Lai Chau) Diem cufli la
nga ba Hflng Da, huyen Tam Nong, tinh Phii
Thp Sflng cd luu lupng nudc ldn, cung cip
31% lupng nuoc cho song Hong va la mflt
nguon tai nguydn thiiy dien ldn cho nganh
cflng ngliiep dien Vi?t Nam Mpt trong
nhttng tac dflng Ion nhat cua con ngudi doi
vdi sflng Da la xay dung cac nha may thiiy
di?n Ke tir 1987 cflng trinh hfl thiiy dien di
vao hoat dflng, khu vuc hg luu dap thiiy dien
c6 sir bien dpng het siic phiic tgp theo khong
gian va thdi gian Qua trinh bien dpng theo
chidu ngang van tiep dien mac dii hai ben bd
song nhieu doan da dupe xay ke bao ve, cdn
long sdng bien doi theo chieu sau didn ra
ciing kha phiic tap
4 Song tich: bat ngufln tir sudn phia Dong
Bac niii Ba Vi do xuong giOa hai xa Cam
LTnh va Thuy An ma trong sir tich Son Tinh
- Thuy Tinh gpi la mudi sau cira cua Dam
Dupng, dogn song nay con dupe goi la song
Dam Long Sflng Tich chay xufli ve nga ba
Ba Tha va do vao song Day Ben hixu ngan
song Tich CO rat nhieu sufli nhd tir mii Ba Vi,
Vien Nam do xuflng nhu Bdn Tam, Ciu Tan,
Song Hang, sflng Giing, sufli Vai Ca ; ben
ta ngan cfl sflng Cun Khe tir dam lang
Phuong Khe chay vao; ldng sflng Tich nhieu
da ngim va bai can
5 Song Ddy: dai khoang 250 km, vdi luu
vyc (cimg voi phy luu sflng Nhue) hon 7.500
km= tren dia ban cac tinh thanh: Ha Nfli, Hda
Bmh, Ha Nam, Ninh Binh va Nam Dinh La
mpt phan liru ciia song Hong, sflng Day nhan
nudc ciia song Hflng d dia phan Ha Npi giua huydn Phiic Thp va huydn Dan Phuang Quang song nay con co ten la sflng Hat hay Hat Giang; xufli ddn Van Dinh, sau khi nhgn nuoc tir sflng Tich thi long song rpng ra Ddn dia phan huyen My Diic, song Day tilp nhan ddng suoi Ydn (thiiy 16 vao chiia Huong) Viec ngudi Phap dip dap Phimg da tac dflng mgnh tdi dong chay va mfli trudng song Day
Ke tit nam 1937, khi duoc xay dyng xong cho den 1954, dap Day mdi vgn hanh ba lan vao cac nam 1940, 1945, 1947 Khi dap Day khflng iam viec thi muc nudc va luu lupng trong doan sflng tir Tan Lang trd ldn phu thupc hoan toan vao lupng nudc mua va nudc tidu trong luu vuc Tir sau nam 1971 ddn nay, mac dii chua phai phan lii nhung do cfl nhieu cflng trinh tidu iing tryc tilp vao song ndn muc nudc ve miia lii tang ldn rdt cao Hien nay sflng Day van la ngufln chinh cap nudc cho nhidu hogt dflng san xuat tap trung hai bdn bd song
6 Song Nhue: ciing la mpt chi luu cua
sflng Hflng va ciing cd vai trd nhat dinh trong vide thoat lu khi miia mua tdi Vi tri sflng Nhue tach ra tir sflng Hflng d khu vuc xa Lidn Mgc, huyen Tir Liem Hien nay, d day ciing
da xay dung h? thong cong nhu cong Lien Mgc, vira phuc vu tudi tieu, dong thdi giiip cho vide tidu thoat lu vao mua mua Trong dia phan Ha Npi, sflng Nhu? chay qua 2 huyen la Tir Liem (tir Bac den Nam huyen)
va Thanh Tri (d phan phia Tay huyen) Sau khi qua huyen Tir Liem va truoc liic vao Thanh Tri, sflng cfl mflt dogn sflng chay qua thi xa Ha Dong nhung chay theo hudng Nam
la chinh
7 Song To Ljeh: gom cac phan luu: Kim
Nguu, sflng Lir va song Set; trong dd song To Lich dai 13,346kra tir cong Budi den dap Thanh Liet; sflng Kim Ngim dai 11,87 km tir
Lo Diic ddn gan cau Van Dien; song Set dai 5,806 km; sflng Lir dai khoang 5,242km vdi tflng chieu dai gan 40km Sflng To Lich ngay nay bat dau tir phirdng NghTa Dfl thupc quan Cau Giay (phia Nam dudng Hoang Quoc Vi^t), chay cung hirdng vdi dirdng Budi,
Trang 6dudng Lang va dudng Kim Giang ve phia
Nam, Tay Nam rfli ngoat sang phia Dflng
Nam va dfl ra song Nhue d doi didn lang Hihi
Tir thupc xa Hiiu Hda, Thanh Tri Day la con
sflng dai nhat thanh phfl va ciing la tryc chinh
thoat nuac cho khu vuc phia Tay thanh phfl
Ha Npi Xua kia khi nhac tdi song Tfl Lich
ngudi ta nghT ngay ddn hinh anh con sflng
hidn hoa, sach se, mat me, la noi ma vua chiia
thirong du ngoan de thu gian giai tri Nhimg
gid day Sflng Tfl Lich la noi tiep nhan chinh
nudc mua va du logi nucrc thai chua qua xir ly
cua Thanh phfl khien ddng chinh To Lich
Cling nhu cac phan Imi cua nfl ngay cang fl
nhiem, mau nuoc den Didu nay lam anh
hudng den siic khde cua ngudi dan song xung
quanh va mfli trudng ciia Thanh phfl Hidn
nay, sflng Tfl Lich da dupe ke 2 ben bd, duac
duy tri vdt rac tren song, tuy nhien miic dp fl
nhiem van cao
8 Song Ca Lo (cdn gpi la song Phu Lo):
la mpt chi luu cua sflng Cau, hpp luu vdi
sflng Cau tgi nga ba Xa, xa Tam Giang,
huyen Yen Phong, tinh Bac Nmh, each
khflng xa cho song Cong hpp luu vao sflng
Cau Trudc day song Ca Ld da timg noi vdi
song Hflng, tuy nhien dogn dau ngufln ciia
Ca Lo (cho phan luu khdi sflng Hong) da bi
bit vao hoi dau thd ky XX, nen sflng Ca Lfl
hi?n nay khflng cdn nfli vdi sflng Hflng Dau
ngufln sflng Ca Lfl hidn nay d huyen Md
Linh (Ha Npi) va ngufln nudc cua song chu
ylu la tir cac ddng sufli ciia day mii Tam
DSo Do dilu ki^n dja hinh, tan kiln tao,
thuy van va ciu tgo vat chit, tai phin ha luu,
sflng Ca Lfl ufln khiic manh, tgo neu nhidu
hfl mflng ngya dac trung
3.2 Khdi qudt h^ thong ho &HdN8i
Vi?c xac dinh va phan logi cac ho nudc
thanh phfl Ha Nfli dupe thuc hidn trdn co sd
phan tich anh vien tham, cac tu lieu lich su
va khao sat thuc dia kilm tra Trdn co sd
phan tich d^c diem hinh thanh va phat triln,
h? thflng hfl dam Ha Nfli dupe phan theo
hai nhom: ho ty nhien - nhan sinh va ho
nhan sinh
Nhflm hfl tu nhien - nhan sinh duoc hinh thanh trdn co sd cd tac dflng ciia con ngudi vao cac thyc thd tu nhien vfln thap triing, gflm:
1) Ho do biin dong long song: la cac hfl
dupe hinh thanh do qua trinh ufln khiic cua ddng sflng Sflng Hflng va cac chi luu khi chay tren dflng bang do van cd nang lupng ldn, song do dp dfle dia hinh nhd, vat chit ciu tgo dflng bang chu ydu la mdm bd ben ufln khiic manh Trdn cac dai ufln khiic hinh thanh nhidu hfl mdng ngya Bang phan tich dia chat, dia mgo da xac dinh duac ba the he ldng sflng cfl va tuong iing vdi chiing la ba the he hfl mdng ngya: i) Cac hfl dupe hinh thanh tren cac long song co tuoi Pleistocen (hfl phan bfl d Dong Anh, Me Linh, dien hinh nhat la dam Van Tri); ii) Cac ho hinh thanh tren cac long sflng cfl thupc giai dogn Holocen sdm - giiia (phan bo d phia Dong Thgch Thit); iii) Cac hfl mong ngya dupe hinh thanh vao giai doan Holocen mupn (diem hinh la ho Tay, hfl Ydn So, )
2) Cdc vifng ddt ngap nuac theo mua:
Vimg triing Chuong My - U'ng Hda da dupe nhac tdi trong nhidu coi^ trinh Dd la cac bl mat dflng bang kha phang, phan bfl d trung tam bai boi tuoi Holocen, dupe hinh thanh do
su thieu hut tram tich Viec ngap nudc trong thdi gian kha dai mua niua ciing la ca hpi cho khai thac chiing vao myc dich phat trien cac cay trflng, vat nuoi ngin ngay ua nudc Thupc nhdm ho nhan sinh kha phd bidn,
ca tren viing go dfli va dflng bing cua thanh phfl Ha NOi, gflm ba kilu hfl sau:
(\) Ho do ddp dap chan tren vung go dot:
Dd la cac hfl da dupe xay dung tir lau, ban dau chu yeu nhim muc dich thiiy lai Sy phat tridn kinh t e - x a hpi vdi nhu cau ngay cang cao cua con ngudi, dgc bidt la nhu ciu vui choi, giai tri, cac ho thuy loi dan dupe thay the chiic nang chinh la du lich Dien hinh cho nhdm hfl nay la ho Sufli Hai, ho Dflng Mfl,
(2) Ho do ddp dap ehdn vd stJtt lun karst:
Mflt trong nhtrng dac trung co ban cua vimg karst la cac dang dia hinh am dupe hmh
16
Trang 7thanh do qua trinh rira lua, hda tan da vfli va
cd the do qua trinh sup dfl cac hang dflng
karst nguyen la cac hang song Cac hfl nudc
d phan ria khfli karst Huong Son la nhiing dai
dat triing, chi cao hon myc nudc bien 0,5-lm,
tao dia hinh am trdn ndn dflng bang cao
3-6m Vide dap cac dap chiia nudc d day ban
diu ciing chi vdi mye dich thuy Ipi Hidn nay
hfl Quan Son thupc huyen My Diic da trd
thanh diem tham quan du lich hip din vdi
phong canh son thuy hiiu tinh
(3) Tren vimg dong bang thap trung cdn
phan bfl cac ho do ddo ddt hg do cao Cd hai
muc tieu chinh dd dao, tgo nen hai kilu hfl: i)
dam, ho, ao do dao va dap bd phyc vy nuoi
trflng thiiy san, chiing cd dp sau khflng ldn;
ii) hfl do khai thac khoang san, chu ylu la
khai thac dat set lam ggch ngdi, tgo ndn
nhung ho ed day sau trdn 10m, diln hinh la
cac hfl d khu vyc Canh
4 Dinh hudng su* di^ng ben vung he thong
song - ho H^ Npi
4.1 Mpt s6 Cff sdf phdp ly cho dinh hu&ng
sd-dung ben virng he thong song - ho Hd Npi
1 Quy hogch tong the phdt Irien kinh te
-xa hoi thdnh pho Hd Noi den ndm 2020, dinh
huong den ndm 2030
Trong Quylt dinh 1081/QD-TTg phe
duyet Quy hoach tong the phat tridn kinh td
-xa hpi thanh pho Ha Npi den nam 2020, dinh
hudng den nam 2030, ngoai cac chi tieu phat
trien kinh td - xa hpi, nhidu van de vd mfli
trudng, canh quan va phdng tranh giam thieu
thi?t hgi do tai bien thien nhidn da duoc dgt
ra Dong thdi vdi Quyet dinh trdn, nhidu van
ban quan trpng lien quan tdi phat triln Thii
do cung dupe thao lugn va ban hanh Cac ban
bao cao kem theo da xac dinh song Hflng la
dgc dilm noi bat cua Ha Npi, ngoai ra he
thflng sflng hfl, mat nudc dupe danh gia la tai
nguyen gia tri ciia Thanh phfl
De bao v$ va phat trien nguon tai nguyen
nudc, Ha Npi dy kiln danh ra 5-10% dit dfl
thj dl lam hfl dilu hoa, gip 10 - 15 lin mat
nudc Hfl Tay Sflng Hflng, song Nhue, sflng
Tich, song Day, day dam hfl Van Tri, sflng
Ca L6, sflng Thidp, song Duflng dupe to dam voi viec ngo vet, cai tgo, nang cap canh quan
2 Cdc vdn bdn cua Trung uang vd thdnh pho Hd Noi
Hfli dong nhan dan TP.Ha Npi da ed Nghi quylt s6 06/2014/NQ-HDND vl Quy hoach bao tfln da dgng sinh hpc thanh phfl Ha Npi den nam 2030 Trong Nghi quylt nay, da dgng sinh hpc cua he thflng song - ho va canh quan xung quanh dupe dac bidt quan tam Trong Quy hoach he thflng cac khu bao tfln, CO sd bao tfln va cac ngufln gen giai dogn tir nam 2015 ddn nam 2020, mflt sfl khu bao ton dupe dgc bidt quan tam gom: i) Khu vyc nga ba sflng Da, song Lfl, song Thao, la khu bao tfln vimg nudc npi dja do Bfl Tai nguyen
va Moi truang quan ly; ii) Thanh lap khu bao ton loai - smh canh ho Hoan Kidm nhim bao
ve Ioai Rua hfl Guam va nhieu loai thiiy sinh vat khae; iii) Thanh lap khu bao ve canh quan Hfl Tay Trong giai dogn tir nam 2021 din nam 2025, mpt trong hai khu bao tfln da dgng sinh hpc cap Thanh phfl mdi se dupe thanh lap la Khu bao ve canh quan Quan Son Giai doan tir nam 2026 den nam 2030, ca 2 khu khu bao tfln da dgng sinh hpc va 1 khu bao v? mdi cap Thanh phfl ddu lien quan vdi he thong hfl nudc: i) Khu bao vd canh quan Dflng Mfl - Ngai Son; ii) Bao vd va duy tri gia tri da dgng sinh hpc, bao tfln cac loai hoang da (dSc bidt la loai Riia hfl Guom d thii hang cue ky nguy cap (CR) H? sinh thai ty nhidn tren vimg dat r^ap nudc da duoc dua vao Nghi quyet
Trong Nghi quylt sfl: 09/2012/NQ-HDND
ve "Quy hogch phat trien thuy loi thanh phfl
Ha Npi den nam 2020, dinh hudng den nam 2030" da de cap tdi vide nang cap cac hfl chiia nhfl dap iing nhu cau tudi tieu Tuy nhidn chua de cap tflng the ve tai nguyen nudc iien quan vdi h? thflng hfl chiia va song ngdi Da chii y tdi vide chuyen doi cac di?n tich vimg triing, thap thudng xuydn bj iing
Trang 8ngap, khd khan ve tidu flioat nudc chu yeu
thupc cac vimg khae nhau sang nufli trflng
thuy san
Trong Nghi quydt so: 499/QD-TTg ve
"Quy hoach cap nudc thu do Ha Npi ddn nam
2030, tam nhin den nam 2050" da quy dinh
khai thac cac r^ufln nudc mat tai sflng Da,
sflng Hflng, song Duflng, Quydt dinh sfl
725/QD-TTg ngay 10 thang 05 nam 2013 phd
duydt "Quy hoach thoat nudc thu do Ha Npi
den nam 2030, tam nhin den nam 2050" da
phan vimg tieu thoat nudc ciia thanh phfl Ha
Npi bao gflm 03 vimg chinh la vimg tieu Ta
Day, Hiiu Day va Bac Ha Npi Cac sflng suoi
npi de deu dupe quy hoach cho muc tidu
thoat lu, tranh iing ngap cho thanh pho
Trong Quylt dinh sfl 1836/QD-UBND phd
duyet "Quy hogch phat tridn thuy san thanh
phfl Ha Nfli den nam 2020, dinh huong den
nam 2030", h? thflng ho nudc, song ngdi va
cac vimg dat triing da duoc quy hogch cho
nufli trflng thuy san
Trong Quylt dinh sfl 4597/QD-UBND
"Quy hogch phat trien du lich thanh phfl Ha
Npi den nam 2020, dinh hudng din nam
2030", cac hfl nudc, sdng ngoi cd gia tri tham
quan eiia Ha Npi ddu dupe dua vao cac san
pham du lich cung nhu cac tuyin, didm du
lich cy thd
4.2 Dinh hit&ng si dting bin vieng hi thong
song - ho Hd Npi
Nhim dinh hudng sii dyng ben vung he
thong hfl nudc sflng ngdi, can phai dat
chiing frong cac khong gian cd mfli lien he
vdi h? tiiflng ty nhien va kinh tl - xa hfli
khae Tiep can dya vao he sinh thai theo muc
tieu quan ly gin vdi viec phan chia lanh tho
thanh cac khflng gian cd cac chiic nang rieng
la het siic cin thilt Tren co sd phan tich he
thflng ty nhidn, hidn trgng khai thac, sir dung
lanh tho, nhiing van dd mfli trudng nay sinh
va phan tich cac quy hogch lidn quan, thu do
Ha Nfli dupe phan chia thanh 12 khflng gian
cd chiic nang khae nhau va dupe dinh hudng
sii dyng khae nhau cho phat trien bin viing
hfl nudc, sflng ngdi (hinh 1)
Cac khflng gian sir dyng hop ly tai nguydn
va bao vd moi trudng cac hfl nudc, song ngdi thanh phfl Ha Npi gflm:
1 Khong gian bao vd nghiem nggt he sinh
^ a i tren cgn, gflm: a) Khu vuc Vudn quflc gia Ba Vi; b) Khu vyc mii Vien Nam; c) Khu vuc niii Tay Mieu Mon; d) Vimg mii da voi Huong Khe; e) Khfli niii Soc Son
2 Khflng gian bao tfln nghiem ngat canh
• quan va he sinh thai ho nudc nfli thanh Ha Npi
3 Khflng gian bao ve canh quan, he sinh thai va sir dung ben vung ho nudc va khe sufli dau ngufln, gflm: a) Khu vyc vimg dem Vudn quflc gia Ba Vi; b) Khu vuc vimg go dfli Sdc Son
4 Khflng gian quan ly tich eye mfli trudng
va sir dyng ben viing hfl nudc va sflng sufli dau ngufln, gflm: a) Khu vyc Sufli Hai -Dflng Mfl; b) Khu vyc Quan Son - Sufli Ydn; c) Khu vyc Da Phiic
5 Khflng gian quan ly tich cue va s^r dung ben vung hfl nude nfli thanh, gom: a) Khu vyc Xuan Dmh; b) Khu vyc Trung Hda; c) Khu vyc Thanh Tri; d) Khu vyc Yen Sd
6 Khong gian bao ve mfli trudng va sir dyng ben vihig hfl nudc, sflng sufli vimg go dfli, gom: a) Khu vyc Tay Ding - Son Tay; b) Khu vuc Me Linh - Dflng Anh
7 Khflng gian bao vd mdi trudng va sur dung bin viing hfl nudc va dai dat cao do bien dfli long sflng, gom: a) Khu vyc Dan Phuang; b) Khu vuc Lien Quan; c) Khu vuc Van Ha-Yen Vidn
8 Khflng gian phat tridn hanh lang xanh, bao V? mfli tnidng va su dyng ben vihig sflng sufli va hfl nudc thupc hanh lang thoat lu, gflm: a) Khu vyc Dap Phimg; b) Khu vuc Kim Bai; c) Khu vyc Song Tfl Lich
9 Khong gian bao ve moi trudng va sii dyng ben vihig song sufli va ho nudc vimg triing thap ha luu, gflm: a) Khu vyc Phii Xuydn; b) Khu vyc Nhu Nguyet
18
Trang 9Hinh 1 Bdn do dinh hudng su dung hgp ly he thong ho nuac, song ngdi thdnh pho Hd Npi
„ T H A I N Q U Y E N
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10 Khong gian phat trien than thien moi Khu vuc Gia Lam
trucma va sit dung bin viing h6 nuoc vimg , „ , -• ^ •
uuuug vo =u B, J - „, 12 Khong gian bao ve moi truong va sir
trOng thap noi dong, gom: a) Khu vuc , °^ , „• ' - -c- ~ Chuong My; b) Khu vuc iTng Hoa ^"^^ "^ " " 8 ^°"g E.a - song Hong, gom: 11 Khong gian phat trien than thien moi a) Khu vuc song Da; b) Khu vuc nga ba song
trutag va su dyng bSn vihig h6 nuoc vimg ^°^ " s°°g B^; d) Khu vuc Dan Phugmg
-bai boi, gom: a) Khu vuc Hoai Ditc; b) Khu Th™h Tri; d) Khu vuc Phu Xuyen; e) Khu vuc Thanh Oai; c) Khu vuc Thuong Tin; d) vuc song Dudng
19
Trang 10Ket luan ehdn va sut lun karst va iii ho do dao ddt ha
1 Ddng thoi voi su phat triln kinh tl - xa ^P ^o)- Mdi loai h5 co vi tri dia ly va chiic hoi va nhu cSu cua con nguoi, viec sir dung " ^ 8 '**'= '*^"' ' ™ "=" ^ ''^° ^^ """"^
da muc tieu dli voi song ngoi, h6 nuoc tro sir dung da muc tieu
thanh nhu ciu tat ylu 4 Dinh huong su d\mg ben vihig he thong
2 Dac dilm hinh thanh, phat hiln cua he song - h6 Ha Npi duoc xay dung tren co so thing «6ng - hi nay lien quan toi hang loat phan tich chile nang cac khong gian chua cac nhan t l nhu ciu hue dia chit, tan kiln tao; hi nuoc va song ngoi 12 khong gian khae dilu kien dia hinh va qua ttinh dia mao; cac nhau duoc xac dinh voi cac dinh huong chinh dilu kien khi hau - thuy van; cac hoat dpng nhu sau: khong gian bao ve nghiem ngat he nhan sinh, sinh thai tren can; khong gian bao ton nghiem
3 Hi thing song - hi dong vai tto hit sure ngat canh quan va he sinh thai ho nuoc npi
quan trpng ttong phat tiien kinh tl - xa hpi va thanh Ha Npi; khong giaii bao vp canh quan, bio v$ moi tinong cua thanh phi Ha Npi He hp sinh thai v4 sit dimg bin viing hi nudc va thing hi dim Ha Npi dupe phan theo hai khe suli diu nguIn; khong gian quSn ly tfch
nhom: hi tu nhien - nhan sinh (i hS do biin cvrc moi truong va sir dung ben vimg ho nuoc
dong long song; ii ho va cdc vimg ddt ngap va song suoi dau nguon; khong gian quan ly nucfc theo miia) va ho nhan sinh (i ho do ddp tich cue va sir dung ben vimg ho nuoc npi dgp chan tren vitng go doi: ii ho do ddp dap thanh, /
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1 D$ng VSn BSo, OSo Dinh Bic, Nguyen Hi$u, D^ng Kinh Bic (2010), Nghi&n cim dja mao cho quy ho^ch
t h i / X : "Understanding the Changing Space, Place and Cultures of Asia", 2010, tr 132-139
2 Ddo Dinh B5c, D$ng Van BSo (2010), D | c diem dia mao, he th6ng ldng song Co khu vyc thO dd va y PhSt triin b i n viing thu 36 Hi NOI VSn hiSn, Anh hiing, vi H6a binh, NxB DHQGHN, Tr 981-994
3 D§ng Kinh Bic, DSng Van BSo, Nguyin Hi$u, Phgm Phu'Ong Nga, 2013, i^Vig dung vi§n thim vi GIS tnDng nghiin ctki tii hiin song c6vih0 thong ho nu^ khu vuc thanh ph6 Hi Noi, Ky y i u Hpi nghj khoa hpc Dja 1;^ toSn qu6c l i n thil 7: Khoa hpc Dia \^ phuc vu chien iu-pc phSt t r i i n kinh t i - xi hpi cac vCjng ISnh l i vi
b i i n eko Vi^t Nam, trang 971 - 980
4 Bill H i i n (2010), Nghien dm giai phip ning cao hiiu qui HTL cic linh Tmng da miin nui phia Bic phuc
vu da muc mu BSo cSo tong k i t d i tai c i p bO, Truong Dal hpc Thuy Ipi, 2010,154 trang
5 Nguyen Quang Ngpe, Vu Van Quan (ding chu bien) vi nnk (2010), 0/a chICo Loa NxB HS N6I, 831trg,
6 VO VSn PhSi (chu bien) vS nnk (2011), Hi N0i: Bia chii, dm mao vi lai nguyen lien quan NxB HS N i l ,
2011
7 Le Sam, Nguyin VSn Lan, Nguyin Dinh Vu-png (2010), Nghien cim ho chira theo quan diim sinh thii, cich Hip cin ben vung trong xiy dung cic cong trinh chira nuuc a Viit Nam, T u y i n tap k i t qua KH&CN
Vi^n Khoa hpc Thuy Ipi M i i n Nam, Nha xuat ban Nong nghlpp
8 Trmh Thi Thanh (2010), Chii luvng nu<K ho Ha Nqi vi cic biin phip cii thiin, Ky y i u Ht>[ thao khoa
hiing vS hoa binh", HS Npi, 2010 T r 1248-1255
9 HoSng VSn Thing va L4 DISn Dire (2010), Quan ly vi bio ton dil ngip niriK Hi Noi Ky y i u HCII Ihao
khoa hpc q u i c t i ky ni#m 1000 nSm ThSng Long - Ha Ngi T h a t t r l i n b i n vttng Thu dd HS NOI vSn hiin, anh hCing vS hba binh", NXB Dai hpc Quoc gia HS Npi, tr 1222-1235
Dang Van Bao, Nguyen Hieu, Dang Kinh Bac, Pham Thi Phuong Nga Faculty of Geography, VNU University of Science, VNU Email: dangvanbao@hus.edu.vn, EM: 0913049761