O cac dd thi cd hogt ddng cdng nghiep phat trien, mat dp giao thong kha cao nhu; Bien Hoa, Thai Nguyen, Viet Tri vi Hg Long mirc dp d nhilm bui tren cae tryc deu vugt TCVN.. 0 nhiem khdn
Trang 16 nhiim moi triFdng dd thj 6> Viet Nam:
nhirng van d l c i p bach hien nay
Dao Hoang T u a n '
Abstract
There are calculations that the annually GDP growth rate was over 8%, if it includes the environmental
damage, the growth rate of Vietnam's real GDP will be only 3-4% According to incomplete statistics: in the
structure of GDP of Vieinam, Cities of Ho Chi Minh and Hanoi (2007) that has contributed to over 36% of the
tolal CDP of the country But on issues of urban environmental, the Review of Global Environment by the
Ho Chi Minh in the list oJ six cities with the most seriously air pollution in the world Through the results of
research and analysis of uiban environmental situation in Vietnam for nearly 10 years, it is able to come lo
; general conclusions: most urban in Vieinam is being polluted environmenl and having more and more seriously
err/ironment pollution trend- Having difference on pollution levels by ihe scale of urban developmeni, the big
urban have higher pollulion levels than wiall urban, especially water and air environment The fundamental
economic infrastructure, urban techniques to overload The lack of transparency and weak (the "exclusive ", the
"overlapping", the lack ofrespimsibUily, ) in the works of planning and urban management
Therefore, protecting the urban environment tn the process of nation's sustainable development would
like lo have ejfeclive, firstly il is to have lo have solutions to overcome and end above causes, in which the most
important is: it is necessary to have a specially policy on population, regulations of urban environment
protection of each urban; Innovation and improve quality of planning and urban management associated with
planning and management of development of economy and society with long-term vision Finally, although the
system of policies and laws on environmental protection is incomplete, and they should be supplemented, but the
important decisions slill need people who are responsible, responsible, be mindful, have faith in Ihe work of
country's developmeni towards sustainability
1 M O DAU
Theo sd lieu thdng ke ciia World Population Data Sheet 2007 of Population Reference Bureau
of United States thi da cd k h o i n g 4 9 % tdng dan so (tren 6,6 ti ngudi) tren t h i gidi song trong khu vuc
do thj So vdi tdng dan sd trong khu vuc thi; Chau MT cd ti le dd thi hda c a o n h i t I i 7 9 % , Chau Au v i
Chau Dgi Duong cd ciing ti 1$ la 7 2 % , Chau A la 4 1 % , Chau Phi cd 3 7 % T r o n g khu v u c Ddng N a m
A, Vi§t Nam cd ti lp dd thj hda dimg h a n g thir 7/11 nudc, vdi ti ie la 2 7 % (chi cao h a n D d n g Ti M o la
22%, Lao: 2 1 % , C a m Pu Chia: 15%) N h u n g qudc gia p h i t trien la nhirng n u d c cd mgng ludi d o thj
% dgc vdi sir phan hoa sau s i c v8 qui md dan sd v i lanh thd, ciing n h u c i u triic khdng gian cua nd
Phan ldn gia trj thu nhap tdng s i n p h i m quoc dan (GDP) cua c a c quoc gia nay deu nhan d u g c chu yeu
tu khu virc thanh thi D o dd, ti le dd thi hda d u g c coi n h u l i m p t trong c a c ehi sd c a b i n de danh gia ve
"llic d§ phat trien kinh t€ ciia mpt qudc gia va la ehi sd so sanh trinh dp p h i t trien giii'a cac qudc gia
Iren the gidi
N h u nhieu n u d c d a n g p h i t trien khac, qua trinh dd thi hda, c d n g nghiep hda d Viet N a m d a n g
diln ra rat mgnh mg va g(ip n h i l u thach t h u c , khd khan vfi cac mat kinh tS, x a hpi v i mdi t r u d n g trong
hen trinh phat trien, trong dd: v e mdi t r u d n g la su d nhiem khdng khi, d n h i l m n u d c , d nhiem dat, sir li
rac thai, dang trd thanh cac v i n ngn can trd sir phat trien kinh te, xa hoi, gay nhieu hgu qua x i u den
Trang 2nhidu mat cua qui trinh phit trien bin vung; nhat li d khu vuc do thi Mac dii, li le do thj hda cija Via* Nam vin chua cao, mdi dgt khoang 27% (nam 2009), nhung theo sd lipu thdng ke chua diy du: hi thdng do thj da ddng vai trd khdng nhd trong ca ciu tdng GDP ciia Viet Nam, chi tinh rieng Tp Hj Ndi vi TP Hd Chi Minh (nam 2007) da gdp tdi tren 36% tdng GDP cua ca nudc Ro rang he thdng dg thj ddng vai tro nhu mdt "khung xuang" phit triin mpi mat ciia dat nudc Do dd, cing khing djnl) ring: su phat triin bdn vung ciia hp thdng dd thj cd vai trd dgc bi?t quan trpng, quyet dinh ddi voi sir phat trien ben virng d Viet Nam
Nhung, cd nhiing tinh loan cho rang: vdi tdc dp tang trudng GDP hang nam dgt tren 8%, Vj^ Nam dang doi mat vdi mpt hiem hoa d nhilm mdi trudng ngiy cang tram trpng Cie chuyen gia cho bill, nlu tinh den ci cic tdn that mdi trudng thi tdc dp tang trudng GDP thi^c te ciia Viet Nam se chi la 3-4% Rieng vl vin dl mdi trudng dd thi, den nam 2008, Bin tdng kct mdi trudng loan ciu do Chuong trinh Mdi trudng Lien Hop Quoc (UNEP) d§ cdng bd cho thiy: Viet Nam cd hai thanh pho 1^
Hi Ndi va thinh pho Hd Chi Minh nam trong danh sich 6 thinh phd bi d nhiem khdng khi nghiem trpng nhit tren thi gidi Nhu vgy, mdi trudng dd thj d Viet Nam da trd thanh mdt van de trpng di£ni ciia qudc gia vi mang tinh toan ciu
2 MOT SO VAN DE VE TIlVC TRANG 6 NHIEM MOI TRU'CTNG » 6 THI 6 \1%T NAM
2.1 Thirc trang o nhiem mdi trirdng khdng khi do thi
Theo Bio cio Hien trgng mdi trudng khdng khi do thj Viet Nam nam 2007 thi d nhicm moi irudng khdng khi dd thi chu yeu la bui lo limg, PMIO, tieng dn, N02, S02, NO, hoi xing dau, chi, Trong do, dgc biet dang chii y li d hiem khdng khi do bui (bao gdm ci TSP va PM|o) Mirc dp d nhilm khdng khi dd lhi thay ddi giOa cac gid trong ngay, giiia eie thing trong nam vi giiia eic nam Su thay ddi nay ed nguyen nhan mdt phan do cac hogt dpng giao thdng va sin xuit cdng nghiep, mdt phan do cic dieu kien thdi tiet khi hgu trong khu vuc
+ 6 nhiem byi - Van dl ndi com trong chat lugng khdng khi do thj
Mdi trudng khdng khi d hau het cac khu vuc trong do thj dlu bj 6 nhilm do byi, dgc bi^t t^i cic mit giao thdng, cac khu vuc xay dung va noi tap trung hogt dpng cdng nghiep Khdng khi xung quanh cac dudng giao thdng bj d nhiem bui do bui bj cudn len tir mat dudng khi cic phucmg tien tham gia giao thdng
PM|o trung binh nam ciia cac thanh phd ldn d Viet Nam nhu thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Hi Ngi,
Da Ning, Hai Phdng nhin chung dlu vugt ngudng trung binh nam dugc khuyin nghj cua WH() (20mg/m^) so sanh vdi TCVN tai hiu hit cic khu vuc ciia Ha Npi va TP Hd Chi Minh ndng dO b\ii PMIO cac nam gan day deu vugt tieu chuan cho phep, ndng dp trung binh PMIO hang nam cdn bi anh hudng ciia khi hau (die biet la che dp mua) Bui la limg tong so (TSP) rat ding lo nggi, die bi?t la 6 nhiem d hai ben cie dudng giao thdng chinh Ket qua quan trie tgi cic tuyen dudng giao thdng trong
TP Hd Chi Mirh, Hi Ndi, Da Nang, Hai Phdng cho thiy, khoang 60% sd kel qui quan trie vugt TCVN va khoang 25% vugt TCVN tren 2 lan
O cac dd thi cd hogt ddng cdng nghiep phat trien, mat dp giao thong kha cao nhu; Bien Hoa, Thai Nguyen, Viet Tri vi Hg Long mirc dp d nhilm bui tren cae tryc deu vugt TCVN Dgc bipt, cac khu virc lien ke vdi cic md than (Ha Long) va md khoang sin (Thai Nguyen), vin dl d nhilm bui di trd ncn bSo dpng, cd nhimg vi tri quan trie gin nhu 100% sd miu byi trung binh 1 gid virgt TCVN MOrc dp d nhiem
d nhihig thanh phd nay khdng cd xu hudng giam di, ngoai trir mpt so true dudng giao thdng dugc cai tgo
i 9/2on
Trang 3-jBg cip- Ndng dp byi TSP tai mot sd nut giao thdng cd thdi dilm vugt TCVN den 5 lin va dang cd xu hiTcmg ngay cing tang len
Khdng chi cic tuyln ducmg giao thdng ma cac khu vuc dan cu ciia dd thj cung gap phii van dl
5 nhilm bui Die biet la cic khu vuc dan cu nim sat cic khu vuc dang cd hoat dpng xay dung hoac 0^dudng cd mat dp xe Idn (nhu khu din cu gin khu tuyen than Ha Long)
+ 6 nhiem mdt sd khi dpc hgi
Cac khi CO, SO?, N02 trong khdng khi tai cac dd thi nhin chung vin trong ngudng cho phep Tuy nhien, tgi mptsd dja diem va trong mpt sdthdi diem ndng dp cic chit niy cd tang len
6 nhiem khdng khi do NO2 tgp trung d khu vuc cd cac tuyen dudng giao thdng, cd mat dp phitcmg tien giao thdng cao Vi du, nhu d Hi Ndi: trung tam qugn Hoan Kilm, quin Hai Ba Trung la nhiing khu vuc cd nong dp NO; cao nhat CJ TP Hd Chf Minh cung cd tinh trgng tuang tu 6 cic dd
^1 khac, ndng dp N02 tai cic thdi diem quan trie dlu nim trong gidi han cua TCVN 5937-2005 Gin nhir 100% so lieu trung binh mdt gid ciia cic thdng sd niy tai cac vj tri quan trie trong thinh phd dlu dgt TCVN Tuy nhien, ding luu y ndng dp N02 khdng dn djnh theo thdi gian trong ngiy ciing nhu trong nam Cd nhiing thdi diem ndng dp N02 tang dot biln vugt TCVN
0 nhiem khdng khi do S02 vd CO:
Ndng dp S02 va CO trung binh nam tgi cac khu vuc tron^ thinh phd nhin chung van trong gidi hgn cua TCVN 5937-2005, do phan Idn S02 phit sinh tir cac hogt dpng sin xuit cdng nghiep nen su chenh lech ndng dp S02 giO'a khu vuc din cu va cac tryc dudng giao thdng khdng nhieu va dang cd xu huang giam di, do mpt phan cic ca sd sin xuat dugc di ddi ra khdi cic thinh phd irong nam vira qua
X^y nhien, tai mpt so it thanh phd noi cd mat dp giao thdng cao ndng dp CO cao hon hin TCVN, vi
dy: tgi Bien Hda trong sd cic miu phin tich CO tgi cac dudng giao thdng nam 2006, cd tdi 20% vugt TCVN Cac do thj cd tinh chat hoat ddng cdng nghiep phal trien mgnh, xu hudng gia ting ndng dp khi
• S02 trong khdng khi li khdng tranh khdi, vi du: cac khu cdng nghiep xung quanh thinh phd Viet Tri, thinh phd Bien Hda, thinh phd Thii Nguyen ndng dp S02 nhin chung cao, thudng xuyen dao ddng quanh ngudng ctia TCVN
I O nhiem khdng khi do Benzen, Toluen vd Xylen: chu yeu tang cao d ven cic true dudng giao thdng
m ngudn gdc cua nhung khi nay dugc phat thai tir phan ldn tir cac phucmg tien giao thdng va tip trung chii
yeudtgiTP Ho Chi Minh (cd nai vuot tieu chuan 2,5-4,1 lanidud^gDi^n Bien Phii, dudng Hiing Vuong) viHaNpi
O nhiem tieng on: tang cao ven eac tryc giao thdng: cimg vdi qua trinh dd thj hda, tieng on giao
thong ngay mdt ting nhanh vi manh Tgi Ha Ndi vi TP Hd Chi Minh, tiing dn cho phep cao nhit ddi v6i khu vuc dich vy thuong mai va khu virc dan cu thucmg xuyen vugt nguong TCVN 5949-1998 O nhiem tieng dn cd xu hudng giam theo cap phan Ioai dd thj, tai hau het cac dd thi logi 2 muc dn tai cic luyen dudng giao thdng dlu dao ddng xung quanh mirc gidi han ciia TCVN, ngogi trir thinh phd Bien Hoa (33% so dilm quan trie tgi dudng giao thdng cd mirc dn vugt TCVN)
Tom lai: van de ndi com ve mdi trudng khdng khi tai cic do thj hien nay la van de d nhiem byi
(baogom ca TSP va PMIO) Hiu het cac khu virc trong thanh phd deu bj d nhiem bui, die biet la cac jiut giao thdng va cac khu vuc cd cdng trudng xay dung Cac khi dpc hai trong khdng khi tai cac dd thi Wjin chimg van trong ngudng cho phep Tuy nhien, tat mdt sd dja diem va trong mpt sd thdi diem, nong do cae chat nay ed tang Ien: NO tang cao dpc eac true giao thdng trong do thi, SO tgi khu vuc tap
*n"ig nhieu hoat dpng sin xuat cdng nghiep, chi nim trong ngudng cho phep kl tir khi ed ehi thi ciia
Trang 4Chinh phu vl viec triin khai xir dyng xang khdng pha ehi xong vai nim gin day da cd diu hiea J tang Cic chit Benzen, Toluen, Xylen dlu cd xu hudng tang cao ven cic true giao thdng j Tir thuc trgng d nhilm khdng khi dd thi, vin dl dat ra la can phai cd nhii'ng chinh sach va gjjj phap quylt liet nhim triet tieu va giam thii cac chat phat thai chinh din din tinh trgng d nhiem khBnj
khi do thj do bui, cdc chdi dgc hgi tap trung chu yeu cdc tuyin dudng nut giao ihdng Irong do thj
2.2 Thu-c trang 6 nhicm moi trudng nmjrc do thi
v l khdng gian, phin Idn cac do thj d Viet Nam phan bo chu ylu d cac ven sdng, khu vuc done bing thupc cac luu vuc sdng va ven biln nen viec cung cap nudc cho dd thi chiu tic dpng klidng nho tit cie nguon nudc mat tir he thdng sdng ngdi Trong khi dd, hfi thong song ngdi ciia nude ta Igi bj chi phii'
bdi: ngudn nudc nudi dudng chinh (nim ngoii lanh thd Viet nam), s\f nhip nudc man tir biln vi bdi chst
thii ciia bin than dd thi Chinh vi vgy, su d nhiem nudc m§t cd anh hudng to ldn den chat lupng nuoc cung cap cho cic do thj, Hien nay, ngudn nudc cung cap cho cac dd thj dugc khai thic chii yeu tucic nguon: nudc dudi dit (dugc nudi dudng co ban bdi he thdng nudc mat) va bdi su thim thau nudc lii bi mat dit hoac dugc khai thic true tiep tir cae ngudn nudc mat O nhiem nudc inh hudng tdi nhieu tiigt vl mdi trudng va kinh tl, xa hpi dd thi Th^rc trgng d nhilm nudc dang bao hieu tnrdc nguy ca thieu ninjc nghiem trpng tgi cic dd thi d Vi£t Nam
Tgi thanh phd Lgng San, Thii Nguyen, he thdng gilng khoan khu vuc sdng Ky Cimg, sdng Ciu dang bj d nhilm nang Tai TP Ha Long, TP Hai Phdng, hang logt gieng khoan dang bj nhicm rnpn nang nl do tdc dp khai thac qua nhanh tren cimg mdt dia ting 6 npi thanh Hii Phdng, nhicu gieng khoan bi nhilm mgn'va muc nudc ngim bi tut sau xudng tdi 1 -2 met
Vdi cac do thi miln Trung, nudc ngam dugc khai thac d dp sau nhd (khoang 10 -25m), ldp phd
bl mat mdng nen dl bj d nhilm Qua khao sit, phan ldn cac ngudn nude niy dlu bi nhiem vi sinh vi' mdt sd chi tieu vi Iugng vugt mii'c cho phep nhieu Ian
Cic kit qua nghien ciioj quan trie mdi nhit cho thiy, tgi mgt so do thj ldn nhu HaNpi, TP.IIoChi Minh, Hii Phdng, Hdn Gai, Vinh, Ca Mau, Sdc Tring, Bac Lieu ngudn nudc ngim dang co nhiing dSu: hieu can kiet, d nhiem, nhiem mgn Mgc nudc cua cac ting chua nudc khai thac bi ha thap lien tuc theo, thdi gian
Dien hinh nhu Ha Ndi, mye nudc ting chiia Pleistoxen hg thip vdi tdc dp 0,4ni/nam; TP Ho Chi Minh la0,6m/nam; Ca Mau la 1 m/nam Sir nhiem ban ngudn nudc ngam quan sat dupe dhau hetcSc thanh phd d Viet Nam Hien tugng liin sut nin dit do khai thac nudc ngim qua muc cd thi thay d Ha Npi, TP.Hd Chi Minh, viing Hoai Dire (HaNpi), TT Cam Lp (QuangTrj) '
Tgi TP.Quang Ngai, noi ma qua trinh dd thj hda, cdng nghiep hda chua phit trien mgnh, nhimg theo Bio cao hien trgng mdi trudng cua tinh Quing Ngai nam 2005 , vl nudc mat: ndng dp chato nhilm tgi cac diem quan trac deu tang qua mdi nam, dac biet la tdng Coliform gia tang nhanh chdng, Tuy nhien, da sd kit qua phan tich cic chi tieu khac tai cac dilm quan trie so vdi Tieu chuan Viet Nam dlu chua vugt qua
Tdm lgi: thuc trang quan trie mdi trudng nudc dd thj cho thiy, phin ldn cac dd thj d Vi?t Nam
(dac biet tai cac do thi Idn) dlu dang ddng trudc nguy ca cgn kiet ngudn nudc va cd mdi trudng nitcrc
bj d nhilm Tuy mdc dp d nhilm nudc d mdi do thi cd bieu hien khac nhau vl mdc dO, chal gay o
nhiem, nhimg deu xuit phat tir nguyen nhan co ban la do khai thac tai nguyen nudc khong hpp li ^°
Ngoc Ly Nguy ca c^n ki^t nudc dfl thj www.laodong.com.vn ngiy 16/7/2010
Sd T4i nguygn vk Moi tru&ng tinh Quang Ngai, BSo c5o t6m tat hi§n tr?ng moi trudng tinh Quang NgSi 2005
Trang 5inh hudng bdi cac chat thai cdng nghiep va chat thii sinh hogt Van de cap bach dit ra de bio ve mdi
tntimg nudc dd thj li phii khai thic sd dyng hgp li tii nguyen nudc, xay dung va hoan thien he thdng
xir It cac chit thai d cic dd thj, cac khu vuc cdng nghiep vi tap trung ddng din cu ed su dyng chung fjouon nudc, nham giam thieu cic chit phat thai giy d nhiem mdi trucrng nudc phii hgp vdi cic tieu chuin mdi trudng Viet Nam
2J Thirc tr^ng 6 nhilm moi trirdng dat do thi
Theo kit qui thdng ke cac nam gin day cho thiy: cac dd thj d Viet Nam da dang chuyin doi ca cau kinh te chu dao li Thuang mai, djch vu - Cdng nghiep - Ndng, lim, ngu nghiep; irong do: cdng nghi?p che bien chiem ti trpng GDP co bin trong khu vuc kinh tl cdng nghiep
Ngiy 27/06/2008, Ngan hang the gidi (World Bank) da chinh thuc cdng bd kit qua nghicn ciru
10 tinh, thinh phd cd ty I? d rihicm mdi trudng do nganh cdng nghiep che biln, chi tgo cao nhit Viet Nam Trong dd, hai thinh phd Hi Ndi va TP.Hd Chi Minh chiem ty le khoing 50% ldng luyiig pbii thai chit giy d nhilm khdng khi, dit vi nude ciia hai viing cdng nghiep trpng dtlm phia Bic va viing cong nghjep trpng diem phia Nam
Theo ket qui nghien ciru, 10 tinh, thanh phd cd ty le d nhiem cao nhit la: TP Hd Chi Minh, Hi Npi, Hai Phdng, Binh Duang, Ddng Nai, Thai Nguyen, Phii Thp, Da Ning, Ba rja - Vung Tau vi Can Thu Trong 10 tinh nay World Bank di chpn ra 10 phudng, xa ciia mdi tinh, thinh phd cd ty le d nhilm cao nhat vdi ba logi hinh: d nhiem dat, nudc va khdng khi
Trong do, ba nginh nginh cd chi sd giy d nhiem mdi trudng cao nhat li: sin xuat dd udng, sin xuat sin pham tir khoang phi kim logi vi det may Sau dd li cic nganh: sin xuil trang phyc; so che vi nhupm da, Idng thu; sin xuat giiy, gd, kim loai, va li, tiii xich vi sin xuat cac san phim tir cao su, nhya
Hai thinh phd cd chi sd d nhilm cao nhit Viet Nam la thanh phd Ha Ndi vi TP.Hd Chi Minh, thii phgm gay d nhiem ehii yeu li nganh cdng nghiep hda chat
Cy the, ddi vdi thanh phd Hi Ndi d nhiem mdi trudng nudc chiem 41,2%i nhu ciu O xy sinh hpc, 43,9% tong Iugng kim loai va 47,3% tdng eac chat gay d nhiem, d nhiem dat chiem 46,9% kim logi njng va d nhiem khdng khi chiem 46,7% lugng cic hop chat hiiu ca ciia viing cdng nghjep trpng diem phia Bac Trong khi dd, tgi TP.Hd Chi Minh d nhiem nudc chiem 59,1% hda chit vi 56,8% kim logi, d nhilm dat chiem 57,2% hda chit, 52,5% kim loai vi d nhilm khdng khi chiem 50% tdng lugng cac chat gay d nhiem cua toin viing cdng nghiep trpng diem phia Nam
Tuy nhien, xep hgng theo phudng, xa thi phudng Cam Gia - TP Thai Nguyen dirng dau danh sich cac xa phudng cd tai lugng d nhi6m cao nhai Tai day cd 5 nha miy hogt ddng phit thai ra gin 100% tdng tai lugng d nhiem ciia toan phudng
Theo Worid Bank, chi phi xd li d nhiem mdi trudng ciia Viet Nam du tinh khoang 2,5 ty USD/nim trong khi phan bd ngan sach ciia Chinh phii theo qui dinh khoang l%i GDP, theo sd lieu nam 2004 la khoang 450 tri^u UDS dgt 1/5 so vdi mire dp yeu ciu
Ban bao cao nghien cihi nay cua World Bank dugc thuc hien bang cich ip dung He thdng Du bao 6 nhilm (ISPP) chuyin ddi cac thdng tin kinh tl thanh buc tranh tong the ve tinh trang d nhiem gay ra bdi nganh cdng nghi?p chi bien, chi tgo tir cap qudc gia den cap xa dya vao dtr lieu toin dien ciia Vi^ Nam do Tong cue thdng ke cdng bo nam 2006
Nguin: //vietbao.vn ngiy 28/6/2008
Trang 6Day ciing la mdt kit qui nghien cieu cd tinh tham khio doi vdi viee dinh gii vl d nhilm mfii uudng dd thi d Vi?t Nam, khiin chung ta cin phai quan tam thich dang
2.4 Thuc tr^ng cay xanh 36 thi
Theo danh gia ciia Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng, hien nay viec trong cay xanh d dd thj nudc ta cdn rit it va chua dgt tieu chuin vl dp che phu cung nhu can bing he sinh thii Tgi cac viing do thi hoa nhanh, bp khung bio ve mdi trudng la nhirng vanh dai xanh khdng dugc qui hoach va bao v^ Nhan dinh chung la chi tieu dit dl trdng cay xanh trong cae dd thj cdn qua thip : trung binh mdi chi dgt 0,5 m/ngudi Tgi hai thanh phd ldn la Hi Npi va TP Hd Chi Minh, cay xanh cung dgt khdng qua 2 mVngudi, chi mdi bang I/IO chi tieu cay xanh ciia cac thanh phd hien dgi tren thi gioi (khoing 20 m^ - 25 m^ cay xanh/ngudi) vi chi bing 2/7 theo tieu chuan cay xanh dd thj do Bd xay dung ban hanh (2008)
He thdng cay xanh mdi chi co bin hinh thanh va tgp trung tai cic do thj ldn vi trung binh, cac
dd thi nhd cay xanh chua thinh he thdng, chilm dien tich khdng dang kl So vdi cic tieu chuan vi qui-ehuin thi ty le dien tich dat cay xanh cdn thap xa so vdi yeu ciu
Ngudn luc phat trien cay xanh dd thi cdn it, chi dua vao ngin sach Nha nudc, thieu co che, chinh sach dl khuyin khich mpi thanh phan kinh tl va nhan dan tham gia Trir mpt sd thinh phd ldn nhu Ha Npi, TP Hd Chi Minh, Da Nang cdn iai cac dd thj khac, chi phi dau tu cho ciy xanh hiu nhu khdng ding ke hoac rat thap
Ben cgnh do, quin li ve cay xanh cdn long leo, tinh trgng chgt pha cay, tia canh; khai thac mpt each tuy tien cdn lam giam dien tich dp che phu va khi ning sinh tdn ciia cay Vice trdng cay xanh cr nhiing nai cdng cdng vin cdn mang tinh tu phat, manh miin, thieu qui hogch ve lua chpn, bd tri ioai cay trdng phii hgp d timg cdng trinh, tirng dia phuong,
Vi dy nhu TP Hd Chi Minh, ngudi ta udc tinh rang: qui hoach cay xanh dd thi den nam 2020 vdi chi tieu khiem tdn 10-15 m2/ngudi (gip 10 lin hien nay) se phii diu tu khoang 80 ngan ty ddng Bdi vay, de phit trien edng vien, cay xanh do thj ngoai ngudn vdn ngan sach, can huy dpng ngudn lire trong nhan dan va cac thanh phin kinh te khae trong vi ngoai nudc
De lim dugc dilu do, phai cd co chi chinh sich uu dai, khuyin khich thu hut vdn diu tu; cdng khai qui hogch va danh sich cac danh myc keu gpi dau tu; xuc tien dau tu cd hieu qua; Idng ghep dii
in cong vien, cay xanh dd thj vdi du an sinh Idi khac de tgo dieu kien cho eac doanh nghiep tham gia dau tu
Tang cudng cdng tie quan li cay xanh dd thj tren cac mat trdng, duy tri va bao v8 cay xanh cung
la dieu can thiet Viec chgt hg, djch chuyin cay xanh cdng cdng can phai qui djnh cu the ve vi?c cap phep va tham quyen cip phep; phan cdng rd chirc nang va nhiem vy cua cac ca quan quan li Nhi nucic
ma trong dd chinh quyen dd thj eac cap co trich nhiem va vai trd quan trpng trong viec quan li, bio ve, phat trien cdng vien, cay xanh dd thi tren dja ban theo phan eip ciia UBND cip tinh, thanh phd Mpt bien phap cung het sire quan trpng la khuyin khieh cac hp gia dinh ty trong cay xanh, cham sdc, bao ve va trong cay xanh trudc mat nhi, tren cac tuyln ph6 theo qui hogch va theo qui djnh ve chiing loai cay dugc phe duyet
Nguon: Linh Vu D ^ h dk cho cSy xanh do thj Theo www.monre.gov vn ngay 8/4/2006
Trang 7I
3 imif>^G NGUYEN NHAN CO BAN GAY 6 NHIEM MOI TRU'OfNG DO THI 6 VIET NAM Qua ket qui nghien cuu va phan tich thuc trang mdi trudng dd thi d Viet nam trong gan 10 rtjin qua, cd the di den ket luan tdng quit: hau het eac dd thj d Viet Nam dang bj d nhiem mdi trudng Tyaxu thi 0 nhiem mdi trudng ngay cang tram trpng; cd su phan hda khac nhau ve mdc dp d nhiem [Ago qui md phat trien cua do thj, cac do thi ldn bieu hien muc dp d nhiem mdi trudng cao hon cic dd
•thi nho, dgc bi?t la mdi trudng nude vi khdng khi Cic nguyen nhin co ban giy d nhiem mdi trudng (jS thi la do:
31 Su gia tang dan so va qua trinh do thi hda
Rieng ddi vdi mdi trudng dd thj cd the khang dinh rang nguyen nhan co bin li do cic hoat dpng cua con ngudi Do dd, dan sd vi su gia tang dan sd tai cac dd thj trong qua trinh dd thi hda, cdng [johifp hda la mpt trong nhu'ng nguyen nhan ca bin giy d nhiem mdi trudng dd thj
Tong Cyc thdng ke vira cdng bd ket qui dieu tra toin bd vi tdng kel tdng dieu tra dan sd vi nhi ffnim 2009 Ket qua dieu tra eho thay dan sd thinh thi dang gia tang nhanh chdng, ket qua dieu tra cho thiy
Cung vdi tdc dp dd thi hda chdng mat (gan 30%i/nam) thi dan sd thanh thi hien dang gia tang nhanh chdng Neu d khu vyc ndng thdn tdc dp tang trung binh 0,4%)/nam thi cdn sd niy d thinh thi la 3,4%/nam va ca nudc cd 25.436.896 ngudi dang sdng d khu vuc thinh thi, chiem 29,6% tdng dan sd canudc
Cd ba tinh, thanh phd ed quy md dan sd ldn hon 3 trieu ngudi, do li Tp.HCM, Hi Ndi va Thanh Hoa trong dd Tp HCM dirng dau ci nudc vdi din sd 7.163 trieu ngudi Ha Npi dimg thir 2 vdi sd dan 6.452 fl-ieu ngudi
Dd thj hda da lim thay ddi dien mgo ciia dit nudc, gdp phan nang cao rnirc sdng ciia mpt sd bp phgn dan cu, tuy nhien ben cgnh nhirng mat ti'ch cue cung da phit sinh nhieu van de phirc tap, trong dd plii yeu la: vin dl di dan ndng thdn ra thanh thj gay khd khan them trong cdng tac quan li dd thj va
nita gia tang tinh trang thit hgc, that nghiep va phan hoa giau ngheo; van de nha d va quan li trit tu an
toin xa hpi d dd thi; vin 6h he thdng co sd ha ting qui tai vi d nhiem mdi trudng
' Tgi cic dd thi vi?c ehilm dyng dit cdng, san lip mat bing, sdng ngdi, lin chiem long dl dudng ifc lam nha va xay dung trii phep diln ra hang ngay lam can trd den viec tieu, thoat nudc vi chat thii il6 thj Ben cgnh dd, h | thong co sd ha ting khdng dap ung dii, dudng x.a giao thdng tac nghen, nguon niroc ngim va cac ddng sdng bj de dpa nhilm ban nghiem trpng vi chat thai, khdng khi ngay cang d nhiem ngng nl vi bui cdng trudng, khdi xe, khdi nhi may sin xuat cdng nghiep
3<2 Qui ho^ch do thj
Qui hoach do thj ylu kem cGng la mpt trong nhung nguyen nhan co bin gay d nhiem mdi trudng (16 th}
Qui hoach dd thj hda d Vi^t Nam chua hpp H? Nhgn dinh nay dugc dua ra tai cupc hpp nhdm cong tic thinh pho phat trien ben vung vl mdi trudng ASEAN dien ra vio ngay 28/6/2005 tai Ha Ngi T4i nguyen dit danh cho phat triin dd thj dang bj khai thac kem bin viing, lam giam di?n tich cay xanh
^i ni|t nudc, gay iing ngap, cgn kiet va suy thoii tai nguy6n nudc Nguyen nhan chinh la do mdi trudng
fJgu6n Theo www.kienuuc vn Ngiy 22/7/2010 Diln so do thi ling gSy ap l^rc len h? t^g
Trang 8chua dupe dl cap mdt each diy du va quan tam dimg mirc trong quy hogch xay dung dd thj, co sd ha i ting ky thugt do thi vl mdi trudng nhu hS thdng thoat nudc, tliu gom va xii H rac thai, nudc thai, gi^ 1 thieu d nhiem khdng khi, tieng dn
Dd thj hda nhanh, trong khi ty le phii kin quy hoach chi tilt van "giam chan tai chd" la mfit trong nhiing nguyen nhin din den bit cap trong quin li, khd nang cao dugc chit lugng dd thi Ty [| phu kin quy hogch ehi tiet - cdng cu de quin li phat trien ciia dd thi Igi rat thap (trung binh 30 - 45% dien ti'ch) va khdng dong deu giiia cic vung miln NIU eae thanh phd ldn nhu Ha Npi, Hai Phdng, Da Nang, TP HdChi Minh, ty le phii kin quy hoach chi tiet dat 70-100% di$n tich dat npi thi thi dcacdfi thi nhd vi vira, ti le nay chi chiem khoang 25% Khu vyc Ddng Nam bp, noi cd tdc dp phal Irien kinh
tl cao, dd thi hda nhanh, ty le phii kin quy hogch chi tilt cung ehi khoing 50% Trong klii dd, khu virc Bic Trung bd, Ddng bang sdng Ciru Long, nhieu thj trin chi lap quy hogch dugc tir 5 - 10% dicn tich dit dd thi Dilm dang chii y li ty le phu kin quy hogch chi tilt nhilu nam qua van "giam chin tai cho", khdng chi do toe dp dd thj hda nhanh ban lip quy hogch, mi cdn do chinh cac dd thj lien tyc dupe ma rdng dien lich dit xiy dung nhilu lin so vdi qui hogch da lap trudc dd
Viec thilu cdng cu quan li la quy hoach chi tiet da din den tinh trang thieu ddng bp giua phat trien, md rdng khdng gian do thi vdi ddi mdi va ning cao chat lugng dd thj; bit cap giira nang lire di£u hanh ciia chinb quyen vdi vice quin II dat dai, trit tu xiy dung,
3.3 Quan h' do thi
Quan li dd thj li hogt ddng ciia ca quan hanh chinh Nha nudc can thiep vio qui trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hpi, td chiic khai thic va dieu hoa viec su dung cac ngudn lire (tii nguyen thien nhicn, tai chinh vi con ngudi) nham muc tieu tao dyng mdi trudng sdng thuan lgi ciia dd thj, ket hgp hii hoa giiia Igi ich qudc gia va Igi ich dd thj dam bao sy phit trien ben viing Quin li dd thj trudc hcl la sir thuc lhi quyen luc cdng, nhin danh Nhi nudc tren dia ban dd thi Giai dogn hien dgi, ngoii ca quan Nha nudc, quan It dd thi da cd su tham gia cua cac td chuc xa hpi nghe nghiep, cac td chirc phi chinh phu vi cpng ddng Tuy nhien, quin li do thj van the hien bin chat va vai trd chii dgo ciia Nha nuoc doi vdi khu vuc dd thj dgc biet quan trpng Quan li dd thj gdm nhieu ITnh vuc, cd cac ndi dung chinh sau: Ban hanh cac quy dinh ve quy hogch vi quin 11 xay dyng phat trien dd thi, quin li: quy hoach xay dung, kiln true dd thi, di sin van hoa, ljch su, kien triic va canh quan dd thj, xiy dung ca sd ha ting kJ thuat, nha va dat dd thj, mdi trudng dd thj, trit ty xay dung dd thi
Vdi eac ndi dung quin li neu tren, quan li quy hogch va xiy dung phat trien do thj cd vai tro dac biet quan trpng trong qua trinh boat ddng xiy dung phit trien do thi Nhiing quy hogch, ke hoach, d\r
an, thilt kl xay dyng dii cd chat lugng cao nhung nlu khdng dugc quan Ii tot se khdng the phat huy tie dung Khdng nhirng vay, quan li dd thj cdn cd tic ddng tich cue hoic tieu cue ddi vdi vice phan
bd, huy ddng cac ngudn lye phit triin dd thi eung nhu dim bao cdng bang xa hpi
Thuc trang quin li do thj Viet Nam eho thiy: viec quan Ii dd thi dang bj chia nhd ra nhieu phan giao cho nhieu nginh, nhieu cap quin ti thyc hien thieu tinh thdng nhat va ddng bp tren ciing mdt dor
vj lanh thd Hien tugng phd biln: "nay dao, mai lip" xay ra thudng xuyen tren cimg mpt tuyen dirdnf
d hiu het cic dd thi ciia Viet Nam li nhiing vi dy diln hinh Quan li dat dai hien cang roi hon Gia quyet hgu qui ciia nhirng "quy hogch treo", "quy hoach quen" hipn lgi dang nim trong tay Bd Ta
Nguyen va Mdi Trudng Viec cip giiy hong, giiy dd thi hien su lung tiing ciia bp may quin H n^<
Nguiin' vww vietbao vn Ngiy 28/6/2005
Ngu6n Thieu qui hogch ch^t lu-qmg Sd thj chua cao www, xavdunqvietnam.vn Ngay 6/2/2009
Trang 9I
; Jjftj pja ly va Tai nguyen Mfii trir6'ng Thua Thien Hui Hoi Dja ly Vict Nam
I
nirdc To chu-c chinh quyin ba cap, sao chep md hinh quan li ndng thdn ro rang da khdng cdn thich ligp vdi mdt ca che nang ddng nhu dd thj Viec tim kiem mpt hinh thiirc td chiirc nghien ciru, vgn hanh
va quan li dd thi thich hop vi hing loat van de cin dugc dgt ra nhu mdt yeu ciu cip bich Do dd, quin
li do thj yeu kem ciing la mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhin CO ban gay d nhilm den mdi trudng dd thi
4 MOT SO GIAI PHAP VE BAO VE MOI T R U " 6 N G DO THI 6 VIET NAM
; Quin triet Nghj quylt sd 41NQ/TW ciia Bd Chinh trj, ngay 15/11/2004 vi Chi thi so 29 -CT/TW, ngiy 21/1/2009 cua Ban Bi thu Trung uong litu tudng chi dao chung irong su nghiep bio ve mii trudng hudng tdi su phal triin ben virng Doi vdi iTnh vuc mdi trudng dd thj - mdi trudng cd linh chat die thii, chung ta can phai cd nhirng chinh sich, giii phip cy thi hda phii hop vdi tinh chit cua
no Ve CO bin dd li:
Xay dung mpt chinh sach dan sd die thii cho timg do thj, han ehe qua trinh di din lu do Xay dyng qui chi bao ve mdi trudng dd thj cy thi theo dac thii ciia cic dja phuong dim bao tinh cdng bang vi nghiem minh cua phip lugt
Ddi mdi va nang cao chat lugng, ticn dp cdng lac qui hogch dd lhi gin lien vdi qui hoach phit trien kinh le - xa hpi cd lam nhin dii han
Nang cao chit lugng cdng tic quin li dd thj gin vdi trach BVMT tdi lung co quan chuyen trich cap chinh quyen dja phuong, tirng ci nhin cd irich nhiem trong cdng tic bao ve mdi trudng; Tang cudng cdng tic tuyen iruyen, giao due y thirc bao ve mdi trudng ddi vdi mpi tang ldp xa hpi, din cu ddthi
Tang cudng viec lien ket, hgp tac trong nudc vi qudc te ap dung cac thanh tuu khoa hpc va cong nghe trong Imh vuc bio ve mdi trudng dd thj, die biet ii cac van dl su li chit ihii do thj KET LUAN
Sau han ba muoi nam ddi mdi dat nudc, he thdng dd thj da cd nhiing ddng gdp dang ke ve phat trien kinh te, xa hpi ciia dit nudc trong qua trinh dd thj hda, cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda Tuy nhien, bSn cgnh nhiing thanh tuu kinh te, xa hpi da dal dupe; linh trgng d nhiem mdi trudng, suy thoii mdi
r trudng dd thi dang ngay cang phat trien theo chieu hudng xau Mac dii dugc su quan tim ctia Ding vi Nha nudc thdng qua hang logt he thdng cac van bin ve quan diem, chinh sinh, phip luat, ve cdng tic bio ve mdi trudng, nhung thuc te thyc hien chua dat hieu qua nhu mong dgi, mdi Irudng do thi vin dang xuong cap trim trpng Nguyen nhan co bin ciia tinh trang dd ii do su gia tang din sd qui nhanh
d cac dd thj da tang them sire ep len co sd ha tang kinh le, ki thuil vdn da dang qua tii; su thieu minh bgch, sy yeu kem (dpc quyen, ehdng cheo, su thieu trach nhiem, ) trong cdng tic qui hogch va quin U
do thj Do dd, bio ve mdi trudng dd thj trong qua trinh phit trien ben viing mudn dat hieu qua, trudc net la phai cd cic giai phap khac phuc, trong dd quan trpng nhat li: can cd mpt chinh sich dac thii ve
<J3n sd, qui ehl bao ve mdi trudng dd thi cua tirng dd thj; ddi mdi va nang cao chit lugng cdng tic qui nogch va quin li dd thi gan lien vdi qui hoach vi quin li phit trien kinh te, xa hdi dd Ihj cd tam nhin dai han Cudi cimg, du he thdng van bin chinh sich, phip luat ve bio ve mdt trudng cd cdn khiem Wiuyet, con can bd sung, nhung quan trpng va quyet djnh van li can nhirng ngudi ed trach nhiem, chiu trach nhiem, cd tam, cd dire trong su nghiep bio ve mdi trudng dat nudc (ndi chung) va d cic do thj (ndi rieng) trong qua trinh phit trien eua dat nudc theo hudng ben vung./
Trang 10TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O
1 Bd Chinh tri Chi thi sd 2 9 - C T / T W , ngay 21/1/2009 cua Ban Bi thu vc vice ticp tyc dij\ , | , ^ |
thuc hien Nghi qu>ll 4 1 - N Q / T W ciia Bp Chinh trj (khda IX) ve b i o ve mdi trudng trong I h a i ^
d i y manh cdng nghiep hda, hicn dai hda dal nudc _ _ •
2 Bill The VTnh Phdt triin md hinh mat vi td chuc chinh quyin do thi Ki yeu Hpi t h i o qudc u Viji
N a m hpc H i Ndi 1 2 / 2 0 0 8
3 D i o H o i n g T u i n , Phdt triin bin vimg do thi - Nlmng vdn di li ludn vd kmh nghiem ciia //jt'gjoi
Nxb.Khoa hoc Xa hdi Ha Ndi, 2 0 0 8
4 Dao H o i n g T u i n Mpt sd van de c a ban ve p h i i trien ben v u n g dd lhi ciia I Ii Ndi theo huon.; liii,,
dai den nam 2020 D I t i i c i p Bd N i m 2008
5 Dao Hoang T u i n Mpt so van de c a b i n ve mdi trudng dd thi d Viet Nam: t h u c trang, quan dilm
va giai p h i p De tii c i p Bd N a m 2010
6 Sd Tai nguyen & Mdi trudng tinh Quang Ngai Bao cao hien trang mdi trudng 2005
HOI nghi Khoa hue Dia ly Todn qudc Idn lhu 6, Thdnh phd llui,