Tràn dầu, dò rỉ dầu và giải pháp khả thi, hiệu quả cho xử lý ô nhiễm dầu

Hinh 1: Nu&c day tdu thuyen bi nhiem ddu xd true tiip ra bien Chung ta cd thi xem xet mgt sd gidi phap xii ly nude day tau thuyen h\ nhiem diu da dugc mdt sd noi dl xuit nhu sau: a Thi

TRAN DAU, R O RI DAU

VA GIAI PHAP KHA THI, HIEU QUA CHO XU" LY 6 NHIEM DAU

Pham Van Son

Cdng ty TNHH SOS MOI TRLTCJNG, Hdi Bdo ve thien nhien vd mdi trudng Viet Nam

P105-D5, TT NghTa Tan, phuong Dich Vgng, qugnCiuGiiy, Ha Ndi

DT: 04-37545341 Fax: 04-37545629 Hii-a Chien Thdng Trung tdm Quy hoach, Dieu tra, Danh gid tdi nguyen - mdi trudng Bien vd Hdi dao,

Tdng cvc Biln vd Hdi ddo Viet Nam, Bd TN&MT

125 - Trung Kinh, Trung Hda, Ciu Giiy, Hd Ndi

Web: www.sosenvironment.com Email: sosenvironmentfgjvrm.vn

Tom tat

Hdng chuc ngan tdu thuyin logi vira vd nhd hogt dgng tgi vung biin Viet Nam

hdng ngdy xd m0t lugng l&n nu&c ddy tdu nhiem ddu ra moi tnr&ng md khong hi

qua xir ly gdy nen tinh trgn^ nuac bi 6 nhiem ddu ngdy cdng gia tdng Khac v&i

cdc tdu l&n hiin dgi, vi^c lap dgt thiit bi phdn ly nu&c - ddu cho cdc tdu thuyen

nhd la gidi phdp khd khd thi (thiit bi ddt tien, chi phi v^n hdnh lan, ngoai ra cdn

cdn dien hoac dgng ca cho vgn hdnh vd mat bdng cho lap dgt )

Thuc te ung cuu su co trdn ddu trin biin cho thdyjjhao qudy tdu chuyen

dung, bam hut ddu chi giiip thu gom dugc tir 0% din 20% lugng ddu trdn

Mgt phdn lan ddu trdn khdng dugc thu gom xam nhgp vdo ba gdy hgu qud

nghiim trgng Tuy nhien cdc phuong dn ki hogch ung ciru su co trdn ddu m&i

chi chii yiu quan tdm den qudy ddu ngoai biin md chua quan tdm din gidi

phdp xu ly 6 nhiim ddu xam nhap vdo b&

Trin day la 2 vdn di lan ve 6 nhiim mdi tru&ng md cho den nay vdn chua nh$n

dugc su quan tdm cua cdc ca quan chuc ndng cung nhu doanh nghiep Dd chinh

Id ngi dung md nhom tdc gid de cap t&i v&i vi0c di xudt nhitng gidi phdp hiiu qua

theo phuong cham "suy nghi rdng nhung tiep can cu the vd thirc dung"

Abstract

OIL SPILLS AND SLEAKS, APPROPRL\TE AND PRAGMATIC SOLLUTIONS

Along Vietnam shoreline, every day thousands of medium and small boats

pollute seawater by discharging their oily bilges into environment without any

treatment Differently from big modern ships, it is nearly impossible to install

oil-water separators in the medium and small boats (due to high costs for

equipment, operation and maintenance, and the space for installation )

In the reality of emergency response to oil spills on water, it has been

20% of the spilled oil amount Most the unrecovered spilled oil hits the coast and causes huge damages to the environment However, this problem has not been considered properly in oil spill response plans/projects by authorities, as well as enterprises so far

The two above environmental issues are in main concern of this article's authors, who address them by suggesting the appropriate and pragmatic

solutions

I GIAI P H A P K H A THI CHO XC L t NlTdC DAY T A U THUYEN BI NHIEM DAU Tai vimg bien ciia Vigt Nam chiing ta, mdi ngdy cd hdng tram ngan tdu thuyen logi viia

vd nhd xa mgt lugng ldn nude day tau nhiem dau ra mdi trudng khdng hi qua xii 1^ Cac sir cd trdn dau trSn bien ludn thu hiit sir chii y cua cdc co quan qudn ly vd truyln thdng Tuy

nhien neu thong ke hang nam chiing ta cd the nhgn thay: lugng ddu thodt ra moi truang tie cdc 5U- CO trdn dau Igi nho han nhieu so v&i tdng lugng ddu thdi ra tic hdng trdm ngan tdu thuyen vira vd nho Th\rc trgng nay dang gay ton thit kinh tl ldn cho cdc vung nudi trong

thiiy san cimg nhu anh hudng lau ddi tdi h$ sinh thai va da dgng sinh hgc biln

Hinh 1: Nu&c day tdu thuyen bi nhiem ddu xd true tiip ra bien

Chung ta cd thi xem xet mgt sd gidi phap xii ly nude day tau thuyen h\ nhiem diu da

dugc mdt sd noi dl xuit nhu sau:

a) Thiet bi phan Iv diu - nude: Khac vdi cdc tdu Idn hien dgi, vi$c ldp dat thilt bi phan

ly dau - nude cho cdc tau thuyin nhd la gidi phap khd khd thi: thilt bi ddt tiln (thdm chi dit hon tri gid con thuyen), chi phi van hdnh Idn, ngodi ra cdn cin dien hogc dgng co cho vgn hanh, mat bdng cho ldp dgt

^ b) Xir Iv trung tdm: La gidi phdjp xay d\mg mot trung tdm xu I^ nude thai nhiem diu dat tren bd Tau thuyen phdi cgp ben dS bom nude day tdu 16n

c) Thu gom xu Iv co ddng: La gidi phdp bom nude nhilm diu tur cac tau sang khoang chiia cua mgt tau djch vy Tdu djch v\i ndy cd ttil xu ly nude nhilm diu thu gom bdng

Vdi gidi phap (b) hoac (c), chi phi xir ly nude thdi ma chu tau thuySn phdi trd khdng hi nhd Tuy nhien lugng thdi gian ddi tau phdi ngiing hogt dgng de chd gidi phdng nude day tdu mdi tuin 2-3 lin gdy ra thiet hgi kinh te cho chu- tdu cdn ldn hon chi phi xtr Ij- nude thdi Chung ta thu hinh dung rieng tgi khu v\rc tinh Quang Ninh vi?c td chiic xu ly nude thai hang ngdy cho hon 10,000 tdu thuySn nhd hoat dgng tren bien se nan gidi nhu thi ndo

Phin Idn tau thuyen nhd d Vigt Nam diu thd so, tinh trang mdy mdc cG nen nude day

tdu nhiem dau cdng tram trgng, vugt xa ngudng 5mg/l qui dinh trong TiSu chudn nude thdi

NIU CO quan qudn 1^ moi trudng kilm tra va phgt thi giai phdp ndo kha thi cho cho chu tdu? Vd neu bi phgt thi cd le tiln phgt cling re hon nhieu so vdi chi phi cua chii tdu cho vice lip dat vd vgn hdnh thilt bj phan ly diu - nude Thijc trgng Id hang tram ngdn tau thuyin nhd cii "vd tu" xd nude nhilm ddu ra biln hdng ngdy, khien cho tinh trang d nhilm ngdy cdng bdo dgng

Gidi phdp vd kinh nghiem cua SOS M 6 I TRU'ONG - Xu ly t^i ch3 bdng vdi Ipc diu SOS-1

Gidi thieu vl Vdi loc diu SOS-1:

Vdi lgc diu SOS-1 dugrc san xuit tii 100% sgi tai che, cd khd"ndng lgc sgch diu ke ca vdng diu rit mdng ldn trong nude thdi bat k6 nude nggt hay nude man vdi luu tdc ldn

SOS-1 cd khd nang hiit lugng diu gap 20 Idn trgng lugmg bdn than, sir d\mg dugc nhieu Ian Vai lgc diu SOS-1 sii dyng rat don gidn: Cho nude nhiem diu chdy qua vdi Vdi cd the

d dgng tui lgc bit diu dng ra cua bom, tiii lgc trudc diu hiit ciia bom, hoac tha noi ty do trong khoang nude ddy tdu (xem Hinh 2)

Vdi lgc ddu SOS-1 Tiii lgc ddu ra THI lgc

ciia bom truac ddu

hiit ciia bam

Thd noi trong nu&c day tdu

Hinh 2: Mgt so hinh dnh Vdi lgc ddu SOS-I

Khi vdi ngam no diu, tdch diu ra bang phuong phdp co hoc (vdt ly tdm, ep ), 1dm sgch bang cdch gi^t thdng thudng vd sir dyng Igi Vdi khdng tu bi hdng myc khi ngdm frong nude md chi cd the tieu hiiy bdng each ddt Kit qud phan tich cho thiy tdng hdm lugng diu trong nude thai nhilm diu tii 24,000ppm sau khi lgc bdi vdi lgc diu SOS-1

Hieu qud kinh te:

Gid thilt mSi tau logi vira hodc nhd m§i ngay xa ra lugng diu trung binh Id 0.2kg idn trong khodng 3 m^ nude ddy tau bom ra bilii, chi phi xu ly nude nhiem diu theo tinh toan

se chua tdi 6,000 ddng/ngdy, hoac 180,000ddng/thang Gid sii, nlu chu tau chi sii dung tiii lgc 1 lin rdi tieu hiiy, thi chi phi mdi ngay se Id: 19,500 ddng/ngdy, ho§Ci585,000 ddng/thdng Ap dung bien phdp kilm sodt diu thdi ndy cho cdc tau du lich d cdc vjnh Ion nhu Ha Long hodc Nha Trang, hodn toan Id khd thi

H XU* L V 6 NHIEM DAU DO DAU TRAN TlT BIEN X A M NHAP VAO BOf

Th\rc tl img ciiu sir co trdn diu tren biln cho thiy: Vdi dgi ngu iing ciiu chuyen nghi^o nhit thi thdi gian tir liic nhdn dugc bao ddng vl sir co trdn diu din khi dgi ling ciiu tdi hi^af trudng mit khodng 15-60 phiit Vdi thdi gian do vet diu trdn da trdi xa yd lan tda^en dien rgng khiln cho viec cd lgp bdng phao quay diu rit khd khan Thuc tl la phao quay, tau chuyen dung, bom hut diu chi giiip thu gom duoc tir 0% den 20% luong diu tran So dau trdn khdng kilm sodt dugc mgt phin tan vdo nude, bdc hoi duoi anh nlng m^t trdi, phan Ion cdn Igi xam nhdp vdo bd tan phd cac viing cd h? sinh thdi nhay cam, ngim xudng dat cat Mgt th\rc tl khde niia la tgi nhilu vung bien cua nude ta thudng phdt hien thiy cac vet diu loang dat vao bd, vdn thanh cyc Ngudn gdc cac vet dau ndy tir dau thi khdng co quan chiic nang ndo xdc dinh dugc

Tuy nhien trong cdc phuong dn iing ciiu sy cd tran dau hien nay chiing ta mdi chi chii trgng din phin trang thilt hi nhu phao qudy, bom hiit chuySn dyng, tdu iing ciiu tren mat nude Cdn phucmg dn xu ly d nhilm ddu ven bd mdi chi dimg Igi d vi^c thu gom rac nhiem diu, diu vdn cyc mang di xir ly Nhihig gi thu gom dugc chi la mot phin d nhiem het siic

nhd b6 so vdi lugfng diu ngim xudng ddt cdt, trdi dat vdo cdc khu vuc nhgy cdm

Giai phap va kinh nghifm cua SOS M 6 I TRlTOfNG:

a) Thu gom dau lan trong nu'O'c bien gan bd

Vdi lgc diu SOS-1 da dugc su dung de hiit vd giii dau tran xam nhap vao bd bien do sir

CO tran diu tgi vinh Mexico (My) thang 4/2010 Vai lgc diu dugc cang tren ludi sat thanh cdc tim chan, cd djnh bing cgc ndi thanh biic tudng dai bao ve khu vuc nude sdt bd c6 he sinh thai nhay cam, giiip Igc hieu qud cdc hgt ddu thd nhd li ti lan trong ddng nude bien

Do nude cd the thoat qua vai nhanh nSn biic tudng loc khdng hi bi nude thiiy trieu cuon troi hay sdng xd do Xem Hinh 3 chiing ta thay ro cac hgt dau thd bam den tren vai khi thiiy trieu xudng

De lam sgch dau lan trong nude bien xam nhap vdo bd, ngoai each da dp dung tai vjnh Mexico (My), chiing ta cd the chgn cdch khde nhu sau:

Vdi lgc dau sir dyng d dang phao di dgng, phia tren ndi \di xdp ndi, phia dudi noi voi

xich ddn hoac cac vat nang dl keo vdi chim xudng tgo thdnh buc tudng Igc (xem Hinh 4)

B^ Idn ciia xdp ndi va trgng lugng cua xich ddn phdi ddm bdo sao cho m6p tren cua vai loc

n

Biic tudng lgc ndy cd thi chdn dgc bd bien de Igc diu trong nude bien nhiem diu tat vdo bd Tai 2 diu cd thi diing neo hoac cgc de cd dinh tudng Igc khdng bi trdi dat Neu tudng Igc qud ddi se bd sung cac neo/cgc d doan giua Khde vdi tudng lgc ung dung tgi vinh Mexico, tudng lgc logi ndy cd cdc uu diem: Don gidn, it tdn kem hon vd de thi cdng hon tudng Igc bdng khung kim logi; de dang dua len bd, thao vai n^im dam diu ra dl tdch diu rdi tilp tyc sir dung; cd the dung neo/cgc cd dinh tudng Igc d bat ki vimg nude ndo gdn

bd hodc dung tau keo de keo nhu k6o ludi danh ca di ddng tren mat bien

Hinh 3: Vdi lgc ddu SOS-1 cdng tren khung kim logi thdnh tu&ng Igc su dgng de ngdn giir ddu tgi ba bien co he sinh thdi nhay cdm trong su co trdn ddu tgi vinh Mexico thdng 4/2010

Cac doan phao giii cho mep vdi noi tren mat ntr&c

Xich dan hoac cdc vdt ndng giir cho mep vdi chim

>cy de neo co dinh tu&ng lgc gdn b& hogc de tdu keo di tren biSt

Hinh 4: Vdi lgc ddu SOS-1 sir dung di ngdn giir ddu tgi ba biin co the co djnh bdng

164

b) Xu ly dat cat bd bieo nhiim diu

Sau khi lugng diu trdn xdm nhap vdo bd md cd thi thu gom dugc bdng bi^n phdpi thdng thudng (miic bang xd, tham bang vdi ), viec xu ly phin diu ngim xudng cat rat kh6 Chiing ta khdng thi ddt cdt nhiem diu hodc xuc hang ngan met khdi cat d nhiem mang di x^ly

Da cd nhilu thii nghiem dung dung dich vi sinh dl xii ly cdt nhilm dau nhung ket qud khdng mdy kha quan Nguyen nhan: Vi sinh tron^ dung djch tilp xiic vdi diu mang tinh ngau nhien, tdn man va phdi chiu nhilu tdc dgng xiu cua cdc chung vi sinh khde trong moi trudng ty nhien

Chit thdm va phdn huy diu ty nhien Enretech-l vdi co chi hiit va cd lap dau de sau do cac vi sinh cua Emetech thvc hi^n chiic nan^ phan huy ddu da bj cd ldp ben trong cdc xo bdng chinh la gidi phdp xu ly higu qua, kinh t6 nhit vd triet de nhat

Gidi thigu ve Enretech-l

Hinh 5: Enretech-l che tic xa bong, hut, co lap ddu vd phdn hiiy ddu bang vi sinh

Enretech-l cd 3 ddc tinh hit sire quan trgng giup nd vugt trOi hon cdc sdn pham khde: Hiit nhanh hydrocarbon d mgi dang nguyen hay nhii tuong

- Kit bao, cd dinh diu ben trong cac xo bdng khdng cho thoat ra n^odi Enretech-l khdng chi cd lap diu trong dieu kien thdng thudng ma ngay cd khi de dudi trdi mua, ngam dudi nude, phoi dudi trdi nang hay chiu tdc ddng cua dp lye chdn lap dau ciing khdng bi nhd ra Ddy Id ddc tinh rat quan trgng, giiip khing che dau d nhilm lan toa rdng Bang viec hut het diu trdn nhiem trong dat cdt va cd lap diu, Enretech-l giup khdi phyc nhanh chdng mdi trudng sdng khi xdy ra su cd

- Sau khi diu bi hut va cd lap, cdc vi sinh "dn diu" trong xo bdng ciia Enretech-l se bit diu thuc hien chiic nang phdn huy diu Enretech-l vugt trgi cac che phdm vi sinh khde ve:

o Lugng vd chung vi sinh: D I thuc hien chiic nang phan huy smh hgc hydrocarbon triet de nhat

Khd nang duy tri su sdng vi sinh: Vi sinh d trang thai ngu vd thdi hgn (nhu

hgt gidng) vd chi "thiic dgy" neu cho tiep xiic vdi ddu

Khd nang kiem soat: Vi sinh chi phdt trien trong mdi trudng cd dau Khi

ddu hi phan hiiy het hogc khdng cd dau, vi sinh khdng cdn ngudn thiic an se

chet Cdc chung vi sinh cua Enretech-l khdng the nudi cay ben ngoai cdc xo

bdng (noi d duy nhdt ciia chiing)

Vi sinh chuyen hda dau thdnh san pham cudi cung Id cacbonic vd nude

Thdi gian vi sinh phan huy ddu nhanh hon rit nhilu so vdi thdi gian xo

bdng Enretech-l tu phdn buy nen rat an todn Xo bdng phan huy tlianh

ngudn phdn bdn hihi dung cho ddt

San pham cd ngudn gdc tir xo bdng tu nhien, khdng ddc hgi dli vdi siic khoe con

ngudi, dgng thuc vat va moi trudng

Hon hgp Emetech-1 & ddu bi hap thu Id chit thai thdng thudng, cd thi chdn lap

nhu chat thdi khdng nguy hgi

Xu ly ngay tai chd (noi xdy ra su cd trdn ddu hay noi cd dat bi d nhiem dau) Khdng

mat chi phi van chuyen chat d nhilm di xir ly hay chdn lap, rat thich hgp cho viec xir ly

d nhung vimg xa xdi khd tiep can, giao thdng khdng thugn tien

- Don gidn va an toan trong bao quan va sir dung Khdng cin chuyen gia hay huan

luyen ddc biet

Cdch sir dune:

Cat mieng bao, rac hot Enretech-l phu len toan bg be mat co dau tran vai Trgn

Enretech-l vdi ddt hi nhiem dau cdng deu cang tdt Cude, xeng, bira la dung cu thdng dung

cho trdn xdi Ddi vdi vimg d nhiem rdng nhu bai bien thi cd the sir dung mdy cay

Cdn khodng 2 bao logi 10 kg/bao cho 1 m^ dat d nhilm ddu dudi mire 40,000ppm Qua

trinh phan huy sinh hgc ddu (dd hi cd lap) bdi vi sinh Enretech diln ra ngay sau dd 70

-80% lugng dau hap thu bi phan huy sau 2 thang Neu tang lugng Enretech-l len gap ddi (4

bao/lm'') thi sau 30 ngay lugng diu cd thi gidm tdi 80% Viec tang lugng Eruetech-1

nhieu hon niia la khdng cin thiet vd thdi gian phan huy dau cung khdng dien ra nhanh hon

Sau vai ngay rdc vd trgn xdi deu dat cat nhiern ddu vdi Enretech-l, khi quan sat chiing

ta cd cam gidc nhu hoan todn khdng cdn ddu ldn trong cat bd bien vi da trang va cac sinh

vat dat khac sinh sol nay nd trd Iai va dim cat len rat nhieu Thuc ra dau van cdn, nhung da

hi hut sach va b| cd lap ben trong xo bdng Enretech-l Qua trinh phdn hiiy ddu bdi vi sinh

van dan^ diln ra ben trong cac xo bdng trong khi mdi trudng cat bien dd sach ddu, an toan

cho su sdng ciia cac sinh vdt ddt phuc hdi trd Igi

166

Rdc, trgn deu Enretech-l v&i

cdt nhiem ddu bdng mdy cay

Ket qud sau 3 ngdy vd 1 thdng

Khu vuc khong dugc xir ly sau I thdng

Hinh 6: Sic dung Enretech-l vd kit qud

Enretech-l tai Viet Nam:

Ngay 07/09/2001 sir cd va dam giira hai tau Farmosa One vd Petrolimex-1 tai Vinh Gidnh Rai da 1dm tren 800 t i n d i u DO tran ra biln, xam nhdp vdo b d b i l n TP Vung Tau Enretech-l da dugc sir dung d l xu ly d n h i l m d i u tai Bai Trudc cho k i t qua h i t sire in tugng (Xem hinh 6)

Enretech-l da dugc khao nghiSm 2 l i n tai Vi^t Nam bdi cac c o quan quan ly va chuyen mdn d l danh gia khd nang phdn buy biin can nhiem d i u phdt sinh tir viSc xiic nia bdn chiia (Xir ly bun can nhilm ddu khd hon rat nhieu so vdi xir ly ddt cat nhiem diu) Vdi ham lugng d i u trong biin can nhiem d i u tdi 43,300 mg/kg, Enretech-l da cho ket qua rat tdt trong vi$c lam giam ham lugng ddu xuong thap hem ngudng qui dinh theo QCVN 07:2009 (Xem chi tiet tai Bdng 1)

Bdng 1: Kit qud thu nghiem khd ndng phdn huy sinh hgc ddu cua Enretech-l

TT

1

2

3

4

Thdnh ph^n nguy hai

Ddu hydrocacbon < Cio

Ddu hydrocacbon C10-C16

Dau hydrocacbon C17-C34

Dau hydrocacbon >C35

Dam

vi

mg/kg

mg/kg

mg/kg

mg/kg

Ket qua phan tich mau

Due Giang

Ty le Im /2 bao

294,4

2956

443,9

KPH

K130 trgn lrr^/4 bao

140,2

1503

211,4

KPH

QCVN 07: 2009

1.000

3.000

5.000

10.000

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

"Bg KHCN&MT, 2005 Thdng tu sd 2262/MTg, ngdy 29/12/1995 hudng dan vl viec

khde phuc su cd tran dau

Tdng cue Mdi trudng/Hgp phin Qup Md rdng/Du an SEMLA (2004-2009), 2009 Bao

cdo dilu tra xdc dinh nguyen nhan, danh gia thiet hai va khde phyc d nhilm diu tgi cdc

tinh ven biln Vi?t Nam

Vien Cdng nghe Mdi trudng, 2010 Bao cao kit qua phdn tich nude thdi cua Cdng ty

TNHH Mgt thanli vien Ky thuat May bay - san bay Ndi Bai

Tong Cong ty Xang diu Viet Nam, 2009 Bao cao kit qua thii nghiem chdt thdm vd

phdn huy dau tu nhien Enretech-l ciia vd Bien bdn danh gia nghiem thu nliiem vu mdi

trudng cap bg ciia Hdi ddng Khoa hgc Bd Cdng thuong

Ngir&i dpc nhgn xet: TS Nguyin Minh San