Khi md rdng tim kiem lgi fch thuang mai d cdc vuong qudc trong luc dia nhu Ayutthaya, Dang Ngodi, Dang Trong, Mien Dien, Ldo, Campuchia, Ha Lan chii yeu ddt thuang diem, thdng qua ky ket
Trang 1LICH SLf - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU
Dfic f>\m cun Qun TRINH nh LRN XAM NHSP DONG Nnivi n
(Dfiu TH€'KV XVII - CUOI TH^KV XVIII)
Ths Le Thj Mai
Khoa Ljch sdr - Dgii hgc Supham - Dgi hpc Dd Ndng
1 ir sau cac cudc phdt kicn dia li d the
ky XV - XVI, trung tam thuang mai the gidi
da djch chuyen tir Dia Trung Hai sang ven
bd Bien Bdc Sir thay ddi ve dia kinh te nay
da dan den nhirng chuyen bien bet sire to ldn
trong nen thuang mai Ddng Tdy cd truyen
He thdng mau dich bang bai dugc hinh thdnh
xuyen dai duang, ndi lien cdc luc dia Thi
trudng the gidi dugc md rdng cung dan den
sir hinh thdnh chii nghia thuc dan vd ddy
nhanh cjud trinh tich luy nguyen thuy tu bdn
d cac nudc chau Au
Bd Dao Nha vd Tay Ban Nha, nhd vai
trd tien phong trong viec khai md con dudng
hang hai sang phuang Ddng vd phdt kien tan
luc dia dd dat dugc nhirng thanh cdng vugt
bac ve thuang mai, quan sir va truyen gido
trong the ky XVI Tuy vay, vdo dau the ky
XVII, uu the dy thudc ve Ha Lan rdi Anh va
Phdp
Dau the ky XVII, Ha Lan da vdo cudc
vdi sir hau thuan to ldn ciia nen cdng boa
non tre ciing hang nghin thuy thu diing cdm
ldnh nghl, vdi mdt ham ddi manh vd hang trdm tdu chien dii cdc loai ludn theo sdt cac ddi thuang thuyen vd cdc thuang diem dugc xay dvmg d hdi ngoai Tfnh tien phong vd uu viet ciia nen cdng hod tu sdn da trd thanh dieu kien tien quyet, be dd hieu qua cho boat ddng cua gidi cdng thuang gia Ha Lan trong cudc canh tranh quyet liet vdi cdc dich thu, gianh dia vi bd quyen
Ddng Nam A (DNA) tir rit sdm da dugc nhieu nudc ldn tren thi gidi quan tam din vi
cd ngudn huang lieu, gia vi ndi tiing vd vi tri chien lugc quan trgng tren true hang hai Ddng - Tay Din khoang diu thi ky XVI, hdu bet cdc qudc gia DNA tren budc dudng suy thodi da tao ca hdi thuan lgi cho sir xam nhap cua cdc nudc phuang Tay Theo sau Bo Dao Nha, Ha Lan da cd thau tdm ngudn huang lieu, gia vi hang nhit cua khu vuc DNA hai dao Ndm 1595, doan vien chinh dau tien cua hg sang phuang Ddng da cap cdng Bantam - mgt thuang cang hd tieu nli tiing tren ddo Java Lgi nhuan tir chuyin di ndy da md diu cho nhiing boat dgng bdng vfi
Trang 2^de itienc eua qud ti'inh 55
lire quyet liet ciia Ha Lan trong viec gianh
ddc quyen budn bdn cde mat hdng ndy tir tay
ngudi Bd, nhit Id khi cdng ty Ddng An Ha
Lan (VOC) dugc thdnh lap (1602) Khi md
rdng tim kiem lgi fch thuang mai d cdc
vuong qudc trong luc dia nhu Ayutthaya,
Dang Ngodi, Dang Trong, Mien Dien, Ldo,
Campuchia, Ha Lan chii yeu ddt thuang
diem, thdng qua ky ket cdc hiep udc, giup dd
vii khi, ky thuat quan sir de thiet lap quan he
bang giao vdi chfnh quyen ban xii Quan he
budn bdn cua Ha Lan vdi cdc nudc DNA cd
nhung miic do klidc nhau nhung tat cd deu
gdp phdn ldm cho Hd Lan vuan tdi ddc
quyen thuang mai d DNA vd Vien Ddng
Qua nghien cuu qud trinh Ha Lan xam
nhap thi trudng DNA, cd the nit ra cdc ddc
diem sau:
1 "Doc quyen thuong mai" chi phoi
toan bo qua trinh Ha Lan xam nhap Dong
Nam A
Vdo the ky XVI, XVII, cdc qudc gia
chau Au nhu Bd Ddo Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Hd
Lan, Anh da ra siic md rdng nen ngoai
thuang Dudi sir bdo trg ciia hodng gia, cdc
qudc gia tren bdn ddo Iberia da di tien phong
trong qud trinh chinh phuc, xdm nhdp thi
trudng chau A 6 ldn sdng thii hai, chfnh phu
Hd Lan, Anh da chii ddng nim lay boat ddng
Clia cdc cdng ty thuang mai, cung cap vdn vd
trao cho nhieu ddc quyen de bien chiing
thdnh nhiing cdng cu xam nhdp hieu qud
ban Dilu ndy chiing thuc tam quan trgng
ciia thuang mai trong con mdt ciia cdc chfnh khdch chau Au duang thdi bat ke dudi chfnh the ndo
Chiu dnh hudng cua chu nghia trgng thuang va de ddp img nhu cau tich Iiiy nguyen thuy tu ban, giai cap tu sdn Hd Lan
da nd lire bdnh trudng thuong nghiep Muc dich ma hg hudng tdi Id ldm gidu bdng lgi nhuan tir thuang nghiep, nhat la ngoai thuang Theo dd, gidi tu sdn cdng thuong ndng ddng da xem xet lam the nao de cd
^ f f f
dugc nhiing ngudn bang hod chdc chdn nhat, sinh lgi nhieu nhdt vd tim ra nhirng bien phdp de cd dugc ngudn hdng dd Khau hieu ciia gidi tu sdn Ha Lan khi vuon ra thj
trudng qudc te la ''''Trade, not territory nghia la '''budn bdn, khdng cdn ldnh thd"
Ddi vdi hg, lgi fch thuang mai Id muc dfch chien lugc hdng dau Budn bdn, thu lgi nhuan la dieu de hieu ddi vdi qudc gia tu sdn thuang nghiep mdi vuan len
Vdo cudi the ky XVI, nhu cau ve huong lieu, gia vi cua phuang Ddng d thi trudng chau Au tdng nhanh Vdn tham gia tfch cue vdo viec thu mua vd bdn lai cdc san pham thudc dia cua Bd Ddo Nha d chau Au nen gidi thuang nhan Hd Lan da nhanh chdng nhdn thay huang lieu, gia vi chfnh Id loai hdng boa mang lai lgi nhuan cao nliit vd "r/n
Palmira Brummett (History) & Lydia Pulsipher
(Geography): U of Tennessee, Going Beyond Nation and the "East-West" Divide,
http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/intera ctions/brummett.htmi
Trang 356 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°09 (132).20n
ludng chdc chdn rdng ddc quyen huang lieu
Id vdn de ed Idm quan trgng sdng cdn cita
qudc gia"" Dc gianh ddc quyen ban nbung
mat hang na>' cho thi tririmg chiiu Au thi Ha
Lan phai gianh dugc dpc quyen thu mua d
noi cung cap, san xuat chiing Vao thdi diem
na>, DNA bai dao da Ird thanh dia ban trung
tam cung cap ngudn huang lieu, gia vi ciia
the gidi Nam 1608, Hdi ddng Ileren XVII
da xac dinh rang: "'khu virc Banda vd
Moluccas Id muc lieu chit yeu chiing ta phdi
nhdm vdo" Vi vay, muc dfch hang dau ciia
Ha Lan khi xam nhap DNA Id loai bd tat cd
cdc the lire cdn trd hp gianh ddc quyen
thuang mai cdc mat hang huong lieu, gia vi
d khu vuc nay
Ddt nen tang cho todn bd qud trinh ndy
la sir thdnh lap mdt cdng ty thuang mai ddc
quyen Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan (1602)
Cd the ndi, sau Bd Ddo Nha, ngudi Hd Lan
(cung nhu ngudi Anh) da dua vdo mdt y
tudng hodn todn mdi me, d trinh dp cao
trong boat ddng thuong mai qudc te, dd Id
loai binb cdng ty cd pban Trong dieu le
thdnh lap, ddc quyen thuong mai vd viing
thuang mai ddc quyen ciia Cdng ty da dugc
khang dinh: ''Khdng ai ngogi trir VOC cd the
dua Idu lir Netherlands den hay kiem sodt
nen thuang mgi d khu vuc phia ddng mui
liao Vgng vd phia tdy eo Magellan" De dat dugc muc dfch, Cdng ty phdi ''chdng lgi nhirng ke thii cua nen cgng hod vd ngdn cdn cde qudc gia chdu Au khde di vdo nen thuang mgi Ddng An"^ So vdi cdc cdng ty
ciia hodng gia Bd vd cdng ty Ddng An Anh, VOC la mdt the lire biing hau ve tdu thuyen, ham ddi, thuy thii vd ngudn vdn Chinh lgi the dd dd giup ngudi I Id Lan tien rat nhanh a thi trudng Vicn Ddng, gianh lay ddc quyen thuang mai tir tay Bd Ddo Nha trong the ky XVII
O khu vuc DNA hdi ddo, den giu'a the
ky XVII, vdi viec loai bd ddi thu Bd Dao Nha, the lire canh tranh ciia ngudi Anh va chinh phuc cdc tieu qudc tren bdn dao Ma Lai, Sumatra, Java bdng vii lire, ngudi Ha
Lan da thdnh cdng trong vice gidnh doc quyen thuang mgi cdc mat hang huong lieu,
gia vi vd thiec d day Vi du: ddc quyin cay dinh huang dd rai vdo tay Cdng ty vdi viec kiem sodt cdc ddo Ambonia, Ternate, Tidore
vd chinh phuc Macassar; cudc chinh phuc quin dao Banda dem lai cho Cdng ty doc quyen bat vd vd nhuc dau khiu ldm huong lieu; ddc quyin budn bdn thiic dat dugc bdng hiep udc vdi cdc tieu qudc Palembang, Aceh; chinh phuc tilu qudc Bantam, Cdng ty
da nim dugc ddc quyin budn bdn ho tieu
D.G.E Hall: Lich sir Dong Nam A, Nxb Chinh trj
quicgia Ha Noi, 1997, tr.477
^ D.G.E Hail, sdd, tr.472
F.S Gaastra: Foundation ofthe VOC - the Charter,
http://www.tanap.net/content/voc/organization/organi zation found.htm
^Nt ~
Trang 4(Dde itiein exiu qud ti'inh S l
De duy tri ddc quyen thuang mai ndy,
VOC da kiem sodt chat che boat ddng
thuong mai eiia cdc thuong cang thudc dia
ciing nhu nam giii cd qud trinb sdn xudt cdc
mat bang nay ciia cu dan ban dia Vi du
Macassar sau khi bi Ha Lan kiem sodt dd trd
thdnh mdt thdnh phd thudc dia, dugc ddt
dudi quyen kiem sodt true tiep ciia Cdng ty
VOC Id the lire duy nhat cd quyen budn bdn
mdt cdch hgp phap ddi vdi tat cd bang hda
ciia Indonesia ciing nhu chau A dugc trao
ddi d cdng nay De dam bdo ddc quyen
thuong mai, VOC da qudn ly gdt gao boat
ddng cua cdc tdu budn dia phuong Theo dd,
tat cd cdc tdu dia phuang phdi cd mdt gidy
thdng hdnh do Cdng ty cap cho mdi chuyen
di lai Day la ddc diem chung cho tat ca cdc
thdnh phd cdng khde cua khu vuc qudn ddo
thudc quyen kiem sodt ciia VOC^
Trong qua trinh canh tranh vdi cdc ddi
thil de gidnh ddc quyen thuang mai cdc mat
bang huong lieu, gia vj d khu vuc bdi ddo,
VOC da ddnh qud nhieu lgi nhuan budn bdn
thu dugc cho viec xay dung phdo ddi, duy tri
nhirng vi trf tien tieu ldn vd trang bi cdc ham
dpi tdu chien Vi vay, cdng viec kinh doanh
cua VOC trong thuang mai hai chieu giiia
chau Au vd chau A khdng thu dugc ket qua
nhu mong dgi Hp bdt dau "theo guang Bd
^ Leonard Blusse: Among Feign Friend and Declared
Enermy, Leiden University, 1997, p 7; din theo Pham
Van Kien, Qud trinh banh trudng the luc cua cong ty
Dong An Ha Lan a Indonesia va nhirng he qud ciia
no, Luan van thac sT, Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi, 2004,
tr 79
Ddo Nha trong viec tim kiem lgi nhuan thuang mgi trong phgm vi chdu A nhu Id phirang tien hd trg cho nen thuang mgi mdt
chieu vdi chdu Au vd ed xu hudng tim kiem
SU' dpc quyen mpt vdi trong so nhdng sdn vgt quan trgng" De lam dieu dd, VOC da
khai thdc nhirng Id trinh thuang mai truyen thdng ciia khu vuc bdng cdcb md ra nhirng mdi quan he bang giao vd thuang mai mdi vdi cdc qudc gia trong luc dia
So vdi khu vue hdi ddo, cdc qudc gia DNA luc dia dugc ngudi Ha Lan chu y den mudn ban O cdc qudc gia ndy, VOC bj canh tranh quyet liet vd gap nhieu thdch thiic de xdc lap dugc vi the ciia minh Sir hien dien
vd giir vai trd quan trpng trong ddi sdng kinh
te, chfnh tri cua cdc thuang nhan chau A nhu ngudi Nhat, ngudi Hoa, ngudi An, ngudi Hdi ciing nhu sir phdt trien tu cudng, thdi dp bang giao chu ddng cua cdc trieu dinh phong kien dia phuang la nhiing trd lire chu yeu cho nd lire gidnh ddc quyen thuang mai ciia
Hd Lan Bdi ednh dd khdng cho phep VOC
sir dung vii lire de chinh phuc nhu hp da lam
d khu vuc hdi ddo
Vi vay, xam nhap khu vuc ndy, thdng qua quan he bang giao, thuang mai vdi chfnh quyen ban xii, ngudi Hd Lan da cd gdng kiem sodt mdt sd tuyen dudng budn ban truyen thdng va ndm ddc quyen thu mua mdt
sd mat hdng quan trpng la cdc sdn vat cua
^ Nicholas Tarlings: A concise history of Southeast Asia, Frederick A.Praeger Publishers, New York,
Washington and London, 1966, p.48
Trang 558 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°09 (132).20n
tirng viing dat vd ddc quyen cung cap nbung
thuang pham theo nhu cau ciia vua chiia vd
dan chiing dia phuong Vi du, xam nhap
Ayutthaya, VOC da nim dugc quyen kilm
sodt true thuang mai Nagasaki - I'ormosa
Ayutthaya, ddc quyen cung cap mat hang da
sdng (da huou, da trau) cho thi trudng Nhat
Ban lir sau hiep udc 1664; xam nhap thi
trudng Arakan \a Miln Dien, VOC da ddc
quyen cung cap hang det Bengal; xam nhap
hai mien Dai Vict (chu ylu d Dang Ngodi),
VOC da ddc quyen cung cip bac, ddng vd
tien ddng Nhat Bdn (1675); ddc quyin thu
mua da huou sdng, da cd duoi d Campuchia
(1665) Them vdo dd, tir sau lenh tda quoc
cua chinh quyin Mac phii dugc ban hdnh
(1639), Ha Lan cung Id ke tbI chan ngudi
Nhat kiem sodt cdc tuyin budn ban giiia
Nhat vd cdc thuong cdng ciia khu vuc nhu
Aytthaya, Thdng Long, Plinom Penh Cdc
tuyen budn bdn ndy thdng qua boat ddng ciia
tau thuyin VOC da dugc kit noi thdnh mdt
mang ludi md gidi nghien ciru ggi la he
thdng "thuang mai lien A" (inter-Asia trade)
bode "thuang mai ndi A" (intra-Asia trade)
Md hinh thuang mai nay dugc ngudi Ha Lan
ke thira ciia ngudi Bd trudc dd vd khai thdc
cd bieu qua, thu dugc lgi nhuan ban rit
nhieu trong khi ngudi Anh din sau lai it
nhdm vdo viec chia lgi trong mang ludi
thuang mai nay md chi chii y ddt cdc ca sd
khai thdc vd san xuat
Viec tbiet lap vd duy tri ddc quyin
thuang mai tat yeu budc Ha Lan phdi doi
mat vdi nhirng thdch thiic to ldn Mgt mat
Hd Lan phdi loai bd the lire cua cdc ddi thii canh tranh bang vu lire; duy tri thudng xuyen
he thdng phdo ddi, lire lugng qudn dpi dl phdng thii; gianh thdng lgi trong cdc cuoc thuang chiln quyet liet vd ddi mat vdi sir pban khdng gay gat ciia cu dan, chfnh quyin
ban xir Mat khde, chfnh sdch ddc quyin
thuang mai ciia Cdng ty tat yeu sinh ra nhirng be qud tieu cue khde ma chinh nd se phd va the ddc quyen nhu nan cudp biln, budn lau, budn ban tu nhan va tham nhung Tat cd nhung he qua phdt sinh tir viec thilt lap vd duy tri ddc quyen thuang mai nay chinh Id nguyen nhan quan trgng nhit dan den su gidi the ciia Cdng ty Ddng An va gop phan ldm cho Ha Lan suy sup d DNA vd tren thi trudng the gidi
Nhu vay, nhan td cbi phdi qud trinh VOC xam nhap DNA Id viec thilt lap va duy tri ddc quyin thuang mai Ddc quyin thuang mai dugc hieu la ddc quyin mua vd bdn, san xudt vd phan phdi ddi vdi hang hda d mdt thi trudng nhat dinh Doi vdi Hd Lan, ddc quyin thuang mai hodn toan dugc thilt lap d DNA vao till ky XVII, XVIII chi dien ra ddi vdi mat hdng huang lieu, gia vi d khu vuc hai dao khi hg khdng chi thu mua ma cdn kilm sodt dugc qua trinh san xuit 6 khu vuc luc dia Ha Lan chi dgc quyin mdt mat hodc thu mua hodc ban mdt loai hang hod ma thoi Ngoai ra, ddi vdi hg, ddc quyin thuang mai cdn la dgc quyin van chuyin hang hda buon bdn tren cdc Id trinh thuang mai xuyen luc dia hodc trong khu vuc
Trang 6^de itiein eua qud ti'inh 59
Bd Dao Nha trudc dd ciing theo dudi va
thuc te da thuc hien dugc ddc quyen thuang
mai d chau A ndi chung va ddc quyen kiem
sodt mau dich huang lieu d DNA ndi rieng
Ngudi Bd ddc quyen thu mua vd ban huong
lieu, gia vi d thj trudng chau Au nhung
khdng true tiep kiem sodt viec sdn xudt
ngudn hdng nay, gidng nhu tinh budng ddc
quyen mdt mat md Hd Lan thuc hien d cdc
qudc gia DNA luc dja Ngudi Bd chi loai bd
cdc ddi thu thuang mai ciia khu vuc de ddc
quyen thu mua huong lieu vd gia vj dpc cdc
hdi cang d Java, Sumatra, Moluccas trong
khi ngudi Hd Lan da tien xa hon, tim mpi
cdch kiem sodt sdn lugng thdng qua viec ddt
ra ban ngach sdn xuat ddi vdi ndng dan bdn
xii cho tat cd cdc ngudn hang md VOC yeu
cau Them vao dd, muc dfch chfnh ciia Bd
Ddo Nha khi xdm nhdp chau A Id "hgt tieu
vd linh hdn" Bd Ddo Nha da sdt sdng, hang
hdi theo dudi viec truyen dao di ciing muc
dich thuang mai do "su thdng nhdt giira
quan diem thuang mgi eua Hodng gia Bd vd
quan diem cua Gido hdi La Ma" Sir ket hgp
hai ylu td ndy da quy djnh todn bd hoat ddng
cua Bd Ddo Nha
Cdng ty Ddng An Anh trong mdt the ky
rudi (thi ky XVII vd nira diu thi ky XVIII)
eiing theo dudi lgi fch thuang mai, khdng
chilm dit dai (chi nira sau the ky XVIII, nd
mdi trd thdnh mdt thi luc thuc dan) nhung
dd td chirc budn bdn rdng rdi, khdng cd nhirng nhd doe quyen Ly gidi dieu ndy,
Kierman cho rdng khdu hieu ciia ngudi Anh
la "tu do kinh doanh" (laissez-faire) trong
khi ngirdi Hd Lan "khdng cd cugc edeh mgng cdng nghiep de phd dd nhiing cdu ehdm ngdn eiia mgt chu nghia tu bdn giai dogn sdm da bdm chat vdo su dgc quyen, su gidi hgn vd su kiem sodt chat che" Cdn ngudi
Phdp, de xam nhap vdo viing dat ndy, thudng lgi dung lire lugng gido sT Hoat ddng cd hieu qua cua cdc gido sT thira sai Phdp d khu vuc chfnh Id su md dudng cho cdc boat ddng eiia thuc dan Phdp sau ndy
2 Su* ket hop giira thucng mai, quan SU" va chinh tri trong phuong thiic hoat dong
VOC ciing nhu cdc cdng ty thuang mai Clia cdc nudc chau Au khde ra ddi vd tdn tai trudc bet vi ly do kinh doanh, lgi nhuan hen
Id chiem ddng lanh thd Gidi tu sdn cdng
thuang Ha Lan, tir dau da "khdng dgt muc dich md rdng chiem ddng ldnh thd bdi vi viee qudn ly vd phdng ve nhirng ldnh thd ldn
se ldm cho lgi nhudn, tien ldi ciia nd tieu tdn het vdo nhiing ehi phi hdnh chdnh" Viec
kiem sodt lanh thd chi la sir hd trg de dat den lgi fch tdi cao la thuong mai Cdng ty Ha Lan ciing khdng nhiet tam vdi viec truyen bd
* Nguyin Thi VTnh Linh: Qua trinh Bo Ddo Nha xdm
nhdp vdo chdu A (cudi thi ky XV giUa thi ky XVII),
Luan van thac sT, Dai hoc Su pham Hui, 2008, tr.54
' V G Kiernan: The Lords of human kind, Columbia
University Press, New York, 1986, p.88
'° Mary Somers Heidhues (Huynh Kim Oanh, Pham
Viem Phuong djch): Lich su phdt trien Dong Nam A {Tir hinh thdnh den hien dgi), Nxb Van hoa thong tin,
Ha Noi, 2007, tr 128
Trang 760 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°09 (132).2011
tdn gido sang viing dat mdi xam nhap
Nhung gi VOC tim kilm Id cdc vj tri budn
ban tai nbung noi thudc quyen kicm sodt ciia
minh bode tai trung tam banh chinh cua cdc
vua chiia dja phuong
Song, ngay tir khi thanh lap, dieu Ie da
chinh thu'c thira nhan cac ddc quyen ciia
VOC, nhat la ddc quyen thuang mai d thj
trudng Vicn Ddng Chinh dieu nay quy djnh
phuang thirc boat ddng ciia Cdng ty la hudng
vdo vice thiol lap vd duy tri ddc quyen
thuang mai d thj trudng nay Ddng thdi, vdi
CO sd phdp ly ay, VOC dugc todn quyen thay
mat Ngbj vien trong quan be vdi ben ngodi,
sir dung bao luc, gay chien tranh vd ky ket
cdc thuang udc, bda udc; xay dung trung
tam dieu hdnh, cdc phdo ddi, kho tdng, hdi
cdng vd lap thuong diem; td chirc quan ddi
rieng, lay ddng guilder ldm don vj tien te
rieng; thuc bien viec bd nhiem cdc vien Toan
quyen, xet xir cdc quan chuc ciia minh neu vi
pham den dieu le kinb doanh hoac lam tdn
hai den lgi ich ciia Cdng ty Vdi quyen lire
tdi cao dugc trao cho, "tu bdn thuang nghiep
Hd Lan da nhdy len vii ddi thuc ddn vdi mdt
sir lodn quyen ve chinh tri'\ VOC "da trd
thdnh mdu mue cho cdc edng ty khde cimg
logi vd Id mgt hien tugng dgc ddo trong lich
sir cudp bdc thugc dia"^^ Nhu vay, VOC
kbdng cbi mdt the lire thuang mai md cdn la
" F la Polianxki: Lich sic kinh te cdc nu&c (ngodi
Lien Xo), Thai ky tu bdn chit nghTa, Nxb Khoa hpc
Xa hoi Ha Noi, 1978, tr.80
mdt thi lire chfnh trj, quan sir va tdn tai nhu mdt qudc gia tu trj ddc biet
La ngudi kiln lap de che Ha Lan d Vien Ddng vdi viec thilt lap Batavia, chinh phuc Palembang, Macassar, Toan quyen Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1618-1629) da vach ra ring: Batavia se la trung tam ciia de che thuang mai Hd Lan dua tren viec kiem soat hodn todn viing bien Ong khdng du kien bat cir su md rdng lanh thd ndo vd khdng quan tam den van dc chinh trj ciia viing ndi dia Java Theo Coen, nhtirng lanh thd md VOC nen thuc sir chiem giu" Id mdt sd bdn ddo nho nhu Ambonia vd Banda Khu vuc cdn lai ciia
de che se bao gdm nhirng khu djnh cu buon bdn cd cdng sir viing chdc gdn bd chat che vdi nhau va dugc bdo \ e bdi mdt luc lugng hdi quan vd djch'
Sau Jan Pieterszoon Coen, thdi ky Antonio Van Diemen lam Todn quyen (1636-1645), hoat ddng thdm hiem cdc viing dat de tim kiem cdc ca hdi thuang mai mdi
vd viee md rdng kiem sodt ldnh thd dugc thiic day manh me Ban budng dan cho chuNcMi di ciia Abel Tasman (8/1642) ciia chinh quyen Batavia da bdc Id muc dich thuc
su ciia ngudi Ha Lan qua cdch thiic cu the
ma hp tiep can vdi cu dan viing dit mdi Trudc het, nlu viing dit dugc tim thay
"da cd eu ddn dugc khai hod sinh sdng, cdc anh se phdi trao cho hg su dn cdn ldn hon ddi vdi ddn man rg hoang da", phai dl dan
D.G.E Hall, sdd, tr.479
Trang 8^de diem eua qud trinh 61
ban xir thay dugc thien ebi ciia ke mdi din
va "/70 lire di den sir giao thiep vd thuang
lugng theo nhirng quy tdc vd thdn ddn cita
hg, hay de cho hg biel rdng cdc anh ghe vdo
bd chi vi lgi ich thuong lugi" Ban hudng
dan ndi den each thiet lap nidi quan be bang
giao nham muc dich thuong mai d nhung
viing cd cu dan sinh sdng hoac d viing cd cac
vj vua chiia cai tri: '"Co gdng khdm phd
nhirng mat hdng ndo md ddt mrdc hg sdn
xudt, sail dd thdm dd vc vdng vd bgc Irong sir
kinh trgng cao do khien hg lin ludng rdng
cdc anh khdng hdm hd mdt li ndo ve cdc kim
logi quy, de ldm hg khdng biel vi} gid Iri cua
nhirng thir nhu the; neu hg ditng vdng vd bgc
de trao ddi nhirng mat hdng cua cdc anh, cdc
anh se cir gia vd giir Idy nhirng thir dy vdi sir
quan tdm qua loa, cho hg xem ddng do, thiec
hoge chi vd tgo cho hg dn lirgng nhu the cdc
thir kim logi dy cua chung ta Id cd gid trj eao
han (ciia bp) ,14
Xuat phat tir muc dich la tim kiem cac
CO hdi trao ddi budn ban, danh gid tiem nang
ciia viing dat va cu dan phuc vu cho Igi ich
thuang mai eae phuong each ma Ha Lan
thuc hien trong viec ddi phd vdi cac tinh
hudng d viing dat mdi xam nhap cbo thay
tfnh thuc dung nhung kbdng thieu Iinh boat
cua gidi thuong nhan VOC Hp khdng chi
budn ban thu lgi nhuan ma cdn cd tbam vpng
thay thi ngudi Bd Ddo Nba thiet lap mdt de
che thuong mai hiing manh Vi vay, ndm
trong y do ciia Coen rdng, de che thuang mai
'^ Manning Clark: Sources of Australian history
Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1957, p.7-8
'^Nt
Ha Lan sc kbdng chi gidi ban d Indonesia,
ma cac phao dai va thuang diem sc dugc trdi rdng ra todn phuang Ddng, VOC da xiic tien xam nhap khu vuc DNA luc dja Trudc bet, Cdng ty thiet lap cdc mdi quan he bang giao tdt dep vdi gidi cam quyen Ayutthaya, Dang Trong, Dang Ngoai, Lao, Mien Dien dc
md dudng cbo boat ddng budn ban thuan Igi cua Cdng ty d cdc vuong qudc nay Sau dd, VOC da hd trg ky thuat quan su, tau chien,
\u khi trong xung dot giu:a eac the lire phong kicn (lien minh quan su vdi Dang Ngoai), tranh chap lanh thd d khu vuc (xung dot giira Mien Dien vdi Ayutthaya, chinh phuc lieu qudc chu bau Patani ciia Ayutthaya) vd lam ddi trpng loai bd the luc nudc ngoai (Bd Dao Nba va Tay Ban Nha d Ayutthaya) Tat ca phuong thirc, thu doan nay nlidm budc chinh quyen ban xii thira nhan cdc dac quyen thuong mai ciia Cdng ty nhu quyen tu do budn bdn va dam bao an toan khi budn ban tren lanh thd dja phuang, khdng bj ddnli thue hang hda xuat nhap cdng, ddc quyen budn ban mdt sd mat bang, dugc lap thuang diem, khu djnh cu Trong nhieu trudng hgp, VOC da sir dung vii lue de dat dugc muc dich thuang mai ciia minh nhu danh tan ham dpi Anh d vjnh Patani, danh dam tau thuyen budn ban vdi Dang Trong, gay chien vdi Dang Trong Ddng ke nhat la viec dimg su'c manh quan sir de kiem sodt cira sdng Chao Phraya, danh pba tdu thuyen cua Ayutthaya budn bdn vdi cdc nudc trong khu vuc, budc ngudi Thdi phdi ky vdi Hd Lan hiep udc bat binh ddng ndm 1664
Trang 962 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°09 (132).20n
0 khu vuc hai dao, tir dCxii the ky XVII
dua \ao uu the \irgl lrc)i \c sire manh quan
su lla Lan da UCMI hanh cac cupc chicMi tranh
ihuxTiig mai mil miic dich clui yeu la ihu lieu
dpc quNcn thuang mai cua Bo Dao Nha I lo
xam chicMn vii kicm soiil nhiing \i Iri chien
lupc nlur Banda Ambonia, 1 crnale
Macassar Malacca Baiilam Palembang
Baku ia bang he lhdng phao dai phdng thu
\ung chac Ngoai ra VOC thuc hicn chinh
sach dpc quNLMi mua ban cac mill bang huang
lieu, gia \ j thiec lhdng qua vice ky nhung
hiep udc mang linh dp dat ddi \di cac lieu
qudc lldi giao (Banlam, Macassar,
Palembang, Aceh, Kedah, Mataram ) Tir
nam 1650 dcMi 1656, de dam bao ddc qu\cn
thuong mai, VOC da cudng birc cu dan quan
dao Moluccas va Banda chi dugc trdng
nhung loai ca\- huang lieu, gia \i nhal dinh
vdi sd lugng da quy djnh \a phai nhd, chat
bd sd lugng thira nham duy tri gia ca cac san
pham nay VOC da khuat phuc dan ban xir d
quan dao Moluccas bang nhung banh ddng
Iran dp dam mau Budc sang the ky XVIII,
cimg \di nhung viing do Cdng l>' true tiep
cai Iri VOC cung da sir dung bd nia> chinh
qu\CMi ban xir dc bdp nang nhan dan Toan
quyen Anh a Java Stamford Raffles nhan xet
xac dang rang, VOC da "kel hgp Irong hogt
ddng cua minh lot ca sir xao quyet thuc lien
cua mdt chinh khdch vdi todn bg linh ich k}'
cua mdi thuang nhdn dgc quyen"" ^
'^ Cac Mac: Sir thung tri Anh a An Do// Mac vd Ph
Ang-ghen lodn lap, lap 9, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha
M n i tr 1 1~>
Nhu vay cd the ndi su ket hgp giiia boat ddng quan su, "chfnh khach" va
"thuang nhan ddc quyen" Id mdt net dac trung trong phuang thirc boat ddng ciia Ha Lan d DNA till ky XVII, XVIII
3 Cdng ty Ddng An I lii Lan chuyen til" canh tranh thuong mai sang xam chiem Vii cai tri thudc dia
• • •
Muc dich tim kicm Igi nhuan thuong mai da dan ngudi Ha Lan den viing dat DNA ca khu vuc hdi dao cung nhu luc dja Song, mdi quan tam ma VOC hudng den lirng viing, tirng qudc gia khac nhau nen mirc
dp xam nhap \ a lgi ich thuang mai dat dugc cung khde nhau
Dau the k> X\'1I ngudi Ha Lan da den tren bd bien Coroniandcl dc tim kicm hang
del sgi bdng hu\cn thoai ciia An Dp Tren ba
bien phia ddng An Dp hp da phat hien ra nen thuang mai sinh lgi ldn bang qua \jnh Bengal den Arakan Mien Dien va /\yultba>a
Ayullha>a vdi nhirng ngudn lgi \c san pham ndng nghiep ddi ddo (nhit Id liia gao), giau cd cdc loai gia \ i , lam thd san quy nhu
hd lieu, go tech, dan huang, da thii, long thil cung cap cho thj trudng khu vuc Dong Nam A (Java, Philippines) vd An Dp, md rdng thdng thuang vdi thj trudng Trung Qudc (ddi liy lua, gdm, dd sir, ngpc, hang son vd cde hdng hda khde), ndi tuyin buon ban vdi ngudi Nhat thdnh Id trinh thuong mai truyin thdng Nhat Ban Ayutthaya Thdng qua mdi quan he bang giao dugc thiet
Trang 10^de itiein eua tfuii ti'inh 63
lap sdm Ha Lan da dat dugc nhilu ddc
quyen thuang mai d thj trudng nay, nhit la
ddc quyen cung cap mat hang da huou cho
thj trudng Nhat "Vdo giira ihi kyXVIl hdng
ndm Ayutthaya xudt sang Nhdt Bdn khoang
han 300.000 tdn da huou Ihi phdn ldn viec
xudt khdu ndy ihiigc vc VOC vdi sd lgi len
din 200%""^^ Tuy NAN, Ha Lan khdng bdng
Idng vdi \i tri ddc qu>en mdt so mat hang da
cd ma mudn kiem soat hoan loan nen ngoai
thuong Clia Ayutthaya Nhung mau thuan \c
quyen Igi kinh te vdi Ayutthaya da chuyen
mdi quan he bang giao giua VOC vdi trieu
dinh Thdi trong nira dau the ky XVII sang
xung dot d nii'a sau the ky XVII
Xam nhap Arakan vd Mien Dien, ngodi
tim kiem ngudn luong thue (gao) cung cap
cho he thdng hdnh chinh ciia Cdng ty, VOC
cdn mudn dat dugc nhirng ddc quyen budn
ban bang det va vdi sgi bdng mau dd ciia
viing Bengal, An Dp cho cdc thj trudng nay
O Mien Dien, boat ddng budn bdn ciia VOC
budc dau gap nhieu thuan lgi Sd sdch ciia
cdng ty cbi ra rdng khdch hang ciia VOC Id
tat ca cdc giai tang xa bdi, tir cdc vj vua den
cdc quan chiic, xudng den ddm nd Ie thap
kem Nhdm khdch bang quen thudc khde da
sdc tdc bao gdm cd ngudi I Idi gido An Dp,
My, Bd Dao Nha, Trung Qudc, ngudi Thd
NhT Ky vd tat nhien cd ngudi Mien Lgi
nhuan dang ke tir viec bdn mat bang ndy da
cung cip cbo cdc ca sd ciia Cdng ty d
Coroniandcl va Bengal nhieu ngudn tai chinh dutrir'^
Ha Lan cung nd luc xam nhap thj trudng Dang Trong ciia cdc chiia Nguyen
Tuy vay, quan he thuang mai giua Batavia vdi Dang Trong da sdm dd vd Nguyen nhan Clia nd, theo Klcinen, Id vice thieu mdt su ddng y ve cdc dieu lual qudc lc lien quan den nhirng con tau mdc can cung nhu nhung vj Iri khac biet md phia I Id Lan vd Dang Trong phdi ddi dien vdi Dang Ngoai Mat khac, quan he thuang mai vdi Dang Ngoai dugc thiel lap da Idm cho tam quan trpng ciia Dang Trong ddi vdi VOC dan thu hep lai
Khi mdi quan he ay dugc phuc hdi trong ndm 1651, nd ciing khdng phai dugc ca bai ben ddng gdp nhiet tinh Cdng ty ket luan rang, chang cd nhieu lgi nhuan gi tir mdi
I o
quan he vdi Ddng Trong Trong thdi gian nay, quan he budn bdn vdi cdc vuong qudc Lao, Campuchia dd dugc thiet lap nhung Cling nhu Ddng Trong, ngudn Igi eiia VOC tai cdc thj trudng nay kbdng Idn
Trong khi dd, boat ddng thuang mai ciia VOC d Ddng Ngodi dii trdi qua nhieu thdng tram nhung da thu dugc ket qud ddng ke
Trpng tam budn bdn ciia VOC vdi Dang Ngoai tap trung vdo viec thu mua cdc loai sdn pham to lua de xuat khau sang Nhat Ban;
cde loai sdn pham khde nhu que, xa huong
'^ Le Van Quang: Lich sir vuong quoc Thdi Lan, Nxb
Thanh phi H6 Chi Minh, TP H6 Chi Minh, 1995,
tr.91
Wil O Dijk: The Dutch East India Company in Burma (1634 1680),
http://www.iias.nl/nl/34/llAS_NL34_13.pdf
'* John Kleinen: Ve nhung ngudi bgn cu vd nhiing ke thit gid mgo - Quan he cita Hd Lan voi Ddng Trong the ky XVII // Su tie vd Rong, Bon the ky cjuan he Hd Lan-Viet Nam, Nxb Thg gioi Ha Noi, 2008, tr.36