Những vấn đề cơ bản về công nghệ sản xuất nhiên liệu sinh học từ jatropha

'Don Stale Technical University- Russia SUMMARY This article studied the possibility of using jatrophaculture as a biofuel cropZenograg -Russia.Some main agronomic characteristics of ja

BASIC MEANS OF MECHANIZATION TECHNOLOGY PRODUCING BIOFUEL FROM JATROPHA

Pakhomov V.l'", Rykov V.B',Kambulov S.l', Byrko S.l', Hoang Nghia Dat'

North-Caucasus research inslitute of mechanization and electrification of agricutlure Russian academy of

agricultural sciences 'Don Stale Technical University- Russia

SUMMARY

This article studied the possibility of using jatrophaculture as a biofuel cropZenograg -Russia.Some main agronomic characteristics of jatropha plant - the possibility of using jatropha oil

as a basis to become an organic biofuel, the comparative analysis of physical, chemical, fuel characteristics of jatropha oil and diesel fuel and the basic parameters of functioning of diesel engines to biofiiel mixtures based on Jatropha oilwere discussed We have designed a technological of producing biofuelfrom jatropha seeds and its introduction in machinery tractor

Keywords: Jatropha culture, organic biofuel, process Ing lechnology.substitulion of diesel fuel

BACKGROUND

There are many popular crops that producing

biodiesel fuels over the world such as rape,

soybeans, etc - but most of them require an

intensive care and do not grow in all areas

The presence of relatively cheap raw

materials has been the basis for tbe

development of biodiesel industry One ofthe

perspective crops for biofuel production is

jatropha.lt is a genus of flowering plants in

the spurge family, Eupborbiaceae.lt contains

approximately 170 species of succulent

plants, shrubs and trees Jatropha curcasis one

of the best candidates for future biodiesel

production It is perennial tree or shrub that

easily spreads by seeds and propagates by

grafts Although it grows well in tropical and

subtropical climates, it can be planted

throughout the world It is also more

commonly known as the perennial tree-weed

growing on poor dry soil [1] Nutrient content

in soil is not the main factor affecting the

productivity of jatropha It can grow on both

fertile soils and soils with low humus content

Today jatropha is grown in many tropical

countries, where tbe amount of annual rainfall

is 300-1000 mm and average temperature

above 18-2D°C, including India and China

with large-scale planting of jatropha (900 000

hectares in 2008 with plans for planting at 12.8 million hectares in 2015) In 2015, Vietnam planned to allocate about 300,000 hectares of land for the jatropha cultivation [1] MATERIAL AND METHOD

The object of this work is the oil pressed from the Jatropha seeds planted in Phu Tho -Vietnam, the nature of the fuel mixture Jatropha oil and diesel, the ability of producing biodiesel from Jatrophaoil in the system JatrophoBIODON-1 and BlOSOIL-200

To achieve the purpose of this work we used analytical methods to determme the quality of fuel Jartopha (GOST 305-82 and GOST R 53605-2009 Russian Federation), methods of empirical research, testing engine is processed bycomputer with software Dasylab 6.0 Results of theoretical and experimental study are compared by the method based on the Buckingham theorems that counts Euler and Reynolds number

Jatropha seeds have a high yield of oil, in yield is about 2 tons/ ha, the fifth - 3 tons/ha, comparison with the basic biodiesel crops the sixth - 3.53 tons/ha, the seventh - 43 such as rape and soybean From soybean tons/ha, the eighth-4.53 tons/ha, for the ninth produce oil for biodiesel per hectare nearly year - up to 5 tons / ba [6,7] With good care

400 kg, from rape - 1 ton, from jatropha - 3 bushes give yield up to 6.53 tons/ha Jatropha tons And it does not limit the possible yield bears fruit to 23-30 years The viability of

of oil and productivity of jatropha [2,5], The seeds preserves up to 50 years During 20 plant is not fastidious, but easily adaptable In years the plant can be used for commercial the first three years, jatropha does not give a purposes with high productivity (table 1) large amount of yields In the fourth year the

Table 1 Oil content and productivity of Jatropha plant and some other oil-yielding crops[6]

^ o

1

3

4

6

8

Plants

Palm (Arecaceae)

Philippinecopra

Com {Zea mays)

Flax (Llnum usltatisslmum)

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

Sunf\owet{Helldnthus annuus)

Soy (Glycine max)

Sesame (Sesamum indicum)

Jatropha (Jatropha curcas)

Oil content{%)

60-65 65-68 4.8 35-42 35-40 18-20

50 32-40

Average oil productivity (ks/ha)

669

230

790

589

319

1600 Nowadays, 1 ton of jatropha seed costs $280 in the world market, with oil content in seeds up to 40% Figure 2 shows jatropha oil [1]

Analysis ofthe basis physical and chemical parameters of fuels was hold afl;er economic analysis

As an analogue diesel fuel of oil origin was selected as the most common fuel for farming machines [4] Comparative analysis of diesel fuel and jatropha oil by tbe main fuel- technological parameters is shown in table 2

Figure Z Jatrophaoil

Table 2 Comparison of some characterislics between Jatropha oil and diesel fuel

JSs

1

3

4

6

y^ Parameter

Density &t 20''C

Kinematic viseSsity at 40°C

Sulftir content

Cetane number

Flash point

Heat of combustion

Parameters

k g / m S

mm^/s

%

mm

"C Kcal / ka

Jatropha oil

0.9180

34 35 0.033 46-52 IOI 9.432

Diesel fuel 0.83-0.86 2-4.5 0.43

46

55 10.478

Table 3 Summary characteristics of differentmixture

Type of fuel Engine powermax Motor torque max Separate fuel costs

l^dmax kW/ rpm~' Mj„,g, N-M/rpm'' minGdmm

(g/kWh)/rpm~'

100% Diesel

20% Jatrophaand

80% Diesel

40% Jatrophaand

60% Diesel

100% Jatropha

13,1/2200 12,2/2200 11,2/2200 12,3/2200

63,8/1416 59,8/1464 58/1338 63,4/1174

298,1/1416 301,8/1260 309,6/1573 490/1447 Jatropha oil has 0 0 3 3 % of sulfur, which is

much less than that of the diesel fuel, as it

reduces harmful emissions Cetane number

insignificantly differs from the diesel fliel

Flash point is 101°C, so it is higher degree of

safety during storage and transportation Heat

of combustion of jatropha oil is 10% less, but

density is more than 10%, so the heat of

combustion by volume is relatively equal with

diesel fuel Analysis o f t h e data table (Table 2)

shows that j a t r o p h a oil is more inferior in

viscosity, in flash point than diesel fuel The

parameters of jatropha oil can b e improved by

adding it to the diesel fuel It is necessary to

create a mixture of diesel fuel and jatropha oil,

which must conform to the requirements for

diesel fuel by viscosity, flash point, cloud

point, sulfur content and filterability

coefficient This mixture can be used as a

motor fuel without restrictions and

supplementary regulation of engine T b e test

results of diesel engine at its work by various

mixed fuels are presented in table 3

Indicators of using fuel mixture with 2 0 %

jatropha oil and 8 0 % diesel fuel does not differ

significantly from that with 100% diesel fiiel

Analyzing generalized characteristics of

jatropha seed oil allows concluding about the

availability of using j a t r o p h a as i raw

material in technologies to produce liquid

biofuels

The mixed fuel based on j a t r o p h a oil has the

following advantages: simple producing

technology, realized in tbe agricultural

enterprise, high storage stability

But high viscosity of j a t r o p h a oil (kinematic viscosity at 40°C is 34.35 mm'^/s) complicates rts use in diesel engines and requires adaptation for the basic constructive parameters o f t h e engine

When the temperature of biofuel is rises up to 70-80*'C, its viscosity reduces to values close

to tbe viscosity of diesel fuel

However, vegetable oils have a lowest heat performance, heat of combustion ( 7 - 1 0 % ) [3], which reduce engine power, have increased coking, density, flash point

T h e elemental composition of vegetable oils differs from fuel oil by the presence of oxygen (9,6-11,5%)

Moreover, not only oils of different plants, but also oils of the same plant species depending on climatic origin, are different These disadvantages are solved in the process

of estenfication by transfer of vegetable oils

to methyl esters (biodiesel) at figure 3 [8]

Spg-il solulm Omirlmn of

Mettiylic ether

y - Mixer Diesel fuel biofuel

Service slotion Machmey tractor agreggalion

Oils alkylate when they give corresponding

acid monoesters Alkylation products are

characterized by better low temperature

properties and low viscosity Biofuel

produced in such way slightly differs from the

limit values for the production of oil

(hydrocarbon) diesel fuel at the following

physic chemical parameters" flash point,

density, acid value, opacity temperature,

water-soluble acid (characteristic of the

aqueous extract, medium pH), kinematic

viscosity On such indicators as the

filterability coefficient, mass fraction of

mechanical impurities and water, tests on a

copper plate, biofuel is not inferior, and on

mass fraction of sulfur ecological and

operational characteristics of biofuel are

much better than that of petroleum diesel fuel

Modular equipment, which is part of the

existing tank farm management and allows to

produce biodiesel by using source of local

raw materials, is developed to implement this

technology in "North-Caucasus research

institute of mechanization and electrification

of agriculture Russian academy of

agricultural sciences"

The technological process of biofuel

production consists of a few steps: the

• 0 ; ——f— —

oil production, biodiesel production, mixed fuel production

Module "BIOSOIL-200" (Figure 4) provide^ getting vegetable oil from oilseeds Quality of vegetable oil is guaranteed by using extruders that squeeze oil with cold pressing, allow-saving finished product from the harmful ferments, phosphatides and get vegetable oil

in category B1

Biodiesel production is going on vegetable oil processing by esterification in the module

"BIODON-I" (Figure 5).The result is a biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) and technical glycerin The module consists of a reactor, washing capacity, capacity for preparing the catalyst solution, mixing apparatus, a condenser for cooling methanol vapor, pumps for giving and circulating reactants in the reactor and delivering finished product, flow meters for controlling process and account of the finished product, the automated control cabinet The equipment IS mounted in a special container with influx-and-extract ventilation The resulting biodiesel in their molecular structure is similar to diesel fuel and can be used as an addition in diesel fuels

Figure 4 Biodiesel production module Figure 5 Vegetable oil production module

Module of mixed fuel preparation (Figure 6) provides fuel for using in diesel intemal combustion engines It consists of a mixing capacity, hydrodynamic mixer, pumping station, shut-off valves and control cabinet The module provides a mixture of diesel fiiel-biodiesel, diesel fuel - rape seed oil in different percentage correlation

Figure 6: Mixed fuel production module

Oilseeds (rape, sunflower) enter the module

for producing vegetable oil, where the

cold-pressed is going on the following filtration

Tbe finished oil is pumped into a storage tank

Then the oil is pumped with necessary extent

into the module for the biodiesel production

Received biodiesel is filtered and pumped into a

holding tank for subsequent use

CONCLUSIONS

The most effective biodiesel can be used as

diesel fuel for ears, tractors and agricultural

combines when mixed it with natural mineral

diesel fuel in the ratio from 30% to 70% In

this case, as investigations have confirmed

that all staff working parameters of internal

combustion diesel engine are virtually

unchanged

Biodiesel also can be used as fuel for heat

generators, dryers and boilers

The modularity of tbe developed equipment allows you to dial the necessary processing volumes, increasing the number of installations

In this case, the installations can be easily mounted directly close to the raw materials source, which increases the efficiency and autonomy ofthe production

REFERENCES

I Dang Tien Hoa and Bui Hai Trieu, "The results

of the initial study on the possibility of using jatropha oil for diesel engines," Science and Development, vol 9, no l,pp 110-119,2011

2 Rosinformagroleh, "F Bioenergetics' World experience and development forecasts," 2008

3 Rukov V.B K9.-2-0 (1230152), "Acceptance biodiesel from vegetable oils) / FGBU." Zemograd, Russia, 2009

4 Pakhomov, Rukov V.B and Kambulov S 1.,

"Biofueiproduction in terms of agricultural," Agricultural machinery and technology, pp 13-16,2011

5 Centre for Sustainable Energy Resesrch e.V Analysenbericht Jatrophaoel Labor - Nr 6430, Rostock 13.08 2010 DE

6 Coyle William T The Future of Biofuels: A Global Perspective / Coyle William T // USDA Economic Research Service - 2014

7 Langevetd, JWA 12 Biofiiel production in China./ Langeveld JWA, Dixon J, van Keulen H //Biofiiel Cropping Systems Carbon, Land and Food.-2014.-p 195

8 Gromakov AV Improving the efficiency of tractors through the use of biofliels / Gromakov Alexey Vladimirovich // Dissertation- candidate of technical sciences - Zemograd-Russia, 2012 - 155 p

T O M T A T

NHtTNG V A N D E C O B A N V E C O N G N G H E S A N X U A T

N H I E N L I E U S I N H H O C TlT J A T R O P H A

PakhomovV.l'", RykovV.B',KambulovS.l', ByrkoS.!*, Hodng NghTa D ? ^

' I 'ien nghien ciiu mdy va thiet bi nong nghiep bac Kavkas- LB Nga;

'Dgi hoc long hgp ky thugt Song Ddng - LB Nga

Bai bao nay nghien ciiti ve kha n5ng sir dung jatropha lam nhiSn lieu sinh hQc chat luong cao Cac

d | c diem ndng hoc chinh cua jatropha kha nang su dung dau jatropha lam c o so tao ra nhien li6u nhien lieu diesel Nghien ciru khi d^c tinh ciia hon hop dSu jatropha v^ nhien lieu diesel Chung t6i ciing dua ra nhimg cong nghe san xuat nhien lieu sinh hpc dung cho m^y nong nghifp tir hat jatropha

Tir kboa: jatropha nhien lieu smh hoc cong ngh4 che bien thay thi nhien lieu diezel

Ngdy nhdn bdi 15 3-2015; Ngdy phdn bien 02/4/2015, Ngdy duyet ddng: 08/5/2015

Phdn bien khoa hoc: TS Phgm Bdng Phuong - Truang Dai hoc Nong Ldm - DHTN

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