MOT SO VAN DE BAO VE QUYEN CON NGl/CJl TRONG LINH VUC MOI TRUCNG HIEN NAY 6 VIET NAM PHAM i r a TfNH* "Con ngudi la trang tam cua nhung moi quan tam vd su phdt tridn lau dai Con ngudi cd quydn dugc hu[.]
Trang 1TRONG LINH VUC MOI T R U C N G HIEN NAY 6 VIET NAM
PHAM i r a TfNH*
"Con ngudi la trang tam cua nhung moi quan tam vd su phdt tridn lau dai Con ngudi cd quydn dugc hudng mdt cude sdng hiiu ich vd lanh manh, hdi hod vdi thidn nhidn"- Tuydn bo tai HN Thugng dinh vd mdi tradng - Rio de Janeiro 1992
Trong nhiing nam cudi cua thd ky XX, diu thd ky XXI cdng ddng thd gidi da cd nhidu no luc nhim gin kdt "quydn con ngudi" vdi "phat tridn", hay ndi cdch khdc, cdc gidi chflc lanh dao da thuc su quan ngai vd danh nhung quan tam dac bidt den cdc quydn phdt tridn cua con ngudi, trong dd cd quydn cd sfle khde tdt cd vd thd lire va tinh thin, quydn dugc sdng trong mdi tradng trong lanh, nhu Didu 12 Cdng ude qudc td ve cac Quydn kinh td, van hda vd xa hdi da ghi nhan
Trong khoa hgc phap ly, khdi nidm mdi tradng dugc hieu nhu la mdi quan he gifla con ngudi va nhiing didu kidn sdng cfla con ngudi, nhung ydu td, hodn canh, didu kidn tu nhien vd didu kidn vat chit nhan tao bao quanh con ngudi Theo didu 3 khodn 1 Luat Bdo
vd Mdi tradng cua nudc Cdng hod xa hdi Viet Nam thi: "Mdi tradng bao gom cdc ydu td
tu nhidn vd ydu td vat chit nhan tao quan he mat thidt vdi nhau bao quanh con ngudi, cd anh hudng tdi ddi sdng san xuat, su tdn tai, phdt tridn cua con ngudi vd sinh vat"
1 Co sd phap ly bao ve quyen con ngudi trong linh viic moi trudng
d Viet Nam, quan didm vd bdo vd mdi tradng da dugc Ddng va Chinh phu quan
tam tfl thap nidn 80 cua thd ky trade Didu ndy dugc the hidn trong Didu 36 Hidn phdp
1980 quy dinh trach nhiem bdo vd mdi tradng ;
Sang thdi ky ddi mdi, du ndn kinh td dit nudc cdn gap nhidu khd khan nhung Ddng
va Nha nudc ta da rit chu y tdi tim quan trgng cua cdng tdc bdo vd mdi tradng trong hoat ddng phdt tridn kinh td, xa hdi Didu ndy dugc thd hidn d mdt loat cdc van bdn nhu:
Du thao Chidn luge qudc gia ve Bdo ton (1986); Phdp lenh Bdo vd vd phdt tridn ngudn Igi thuy san (1988); Phdp lenh vd Tai nguydn khodng sdn (1989); Phdp lenh vd Thud tai nguydn (1990), ngdy 27/12/1993 Qudc hdi khoa IX da thdng qua luat Bdo ve mdi tradng, Nghi dinh 175/CP hudng dan thi hdnh Luat mdi tradng Day la co sd cho vide van dung vao hoat ddng quan ly mdi tradng, giu cho mdi tradng, trong lanh sach dep, cai thidn mdi trudng can bang sinh thdi, ngan chan vd khac phuc hau qud xiu do con ngudi gay ra, khai thdc, sfl dung hgp ly va tidt kidm tdi nguydn thidn nhidn Cdc quydn, nghia vu va trach nhiem cua nha nudc, td chflc vd cd nhan trong bdo vd mdi tradng ciing dugc quy dinh
Nam 1993, bao cao "Hidn trang mdi tradng" dugc trinh Idn Qudc hdi, quan diem
"toan dan" trong cdng tdc bdo vd mdi tradng dugc cu thd hda bang dd dn "dua cdc ndi ThS,; Vien Nghien cuu Con ngudi
Nghlin ciiu Con ngudi s66 (45) 2009
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Trang 2dung bdo vd mdi tradng vao he thdng gido due qudc dan" nam 2001 Chi thi 36/CT-TW
ngdy 25/6/1998 cfla Bd Chinh tri vd "Tang cudng bao vd mdi tradng trong thdi ky cdng
nghiep hoa, hidn dai hda dit nudc" da nhan manh "bdo ve mdi tradng phdi dong gop vao
su nghiep phdt tridn bdn viing vd cdi thidn didu kidn sdng con ngudi, bao vd rflng phai di
ddi vdi tdi dinh cu, tao cdng an vide lam va cung cap du luemg thuc thuc pham cho ngudi
dan, nhung ngudi md cuoc sdng cua hp gan bo chat che vdi tai nguyen rung"
Van kidn Dai hdi IX (2001) cua Ddng va Chidn luge phdt tridn dat nudc giai doan
2001-2010, ciing khang dinh "Phat tridn nhanh, hidu qua va ben viing, tang tradng kinh
td di ddi vdi thuc hidn tidn bd, cdng bang xa hdi va bao ve mdi tradng Phat tridn kinh
td - xa hdi gan chat vdi bdo vd vd cai thidn mdi tradng, bao dam su hdi boa giua mdi
tradng nhan tao va mdi tradng thidn nhidn" Quan didm nay dugc Bp chinh tri cu the
hoa bing Nghi quydt sd 41-NQ/TW ngay 15/11/2004 vd Bdo vd mdi tradng trong thdi
ky day manh cdng nghiep hoa, liidn dai hoa dat nudc: "Bao ve mdi tradng la mdt yeu td
quyet dinh cdi thidn chat lugng cuoc sdng vd sfle khde nhan dan, dong gop vao su
nghiep phdt tridn kinh td xa hdi cua dat nudc"
Nghi quydt Dai hdi X (2006) dd ra cu the hon: "Bao vd va su dung co hidu qua tai
nguydn qudc gia, cdi thidn mdi tradng tu nhidn Tang cudng quan ly tdi nguyen qudc
gia nhit la cdc tdi nguydn dit, nudc, khoang sdn va rflng Ngan chan cac hanh vi buy
hoai vd gay d nhiem mdi tradng, khic phuc tinh trang xudng cap mdi tradng " Trong
Muc tidu Phdt tridn Thidn nidn ky cua Viet Nam co ghi: "coi phong ngfla va ngan chan
d nhidm mdi tradng Id nguydn tic chu dao kdt hgp vdi xfl ly d nhiem, cai thidn mdi
tradng vd bdo tdn thidn nhidn; kdt hgp phdt huy ndi lire vdi tang cudng hgp tdc qudc td
trong vide bdo vd mdi tradng"
Trong Chidn luge Bao vd mdi tradng qudc gia 2001-2010 vd tim nhin 2020, nhidu
bidn phap chidn luge then chdt vd bdo vd mdi tradng da dugc lira chpn Luat Bao vd
mdi tradng sfla ddi nam 2005 theo tinh thin diy manh cdng tdc xa hpi hoa boat ddng
mdi tradng, cho phep sfl dung nhidu bidn phap, cdng cu, chd tai manh hon, co tinh ran
de cao hon Nghi dinh 80/2006/ND-CP hudng dan chi tidt vide thuc thi cac dieu khoan
cua Luat Bdo vd mdi tradng; Thdng tu 08/2006/TT-BTNMT hudng dan danh gia mdi
tradng mang tinh chidn luge, ddnh gid tdc ddng mdi tradng vd cam ket bdo ve mdi
tradng Bd luat Hinh su sfla ddi cung co mdt chuong XVII quy dinh 10 tdi danh ve mdi
tradng; Kd hoach qudc gia ve mdi tradng va phdt tridn ben vung vdi quan diem phat
tridn kinh td phdi kdt hgp hai boa, chat che vdi bdo vd mdi tradng
Ngodi ra, vin dd bdo vd mdi tradng cung dugc the hidn trong Chidn luge Phat tridn
kinh td xa hdi 2001 - 2010; Chidn luge Cham sdc vd bao ve sfle khoe nhan dan giai
doan 2001- 2010; Cip nudc sach va vd sinh mdi trudng ndng thdn ddn 2020; Dinh
hudng chidn luge Phdt tridn bdn vung d Viet Nam; Du thdo Chuong trinh muc tidu qudc
gia vd Sfle khoe mdi tradng ddn nam 2015 vdi muc tieu: gin kdt cac boat ddng bao v |
mdi tradng vdi cdc boat ddng bdo vd sfle khoe con ngudi nhdm gidi quyet nhung van dd
hue xuc vd sfle khde con ngudi do d nhidm mdi tradng hidn nay gop phan thuc hidn cdc
muc tidu bdo vd mdi tradng
Nghlin ciiu Con ngudt s66 (45) 2009 j g
Trang 3C6 thd noi, cho den nay he thdng phdp luat vd bdo vd mdi tradng da phdt tridn cd ve ndi dung Idn hinh thflc, didu chinh tuong doi diy du cdc thanh td tao nen mdi tradng
He thdng cdc tidu chuin cua mdi tradng budc diu tao co sd cho vide kidm scat, danh gid tdc ddng cua mdi tradng, Tuy nhidn, mdi tradng van dang tflng ngdy, tflng gid bi d nhiem gay anh hudng ddn su phdt tridn kinh te xa hgi, den sfle khod va sinh m ^ g con ngudi, anh hudng den su phdt trien ben vflng cua quoc gia Vay, dau Id bat c$p?
2 Mgt sd bdt cap trong bao vd quyen con ngudi trong ITnh vuc moi trudng or Viet Nam
Mac du quydn con ngudi trong ITnh vuc mdi tradng Id mdt quydn hidn dinh dugc quan tam trfl trgng bing cdc chu traong, chinh sdch, luat phdp ciing nhu nhung no luc ddng ke trong thuc tiii nhidm vu bao vd mdi tradng, nhung trong tridn khai van de bdo
vd mdi tradng va xu ly d nhidm van con nhidu bat cap Bdo cdo Hidn trang mdi tradng qudc gia 2005 cho thiy: Nhung gi mdi tradng phuc hoi dugc khdng theo kjp dugc su xudng cap vd mdi tradng do con ngudi gay ra trong qud trinh phdt tridn kinh te - xa hgi Vide thuc thi phdp luat vd bao vd mdi tradng trong thdi gian qua chua nghidm, hieu luc, hieu qud thap Hidn cd den 70% cdc khu cdng nghiep khdng cd he thdng xfl ly nudc thai, 90% cdc co sd sdn xuat kinh doanh dich vu khdng xfl ly nudc thdi; thu gom xu ly chat thai ran, nhat Id chat thdi nguy hai; phdn Idn cdc du an khdng thuc hidn day du cdc ydu cau bdo vd mdi tradng hoac thuc hidn theo kidu ddi phd Cdc vu vi pham ldm d nhidm mdi tradng chua dugc xu ly hinh sir, kd cd cdc vu Idn nhu xam hai mm tradng cua nhd mdy Hyundai Vinashin, nhd mdy sdn xudt bdt nggt Vedan, Miwon, nha mdy xi mang Hdi Phong, cho thay thdi do xem thudng sfle khde cgng ddng cua cdc chu doanh nghiep, sir bat cap va han chd cua he thdng phdp luat bdo v? mdi tradng, bdo vd quyen con ngudi trong ITnh vuc mdi tradng d Viet Nam:
- Cdc chinh sdch phdp luat kinh td chua thuc su than thidn vdi mdi tradng, chua cd sir gan kdt chat che, hOai co giua cdc quy dinh vd phdt tridn kinh td vdi cdc quy dinh vd bao vd mdi tradng Ydu td mdi tradng chua thuc sir dugc coi trgng vd tinh ddn nhidu trong qua trinh xay dung vd ban hanh luat ciing nhu khi cap giay phep diu tu, yeu to kinh td van dugc xem trgng hon, ydu td bdo vd quydn con ngudi dugc sdng trong mdi tradng trong lanh hau nhu it dugc xem xet, chi phi bdo vd mdi tradng trong sdn xuit kinh doanh ciing chua dugc tinh ddn nhu: phi mdi trudng, thud mdi tradng, ngudi gay d nhidm mdi tradng phdi nop phat,
- Cac quy dinh phdp luat bdo vd mdi tradng chua cd co chd phdp ly hun hidu kidm soat cdc hoat ddng tac ddng vdo tu nhidn, dnh hudng ddn mdi tradng sinh thdi, cdc bidn phap che tai chua du manh dd trflng tri vd ran de nhung hdnh vi vi pham Vide ddnh gia tac ddng mdi tradng cua cdc chu thd tham gia vdo boat dgng sdn xuit, kinh doanh cdn mang tinh hinh thflc, cdc hoat ddng gay dnh hudng ddn mdi tradng chua dugc ngan chan tridt de
- Nhflng quy dinh ve bidn phap xu ly vi pham giua cdc van ban chua thich hgp, ndn hidu qua xfl ly vi pham thap hoac kho xfl ly
- Vd trdch nhidm dan su trong bdo vd mdi tradng cdn chung chung, thidu cu thd ndn
nrx Nghlin ciiu Con ngudt s6e (45) 2009
Trang 4khd dp dung Cdc quy dinh vd bdi thudng thidt hai do d nhidm mdi tradng ddn nay cflng chua cd van ban hudng din vd phuong phdp xdc dinh thidt hai, xac dinh mflc bdi thudng,
3 V^n de mdi trudng v^ quy^n con ngudi
Quyk con ngudi dugc sdng trong mdi tradng trong Idnh tren thuc td khdng chi phu thugc vdo thd chd, chinh sdch, phdp luat cua nhd nudc ma cdn phu thudc rat Idn vdo chit lugng mdi tradng, cdc vin de mdi tradng phdt sinh vd vide gidi quydt mdi quan he giua con ngudi vdi mdi tradng
3.1 Moi truong vd quyin tu dokinh doanh trong ITnh vuc kinh ti
Mdt trong nhimg khia canh cfla quydn tu do cd nhan cd lidn quan mat thidt vdi vin
dd mdi tradng la quydn ty do kinh doanh cung nhu quydn sd bun Trong didu kidn xdy dung va phdt tridn kinh td thi tradng dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghTa, phdp luat Viet Nam ghi nhdn quydn tu do kinh doanh theo quy dinh cua phdp luat, day cung dugc hidu la quydn dugc bdo ddm sd hun doi vdi tdi sdn Cdc chu thd co quydn gia nhap hoac nit khdi thuang tradng vd tu do canh tranh theo, Didu 58 Hidn phdp 1992 Trong quan he vdi cdc nguydn tic van hdnh cua ndn kinh td thi tradng vd tu do hoa thuemg mai, phdp luat ciing ghi nhan quydn con ngudi dugc song trong mdi tradng trong lanh vd trdch nhidm cua cdc doanh nghiep, cdc to chflc kinh td trong vin dd bdo vd mdi tradng va dam bdo cdc boat dgng sdn xuat, kinh doanh than thidn vdi mdi tradng Vi vay, quydn
tu do kinh doanh cd thd bi ban chd ndu vide sdn xuit kinh doanh gay dnh hudng tdi mdi tradng Mgi cdng dan dugc tu do thuc hidn quydn cua minh ddng thdi cd nghTa vu tdn trgng quydn ciia ngudi khdc
Tu do phdt tridn chi dugc ddm bdo trdn co sd kdt hgp hai hoa giua muc tidu kinh td, muc tidu xa hdi vdi muc tieu bdo vd mdi tradng Ndn tang cua phdt tridn ben vung chinh
Id su phdt tridn thuan chidu gifla con ngudi vd tu nhidn Ndu khdng hai hda dugc mdi quan he gifla mdi trudng vd phdt tridn kinh td thi hau qua se hdt sfle nghidm trgng, d nhidm mdi tradng se trd thanh mdi de doa ddi vdi su sdng cua nhan loai Tang tradng kinh td ldm gidm ddng ke tinh trang ddi ngheo, nhung ndu chi theo dudi muc tidu tang tradng kinh te md lo Id hoac bd qua yeu td bdo vd mdi tradng thi se cd luc mat dd tang tradng
CJ Viet Nam, trong vdi nam gin day cdc khu dd thi mdi vd khu cdng nghiep phdt tridn tuong ddi nhanh, mgt mat ddng gdp ddng kd vao sir phdt tridn chung cua dit nudc, mat khdc cQng Id noi gay nhflc nhdi vd d nhiem mdi tradng: chat thdi cdng nghiep, khi thdi, ngudn nudc, rdc thdi, Nam 2007, Cue bdo vd mdi tradng da kidm tra tdng cdng
384 CO sd, 47 khu cdng nghidp vd 7 ldng nghd trdn dia bdn 41 tinh, thdnh phd, da phdt hidn 69 co sd gay d nhiim mdi tradng vd 47 co sd gay d nhiem nghidm trgng Hau hdt cdc CO sd cd phdt sinh khi thdi nhung khdng cd he thdng xu ly, hoac cd nhung khdng dat tidu chuin' Mdi tradng sinh thdi d mdt sd viing cd khu cdng nghidp da dnh hudng nghidm trgng tdi ngudi dan, con ngudi phdi sdng vdi khdi bui, ngudn nudc, khdng khi
' CIEMTT Thong tin Tu liSu: Chuyfin dS Ch6ng 6 nhiem moi tnidng d cie thinh ph6 vi khu cong nghiep
Nghl^ ciiu Con ngUdt s66 (45) 2009
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Trang 5dit bi d nhiem nang gay dnh hudng true tiep ddn hoat ddng sdn xuit, thu nhap vd sfle khoe con ngudi Day cung la mdt trong nhung nguydn nhan gay benh va tfl vong cao d tre em cung nhu cdc benh nghd nghidp d ngudi lao dgng
Theo danh gid cua Ngan hdng Thd gidi nam 2008, cdc nudC dang phdt tridn ndu khdng CO cdc gidi phdp bdo vd mdi tradng thich hgp thi khi tdng sdn pham quoc ndi (GDP) tang gip ddi muc do d nhiem mdi tradng se tang gip ba, bdn lin Day ciing la mgt thdch thflc Idn cho qua trinh phdt tridn d Viet Nam Ndu xdp theo thfl hang vd d nhidm dit, nudc va khdng khi thi Ha Ndi va thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh Id dia ban d nhiem nang nhit trong ca nudc, va ciing dflng dau chau A vd mflc do d nhidm bui Hdi nghi qudc td vd Mdi trudng dien ra tai Thuy ST nam 2006 da xdp Viet Nam vao nudc cd mdi sinh kem nhit trong 8 nudc Ddng Nam A Dai didn cua Ngdn hang Thd gidi, dng Magda cung cho ring vide can thidp qudn ly d nhiem trong khu cdng nghidp Viet Nam can dugc chu trgng; vai trd cua cdc co quan chflc nang cd lidn quan can dugc lam ro; vide giam sat vd chd tai vd d nhidm cdng nghidp cin dugc cung cd
Cac nha khoa hgc va cac nha hoach dinh cliinh sdch Viet Nam cung thay rang tang
tradng kinh td phai di ddi vdi bdo vd mdi tradng, phdi gidi quydt hai hda van de bdo ve
mdi tradng vdi ydu cau tang tradng trong qud trinh CNH - HDH Bdn canh vide sfl dung, khai thae mdi tradng tu nhidn, con ngudi cdn phdi bdo vd, cdi thidn chat lugng mdi tradng, phai chung sdng hdi hda vdi thidn nhidn, vi mdi trudng cd vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi su phdt tridn cua con ngudi
Mdi tradng khdng chi gift vai tro cung cap "ddu vdo" cho cdc qud trinh sdn xuat
va ddi sdng cua con ngudi nhu: cung cap nguydn, nhidn, vat lieu, ddt dai cho boat ddng san xuat va cac hoat ddng sdng cua con ngudi Mdi tradng tu nhidn ciing Id noi chua dung "dau ra" cua qua trinh phdt tridn - cdc chat thdi Tuy nhidn, khd nang ehfla dimg
va dong hoa "dau ra" cua mdi tradng chi cd gidi ban nhat dinh, ndu vugt qud ngudng va khdng dugc xfl ly, kidm soat se gay d nhidm, suy thodi hoac cac su cd nghiem trgng, se
la tham hpa ddi vdi con ngudi
Mdi tradng la dia ban vd ddi tugng cua phdt tridn, cdn phdt tridn lai Id nguydn nhan tao ndn cdc bidn ddi cua mdi tradng Tdc ddng cua con ngudi ddn mdi tradng cd thd Id cai tao tich cue mdi tradng tu nhidn nhung cung co thd gay ra d nhiem mdi tradng Ddng thdi, mdi tradng tu nhien cung co tdc ddng ddn su phdt trien kinh td thdng qua vide ngudn tai nguydn bi suy thoai do boat ddng cua con ngudi gay ra hoac do cdc tham hpa, thidn tai
Bao vd mdi tradng chinh la giup cho kinh td, xa hdi ciing nhu con ngudi dugc phdt tridn ben vung Kinh td phdt tridn se tao didu kidn cho vide ddrh bdo an ninh qudc phong, gift vung dgc lap, chu quydn qudc gia, ddm bdo cho vide thuc hidn cdc quydn con ngudi, trong do cd quyen con ngudi dugc sdng trong mdi tradng trong lanh Vi vay, bao vd mdi trudng la vide lam khdng chi cd y nghTa hidn tai md cdn cd gid tri idn trong tuong lai, tao ndn su phdt tridn bdn vung cho thd he mai sau
3.2 Moi truong vd quyen binh ddng
Quydn binh ding dugc hidu la quydn nhu nhau, ngang nhau gifla cdc chu thd trong
nn Nghlin ciiu Con ngudt sg6 (45) 2009
Trang 6vide tidp can cdc ngudn tdi nguydn, thu hudng cdc Igi ich tfl mdi tradng Mdt ndn kinh
td phdt tridn trong mdi tradng sinh thdi dugc bdo vd se bdo ddm cho mgi ngudi co co hgi dugc hudng thu cdc thanh qud phdt tridn vd tu ldm cho ddi sdng cfla hg trd ndn sung tuc ban
Thuc td cho thiy chit lugng mdi tradng cang cao thi khodng cdch vd mflc sdng giua cdc ting ldp dan eu ngdy cdng thu hep hay mflc do cdng bing xa hdi cang Idn, va ngugc lai Nhdm ngudi ngheo thudng phdi phu thudc vao ngudn tai nguyen thidn nhidn nhidu hon, hp it cd co hgi dd cdi thien chit lugng cude sdng cua minh ban so vdi nhom
CO thu nhap khd Hiu hdt nhung ngudi ngheo, nhit la d cdc nudc dang phat tridn vdn phu thudc vdo vide canh tdc ndng nghidp dd sinh sdng trong khi chit lugng dit, nudc gidm di keo theo thu nhap yd chit lugng cude sdng cung gidm theo Dong thdi, he thdng
CO sd ha tang kem phdt tridn d khu vuc ndng thdn vd midn nui, ngudi ngheo it co kha nang hon trong vide tu bdo vd minh trade tinh trang d nhiem mdi tradng hoac ddi pho vdi vin dd vd sfle khde do d nhidm mdi tradng gay ndn Hg it cd co hdi tidp can vdi he thdng nudc sach, dich vu y td, gido due chit lugng cao, Hg thudng bi dnh hudng cua thidn tai nhidu hon do cd it ngudn luc hon cho vide phong chdng ciing nhu tdi thidt cuoc song sau thidn tai Vi vay, khi chit lugng mdi tradng dien bien theo chieu hudng xiu nhu: d nhiem, suy thodi vd su cd mdi tradng; cac ngudn tdi nguyen thidn nhidn bi suy kiet, thidn tai, ban hdn, lu lut tang nhung ngudi ngheo se bi anh hudng trade tidn vd ndng nd nhit' Khi dd ngudi ngheo cdng trd ndn ngheo doi hon va khoang cdch giau -ngheo se cang rgng ra, cdng bang xa hdi se cdng kho dat dugc Ngudi -ngheo cdng it co
CO hdi dugc hudng thu cdc thdnh qua lao ddng cung nhu vide tham gia vao qua trinh phdt tridn
Vide cdi thidn chat lugng mdi tradng gop phan lam gidm ddi ngheo va tao nhieu co hdi cho gidm ngheo ndu con ngudi bidt khai thdc hgp ly, hidu qud ngudn tai nguydn Vide gidm dnh hudng cua thien tai cd thd lam cho ngudi ngheo co dieu kidn tidp can tdt hon vdi cdc sinh kd va ngudn cung cap luong thuc, thuc pham Nhiing cdi thidn trong vide qudn ly cdc ngudn tdi nguydn thidn nhidn co thd giup nhung ngudi ngheo, nhiing ngudi vdn phu thudc vdo ngudn tdi nguydn thidn nhidn cd thd cdi thidn mflc sdng cua hg Vi vay, gidi quydt van dd sfl dimg tdi nguydn, mdi tradng hgp ly khdng chi la giai quydt bai todn can bang giua phdt tridn vd bdo vd mdi tradng ma cdn Id bai todn hdi hda giua cdc muc tidu kinh td vd edng bang xa hgi Benh tat ciing la mgt quan ngai dac bidt khi md d nhidm mdi tradng, khi hau khac nghiet lam cho sue khoe eon ngudi bi gidm sut dnh hudng den sdn xudt, chat lugng vd hieu qud cdng vide, dnh hudng ddn thu nhap vd cuoc sdng ngudi dan,tu d6 dnh hudng den sfle khde con ngudi vd chat lugng ngudn nhan luc
3.3 Moi truong vd quyen song
Quydn sdng Id mdt quydn co ban cua con ngudi, trdn thuc td cdc dnh hudng do hoat ddng cua con ngudi da lam cho mdt sd ydu td cua mdi trudng bidn ddi gay tdn hai hoac
de dga den tinh mang eon ngudi
' CIEM-TT Thong tin Tu lieu: Chuygn de Chong 6 nhiem m6i tnidng d cie thinh pho vi khu cong nghiep
Nghlin ciiu Con ngudi sd 6 (45) 2009
23
Trang 7Theo bdo cdo cua Td chflc y td thd gidi (WHO), mdi nam trdn thd gidi cd khodng
850 nghin ngudi chdt vi dnh hudng true tidp ciia d nhiem mdi tradng vd 160 nghin ngudi chdt vi bidn ddi khi hau, ngodi ra ti Id mic cdc benh nhu tim, mach, hd hap, ung thu dang ngdy cdng tang cao vd chu ydu roi vao nhung ngudi ngheo Cdc nhd khoa hgc
du bdo trong thd ky XXI, hdng trdm tri$u ngudi tren thd gidi se phdi di chuydn cho d yi muc nudc bidn dang cao Viet Nam Id mdt trong 5 nudc se bi dnh hudng n|ng nd nhat, nudc bidn eo thd tang Idn Im vdo ndm 2100, lu lut se dnh hudng tryrc tidp ddn 10% dan
sd Viet Nam' Vd, nguydn nhan dan ddn tinh trang nay la do cdc hdnh dgng cua con ngudi: vide khai thdc qud mflc vd sfl dung lang phi cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thidn nhidn, tinh trang phdt thdi cdc chit gay d nhiem mdi tradng, sir ndng ridn cua trdi dit, su suy giam cdc he sinh thdi vd da dang sinh hgc, dang Id nhung van dd cap bdch hidn nay Thdm hga thidn tai, mdi tradng d nhidm la mdt trong nhung nguydn nhan gay nhidu thidt hai vd ngudi vd cua Sau nhung thdm hga thidn tai thudng xdy ra tinh trang thidu thdn nhu ydu phim, mdi tradng bi d nhiem nang, cdc benh dich phdt sinh khidn cho con ngudi khdng kip ddi phd Theo nhan dinh cua Lidn hgp qudc, Viet Nam la mdt trong 5 qudc gia nim trong "d bao" Idn nhit thd gidi vd ciing Id mdt trong 5 nudc chiu tdc dgng manh me nhit cua bidn ddi khi hau vdi nhung thidn tai bit thudng Con bao sd 9 (Ketsana) dd bd vdo Vift Nam nhung ngdy diu thdng 10/2009 gay thidt hai gin 800 trieu USD
Co thd noi, trong vdi thap nidn gin day, lu lut, bao Idc ludn Id mdi de dga vdi ngudi dan Viet Nam Bdn canh do, nhidu nhd mdy, khu cdng nghidp da thdi ra mdi tradng nhung chit thai dgc hai gay anh hudng Idn ddn ddi sdng ngudi dan nhu nhd mdy sdn xuit phan boa hgc Phu Thg, nhd mdy sdn xuit xi mang Hdi Phdng, nhd mdy san xuat bdt nggt Vedan, Miwon, * da thdi ra mdi tradng cdc chat ddc hai gay d nhidm nang khdng khi, ngudn nudc, dit, lam xuit hidn nhung ldng ung thu vd nhidu loai benh nguy hidm, phuc tap khd xdc dinh benh, cudp di sinh mang cua nhidu ngudi, tuy nhidn trach nhidm cua cdc nhd mdy, xi nghidp, doaiih nghidp hau nhu vdn ngodi cuoc
Cdc vin de mdi tradng nhu lu lut, ban hdn, d nhidm, suy thodi, cd thd buy hoai
hoac lam gidm thu nhap, gidm gid tri tdi sdn, gidm tudi thg hoac cudp di tinh mang cua con ngudi Do do, bdo ddm chat lugng mdi tradng la mgt trong nhung didu kidn cd thd thuc thi day du quydn tu do kinh doanh, quydn sd hiiu, quydn vd tdi san, quydn dugc sdng vd quydn binh dang cua con ngudi trdn thuc td Con ngudi cd the khai thdc, cdi bidn mdi tradng phuc vu cho nhung quydn khdc cua minh, qud trinh ndy cd the tao ra nhiing dnh hudng xdu tdi mdi tradng, ldm cdn trd vide thuc hidn cdc quydn khdc cua con ngudi Vi vay, can can ddi vd gidi quydt hdi hda vide thuc thi quydn con ngudi vd van dd mdi tradng trdn co sd phdt tridn bdn vung Bdo vd sue khde, tinh mang vd hanh phuc cua con ngudi Id muc dich cao nhdt cua mgi boat ddng xa hgi cung nhu cua mgi cd nhan, cdng ddng, qudc gia vd qudc td Muc dich ndy chi cd thd dat dugc khi mdi tradng dugc bdo vd vd khdng ngflng dugc cdi thidn
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Bio cio Phit triSn con ngudi cua Chuong trinh phit triln ciia Li6n hop qu6c, 2007/2008
Nghlin ciiu Con ngudi s66 (45) 2009
Trang 84 Mot sd' kien nghi
- Phdp luat vd bdo vd mdi tradng cin nim trong tdng the cdc chinh sdch, dinh
hudng mang tinh qudc gia, xdc dinh theo hudng: sfla doi, bo sung vdn ban hipn hanh dd
khic phuc tinh thidu nhit qudn, khdng cu thd rd rang trong didu chinh cdc quan he xa
hgi trong ITnh vvrc bdo ve mdi tradng, bdo vd quydn con ngudi vi muc tidu phdt trien ben
vflng cua nen kinh te hdi nhap
- Gidi quyet tridt dd van dd xdc dinh pham vi vd ddi tugng didu chinh cua phap luat
ve mdi tradng Phai gan nhidm vu bdo vd mdi tradng vdi vide bdo ddm quydn con
ngudi, coi trgng vide phdng vd xfl ly d nhidm, cai thidn mdi tradng vd bao tdn tai
nguydn thidn nhidn Ddi tugng chiu su dieu ehinh cua phdp luat mdi tradng Id tit ca cdc
td chflc, cd nhdn khai thdc vd sfl dung tdi nguyen mdi tradng
- Khi sfla ddi Luat bdo vd mdi tradng cdn chu trgng cdc ydu td mdi tradng trong cdc
ngdnh luat, cdc ydu td tdi nguydn mdi tradng thidn nhidn ddng thdi giai quydt mdi quan he
giua luat Bdo vd mdi trudng vd cdc van ban luat chuydn ngdnh didu chinh vd mdi tradng
phdt huy ddng bd sfle manh cua cdc bidn phdp, dac bidt Id bidn phdp kinh td bdo dam hai
hod giiia phdt tridn kinh td vd bdo vd mdi tradng vi mue tidu phdt tridn bdn vung
- Xay dimg co chd bdo dam nham thuc thi phdp luat vd cdc thidt chd lidn quan ddn
vide bdo ddm thuc thi phdp luat vd mdi tradng, vd quydn dugc sdng trong mdi tradng
trong lanh cua con ngudi Can bdo dam cd ba yeu td: tang cudng hidu luc cua luat; td
chflc thuc hidn hidu qud va tang cudng hieu lire cdc bidn phdp chd tdi hanh chinh, dan
su, kinh td vd hinh sir
- Tang cudng hgp tdc qudc td trong ITnh vuc mdi tradng, diy manh hem nua vide
ndi luat hod cdc cam kdt quoc te vd bdo vd mdi tradng md Viet Nam da ky kdt hoac
tham gia vd xdc dinh rd hidu luc phdp ly cua cam kdt dd, dong thdi xay dung ca"che bdo
ddm thuc thi hidu qud cdc cam kdt tai Viet Nam
Tai lieu tham khao:
1 Bdo cdo phdt triin con nguoi cua UNDP, 2000, 2006, 2007/2008
2 Chdng 6 nhiim moi truong a cdc thdnh phd vd khu cdng nghiep - CIEM_ Trang
tam Thdng tin - Tu lieu Vien Nghien cflu Kinh td Trung uong
3 Chuyen de: Bdo ve mdi trudmg di phdt triin bin virng - CJEM - Trang tam
Thdng tin - Tu lieu Vien Nghidn cflu Kinh td Trung uong
4 Bdo cdo hien trgng mdi trudng 2005
5 Chiin luoc Bdo ve mdi trudng qudc gia din ndm 2010 vd dinh huang din 2020
6 Chi thi 36/CT-TW (25/6/1998) cua Bd Chinh tri vd vide tang cudng cdng tdc bdo
vd mdi tradng thdi ky cdng nghidp hod, hidn dai hod dit nudc
7 Chiin lucre phdt triin kinh ti - xd hdi 2001 - 2010
8 Nggc Huydn: Bdo ve mdi trudng chua theo kip tdc do phdt triin
-http://thongtinphapluatdansu.wordpress.com/2008/07/21
9 Nghi quyit 41/NQ-TW (15/11/204) cua Bd Chinh tri vd bdo vd Mdi tradng trong
thdi ky diy manh cdng nghidp hod, hidn dai hod ddt nudc
Nghlin ciiu Con ngUM S(f 6 (45) 2009 2 5
Trang 910 Nghi dinh 08/2006/ND-CP hudng ddn chi tiet vide thuc thi cdc didu khodn cua
Luat Bao vd mdi trudng
11 Phan Ydn: Gdn kit giUa mdi truong vai bdo v? sii:c khoe nhdn ddn (31.8.2008)
12 27 nguyen tdc cua Tuyen bd Hdi nghi ThuQmg dinh thi giai vi Mdi truong vd
phdt triin tgi Rio de Janero (Braxin) - htpp:/^mktcn.com
13 Mdi trudng vdi suphdt trien ben virng - vyww.tchdkh.org.vn
14 Luat bdo ve Mdi trudng 1993, 2005
15 Cdc muc tieu phdt trien Thien nien ky
16 Cao Dflc Thdi, Trin Thi Hdng Hanh: Anh huang cua bien ddi khi hgu, suy
thodi mdi truong din cdc quyen con nguoi a Viet Nam hi$n nay - Tap chi Nghien cuu
Con ngudi sd 1/2009
17 Vd Khdnh Vinh: Quyin con ngudi - tiep can da ngdnh vd lien ngdnh khoa hoc
xd hoi, Hd ^di, 2009
18 Tgp chi Hd so su kien - chuyin de cua Tgp chi Cdng sdn, so 85 (16/10/2009)
19 http://dantri.com.vn; http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki
20 Thong tu- 08/2006/Tr-BTNMT Hudng dan dinh gii m6i trudng mang tfnh chiin luge, dinh gii
tic dpng moi truimg vi cam ket bio ve moi tnidng
no Nghlin ciiu Con ngudi scf S (45) 2009