Nghiên cứu sử dụng chế phẩm vi sinh vật phân giải chất hữu cơ để xử lý rác thải sinh hoạt làm phân bón và bảo vệ môi trường.pdf

Viec xu ly rac thai tao thanh phan bdn khdng chi tan dung duge ngudn tai nguyen rac thai ma cdn dem lai nhiiu Igi ich v i kinh te, gdp phin bao ve mdi trudng.. Vat lieu va phu'ang phap n

NGHIEN Ctru Sir DUNG CHE P H A M VI SINH VAT PHAN GIAI CHAT HU^U CO DE XlT LY RAC THAI SINH HOAT

N g u y i n Ngoc Nong*

N g u y i n Ngoc So'n Hal*

1 DAT VAN OE ' '^'^'^ t''^' '^^nh gia, xac djnh so lugng, phan

loai thanh p h i n , ty le c h i t thai sinh hoat khu dan c u tap trung khu vuc cong Trudng Dai hpc Nong lam Thai Nguyen

O nhiem mdi trudng do rac thai sinh hoat

dang trd thanh mpt v i n d i nan giai, r i t c i n

triin khai nghien cuu, ung dung cong nghe x u

ly rac thai sinh hoat n h i m tang ty le tai c h i , tai

s u dung rac thai va giam t h i i u 6 n h i i m mdi

trudng O Viet Nam, qua trinh cdng nghiep

hda, dd thj hda trong nhdng nam g i n day phat

triin rat nhanh, dan so tang len nhanh chdng

dac biet la tai cac khu dd thj, cac thanh phd Idn

Nam 2004 dan sd ca nude la 82,09 trieu ngudi,

d i n nam 2006 da la 84,11 trieu ngudi Sif phat

triin dan s6 t i t y i u keo theo s u gia tang v i rac

thai sinh hoat V i n d i x u ly rac thai dang trd

thanh mpt van d i dang quan tam dac biet la tai

cac thanh phd va cac khu dan c u tap trung

Tinh Thai Nguyen vdi dan sd 1,2 trieu ngudi,

tdc dp gia tang dan so hang nam la 0,7%/nam

Thanh phd Thai Nguyen la noi tap trung nhiiu

trudng dai hpc, n i m tren d i u mdi giao thdng

quan trpng eua m i i n B i c va \a trung tam van

hoa eua eac tinh m i i n niii phia Bic Su gia

tang dan sd cung vdi t i e dp dd thi hda nhanh,

dae biet la s u tap trung ddng dan c u d cac

viing trung tam gay ra s u qua tai v i rac thai

khiin v i n d i x u ly rac thai sinh hoat d nhung

noi dd trd thanh mpt v i n d i dugc quan tam

dac biet Cung vdi s u phat t n i n eiia khoa hpc va

cdng nghe, rac thai thai ra cd the duge tai ehe,

tai sif dung Viec xu ly rac thai tao thanh phan

bdn khdng chi tan dung duge ngudn tai nguyen

rac thai ma cdn dem lai nhiiu Igi ich v i kinh te,

gdp phin bao ve mdi trudng

Muc tieu cua de tai

- D i i u tra, danh gia nguon c h i t thai n h i m

xac dinh thanh p h i n ty le c h i t thai sinh hoat

lam CO sd d i xuat hudng s u dung, tai c h i c h i t

thai sinh hoat

- Nghien cuu sif dung mpt s6 c h i pham

VSV de x u ly rac thai hu'u co lam phan bdn,

tang hieu qua kinh t i s u dung tai nguyen la rac

thai va gdp p h i n bao ve mdi trudng

11 VAT LIEU, NQI DUNG

VA PHirOTNG PHAP NGHIEN CIJIlJ

2.1 Npi d u n g nghien eu'u

- Nghien cuu su' dung mdt sd che phim VSV de x u ly rac thai sinh hoat huu co lam phan bdn va giam thieu d n h i i m mdi trudng Sau dd s u dung c h i pham VSV cd t n i n vpng

n h i t xw ly rac thai sinh hoat hifu co cd bo sung

dam, lan va vdi n h i m tao ra san pham phan bdn c h i t lugng cao hon phuc vu san xuat ndng nghiep

2.2 Vat lieu va phu'ang phap nghien ciru

- Thu gom, phan loai thanh phin chit thai sinh hoat tai bai rac khu dan c u tap trung theo phuang phap phan loai true tiip va can trpng lugng

* Thi nghiem 1: XCr ly rac thai hCeu co b§ng

mot s6 chi phim VSV hu'u hieu

Thi nghiem nghien cuu gdm 5 cdng thuc xif

ly VSV, 3 l i n n h i c lai Trpng lugng rac huu co eho moi cdng thuc la 15kg (dung trong thung nhua cd due Id nho d day) Cac cdng thuc: 1 Mau ddi chung - Khdng XLP ly VSV; 2: XCf ly EM Bokashi (dang bdt) cua Trung tam ung dung Khoa hpc Cdng nghe Thai Nguyen; 3: Xu ly EM2 (dang nude) cua Trung tam ung dung Khoa hpc cdng nghe Thai Nguyen; 4: X u ly e h i pham VSV tong hgp (dang nude) eua Trudng Dai hpc Ndng nghiep I; 5: XLP ly c h i pham VSV tong hgp (dang bpt) 2% cua Trudng Dai hpc Ndng nghiep Ha Npi

* Thi nghiem 2: XCr ly rac thai sinh hoat hiru

CO bkng chS phim VSV tdt nhit trong TNI bS sung them voi, phan khoang nhim tao san phim phan bon tdt han phuc VLI nong nghiep

Thi nghiem gdm 5 cdng thuc 3 lan nhic lai Trpng lugng rac huu co 1 cdng thuc la 15 kg Cac cdng thuc: 1 (Ddi chung): XLP ly rdc thai huu CO b i n g EM2; 2 Ddi chung + 1 % N; 3 Ddi

Chung + 2% PjOg; 4: Ooi chung + 2% CaO: 5: Ddl Chung - H % N + 2% P2O5+ 2% CaO

III KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA THAO LUAN

3.1 Thanh p h i n rac thai khu dan cu* tap tmng

* Khoa Tai nguyen & Moi trudng, Trudng DHNL Thai Nguyen

S a n g 1 Thanh phan rac thai sinh hoat tai khu dan c u cdng t r u d n g Dai hoc Ndng lam

Dan vi: %

TT

1

2

3

4

T u a n ^ ^ ^ ^

T u i n 1

Tuan 2

Tuan 3

T u i n 4

Tnungf binh

Chat huu eg 62,38 70,16 69,50 65,78 66,96

Giay bia, giay bao 2,12 1,84 2,60 3,50 2,52

Nhua, till, nilong 8,50 5,80 6.65 7,15 7,03

Thiiy tinh 0,12

0,51 0,16

Kim loai 0,20

0,16

0,09

Xi than 5,70 8,40 10,08 7,20 7,85

Cac tap ehit khac 20,98 13,80 11,01 15,86 15,41

1

T6ng so 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00

So lieu nghien c u u the hien d bang 1 eho

t h i y : T h a n h p h i n c h i t thai sinh hoat khu dan

c u r i t da d a n g , ty le m o i loai c u n g r i t khae

nhau T r o n g d d ty le rac thai h u u c o c a o n h i t v d i

g i n 6 7 % , sau dd d i n cae loai khac n h u : Tap

c h i t , x l t h a n n h u a nilon g i i y loai,, 3.2 K e t q u a n g h i e n e d u XLK ly rac t h a i s i n h

h o a t hiFu CO b a n g m o t s d c h e p h i m V S V

h i i ' u h i e u

Bang 2 A n h h u d n g cua x u ly che p h i m VSV d i n trpng l u g n g rac h u u eg

Don VI: kg

STT

1

2

3

4

1

5

Cong thuc thi nghiem

Khong xu ly - 0/c

X U ly EM Bokashi

X u ly EM2

X u ly ehe pham VSV

tong hgp dang bot

X u ly che pham VSV

tong hgp dang nude

LSDo.os

LSDooi

Trong lugng rac thai sau xip 1^

Trude

x u ly 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0

10 ngay 11,7 12,5 11,6 12,4 13,1

20 ngay 8,4 9,2 7,3 8,7 9,6

30 ngay 6,6 7,2 5,7 6,5 7,5

40 ngay 6,2 6,5 5,4 5,3 6,8

^VSV

50 ngay 5,9 5,5 4,6 4,8 5,4

60 ngay, ket thiic 5,8 5,4 4,5 4,8 5,3 0,55

0 7 8

Se sanh trong lugng cuoi eung (%) 100,00 93,10 77,59 82,76 91,38

Trpng l u g n g rac thai h u u c o d u g c x u ly vi 6 0 - 7 0 % , trong d d rd ret n h i t la cdng t h u c 3 va sinh vat hij'u hieu da g i a m ro ret theo t h d i gian cdng t h u c 4

Q u a 2 t h a n g x u ly, t r o n g l u g n g h u u c o g i a m

S a n g 3 Anh h u d n g eiia x u ly che p h i m VSV den the tich rac h u u c a

D o n v i : dm^ STT

1

2

3

Cong thue thi nghiem

Khong xu ly - D/e

X u l y EM Bokashi

X u ly EM2

X u ly ch6 pham VSV

tong hgp dang bot

X u ly ch6 pham VSV

tong hgp dang nude

LSDoos

LSDooi

Trude

xd ly 35,63 35,63 35,63 35,63 35,63

10 ngay The tich rac thai sau xu ly VSV

27,33 27,18 25,59

28,83 27,35

20 ngay 24,71 22,34 18,78 21,81 20,16

30 18,40 16,25 14,28 15,50 14,81

40 ngay 14,25 12,36 10,57 12,63 12,71

50 ngay 12,86 10,39 10,05 11,64 12,46

60 ngay, ket thiic 12,86 10,39 10,05

11,64

12,46 2,19 3,39

So sanh the tieh cuoi cung (%)

100,00 81,17 78,15 90,51 96.89

I I L • •

Trong eac loai c h i p h a m vi sinh vat, c h i g i a m the tich rac thai n h i i u n h i t , g i a m 1 9 - 2 2 %

p h i m E M 2 v a E M - B o k a s h i c d t a c d u n g l a m so v d i ddi c h u n g

Sang 4 Thanh phin san phim lam phan bdn da qua x u ly phoi khd t u 1 kg san pham tuoi

STT

1

2

3

4

5

Cong thde thi nghiem

Khong x u ly - D/c

X u ly EM Bokashi

X u ly EM2

X u ly eh§ p h i m VSV

tong hgp dang bot

X u ly e h i pham VSV

tong hgp dang nude

LSDo.os

LSDo.o!

Tong trong lugng san p h i m huu eg

d a n q k h 6 , A ° 1 0 %

kg 0,38 0,38 0,45 0,43 0,40

Trgng lugng san pham huu eg qua sang (< 2mm)

kg 0,19 0,20 0,28 0,25 0,21 0,05 0,08

%

50,00 52,38 62,96 58,85 52,96

Trgng lugng san pham huu eg tren sang {> 2 m

m)

kg 0,19 0,18 0,17 0,18 0,19

%

50,00 47,62 37,04 41,15 47,04

Cdng thuc 3 va cdng thuc 4 cd ti le san pham qua sang < 2mm cao hon 50%) nhung chua cd huu CO qua sang < 2mm Idn nhit Cac cdng s u khac biet ro ret so vdi ddi chung

thuc 2 va 5 tl le trpng lugng san p h i m hdu c o

Bang 5 Thanh phin ehit dinh dudng trong san pham phan bdn va nude ri

tu rac thai huu eo cd x u ly vi sinh vat

STT

1

1

2

3

4

5

11

1

2

3

4

1

5

Ten mau

MAU S A N P H A M P H A N B O N

Khong x u ly - D/e

X u ly EM Bokashi

X u ly EM2

X u ly c h i pham VSV tong

hgp dang bot

X u ly e h i pham VSV tong

hgp dang nude

M A U NU'O'C Rl R A C

Khdng x u ly - 0/e

X u ly EM Bokashi

X u ly EM2

X u ly e h i pham VSV t i n g

hgp dang bot

X u ly c h i pham VSV tong

hgp dang nude

VCK(%)

21,38 20,13 19,10

20,77

22,61

-PHKCI

7,93 7,61 8,13

7,77

8,19

8,95 8,83 8,97

9,05

9,20

N {%)

0,441 0,460 0,422

0,433

0,441

0,043 0,043 0,046

0,036

0,048

P2O5 (%)

0,274 0,236 0,261

0,269

0,298

0,022 0,018 0,024

0,028

0,024

K2O (%)

0,344 0,365 0,592

0,566

0,795

0,016 0,010 0,011

0,014

0,012

Chit lugng san pham phan bdn c h i biin t u rac

thai dugc XLP ly VSV huu hieu d i u cd chit lugng

tuong ddl kha dat yeu c i u v i chit lugng g i n tuong

duong vdi phan huu co va phan chudng chit

lupng tmng binh Nude n rac qua xu" ly VSV van cd

ham lugng chat dinh dudng NPK kha cao

Qua thi nghiem 1 cd the nhan thiy ring che pham EM2 la che pham tot nhit

3.3 Ket qua n g h i e n CLFU XLF ly rac thai sinh hoat h i j u co" b i n g c h i p h i m EM2 (che pham tdt n h i t d thi nghiem 1) va c d b d sung them v o l va phan khoang

Bang 6 Thanh p h i n san phim lam phan bdn tu rac thai dugc xu ly EM2 cd bd xung vdi,

phan khoang (san phim qua xu ly phoi khd, tu 1kg san phim tuoi)

STT

1

2

3

4

5

Cong thifc thi nghiem

061 chdng (xu ly EM2)

D/c + 1 % N

D/c + 2 % P2O5

D/c + 2 % CaO

0/c + 1%N+ 2 % P2O5+ 2%CaO

LSDoos LSDooi

Tong trgng lugng san pham hlju eg danq kho, A ° 1 0 %

kq 0.40 0,38 0,45 0,36 0,46

Trong lugng san pham huu eg qua sang (< 2mm)

kq 0.25 0,25 0,27 0,23 0,27 0,04 0,07

%

62,8 64,5 59,3 64,7 59,5

Trong lugng san pham huu eg tren sanq (> 2 m m)

kg 0.15 0,13 0,18 0,13 0,19

%

37.2 35.5 40.7 35.3 40,5

Ty le qua sang 2mm tai cac cdng thue tuong

ddi cao, nhiiu nhit la tai cdng thuc cd bo sung

them vdi (64,7%)) va t h i p nhit la tai cdng thuc

cd them P2O5 (59,3%), sai khac rd ret so vdi

cdng thue ddi chung d mue xac suit 99% Cac cdng thuc d i u cho k i t qua ti le trpng lugng san phim huu co qua sang < 2mm eao hon 50% va

ed su khac biet rd ret so vdi ddi chung

Sang 7 Thanh phin chit dinh dudng trong san phim phan bdn

tu rac thai huu co cd xu ly EMj cd bd sung vdi, phan khoang

STT

1

1

2

3

4

5

Ten m l u MAU SAN PHAM PHAN BON

0 6 i chung (xu ly EM2)

D/c + 1 % N

0/c + 2 % P2O5

D/e + 2 % CaO

D/c + 1 % N + 2 % P 2 0 5 + 2 % C a O

VCK(%)

21,98 22,13 19,45 22,28 19,16

PHKCI

7,95 7,11 6,43 8,62 8,29

N (%)

0,441 0,660 0,422 0,389 0,641

P205(%)

0,274 0,236 0,461 0,227 0,398

K2O (%)

0,344 0,365 0,442 0,352 0,435 Chit lugng san pham phan bdn c h i biin tu

rac huu co dugc xu ly bing c h i pham EM2 cd bo

sung them vdi va phan khoang d i u cd chit lugng

tuong doi kha, dat yeu c i u v i chat lugng g i n

tuong duong vdi phan huu eo va phan chudng

c h i t lugng trung binh pH eiia san p h i m d i u d vao khoang trung tinh hoae hoi k i i m dao ddng

tu 6,43-8,62

Sang 8 Thanh phin mpt so kim loai nSng trong san phim phan bdn

va nude ri tu rac thai huu co cd xu ly VSV

STT

1

1

2

3

4

5

II

1

2

3

4

5

Ten mau MAU SAN PHAM PHAN BON

Khong x u ly - D/e

X u ly EM Bokashi

X u ly EM2

X d ly c h i pham VSV tong hgp dang bot

X u ly e h i pham VSV tong hgp dang nude

M A U NLfOC Ri

Khong x u ly - D/e

X u ly EM Bgkashi

X u ly EM2

X d ly c h i pham VSV t i n g hgp dang bgt

X d ly c h i pham VSV t i n g hgp dang nude

Pb mg/kg 0.413 0,403 0,473 0,461 0,472 mg/l 0,400 0,200 0,100 0,136 0,326

Cd mg/kg

0

0

0

0

0 mg/l

0

0

0

0

0

As mg/kg 0,203 0,357 0,259 0,151 0,457 mg/l 56,60 37,80 32.11 21.78 53.30

Cu mg/kg 2,268 1,964 2,362 2,096 2,691 mg/l 4,400 2,200 2.000 3.750 3,200

Ddi vdi Pb: trong m i u phan bdn t u

0,403-0,473 mg/kg va cao hon trong m i u nude, tu

0,100-0,400mg/l Ddi vdi Cd: khong cd trong ea

mau phan bdn va trong nude ri Ddi vdi As:

trong m i u nude t u 21,78-56,60 mg/l va Idn

hon nhiiu so vdi trong m i u phan bdn, tu

0,151-0,457 mg/kg Ddi vdi Cu: t u 1,964-2,691

mg/kg trong m i u phan bdn va tu

2,000-4,400mg/l trong m l u nude ri Ham lugng cua

t i t ca cac chi tieu kim loai nang trong m i u phan

bdn va m i u nude ri rac d i u d muc dp an toan

cho d i t , eay trdng va deu nhd hon nhiiu so vdi

tieu ehuin mdi trudng cho phep hien hanh

IV KET LUAN

1 Thanh phan c h i t thai sinh hoat khu dan

c u r i t da dang, trong dd, ty le rac thai huu co

cao n h i t vdi g i n 67%o, day la ngudn nguyen

lieu quan trgng d i x u ly, san x u i t phan bdn

huu CO vi sinh phuc vu ndng lam nghiep

2 Qua 2 thang x u ly VSV, trpng lugng va

the tich huu eo giam 60-70%), trong dd rd ret

n h i t la cdng thuc 3 va 4 cd xu' ly c h i pham EM2 va c h i pham VSV tong hgp dang bdt

3 Cdng thuc 3 - xu ly EM2 va cdng thuc 4- xu

ly VSV tong hgp dang bdt cd ti le san phim huu eg qua sang < 2mm Idn nhit, cdng thuc 3 la 62,96%

va cdng thuc 4 la 58,85% Chit lugng san phim phan bdn che bien tu rac thai dugc xu ly VSV huu hieu d i u cd chit lugng tuong ddi kha, g i n tuang duong vdi phan huu co

4 Ham lugng ciia t i t ca cac chi tieu kim loai nang trong m i u phan bdn va m i u nude ri rac diu

d muc dp an toan cho dit, cay trdng va d i u nhd hon nhiiu so vdi tieu ehuin mdi trudng cho phep hien hanh

5 Xu ly chit thai huu co bing c h i phim VSV huu hieu EM2 cd bo sung them vdi va NPK tao ra san pham phan bdn cd chit luong cao hon.Toe

dp phan huy ciia rac nhanh hon, khoi lugng rac thai giam 5,08% so vdi ddi chung Khoi lugng rac thai huu CO dugc xu ly b i n g EM2 va vdi giam nhieu nhit giam 8,47% so vdi ddi chdng Xu ly bing EM2 va vdi, the tieh ciia rac giam nhiiu nhit, giam 20,20% so vdi doi chung, xu ly bing EM2 va N, giam 11,74% so vdi doi chung

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1 Nien giam thong ke tinh Thai Nguyen (2006)

Nha xuat ban Thong ke

2 TCVN 7209-2002 va TCVN 6773-2000 v l chat

lugng moi trudng dat, phan bdn va nude

3 Dao Chau Thu (2006), Bao eag kit qua de tai

cap nha nude ciia Trudng DHNN I Ha Noi v l dng

dung VSV xu ly rac thai va bao ve mei trudng Dai

hoc Nong nghiep 1 Ha Ngi

4 Luong Dire Pham Vi sinh vat va an toan ve

sinh thue pham Nha xuit ban NN, 2002

5 Trung tam irng dung tidn bp Khoa hpc va Cdng

nghd, Sa Khoa hoc va Cdng nghd tinh Thai Nguyen

(2006), Cdng nghe vi sinh vat huu hieu EM + Quy trinh ky thuat su dung c h i pham EM trong san xuat

va ddi song,

6 Teruo Higa, Technology of Effective

Microo-rganisms: Concept and Phisiology (2002) Royal

Agricultural College, Cirencester, UK

S u m m a r y

A RESEARCH ON USING ORGANIC SUBSTANCE RESOLVING MICRO-ORGANISM TO TREAT HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE TO PRODUCE

FERTILIZERS AND PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT

The household garbage from residential quarters

is very multiform, in v^hich organic garbage accounts

for 67% This plays an important part in analyzing

and producing micro-organic fertilizers used in

farming Household garbage treated by

micro-organic reduces itself 60-70% in weight and volume

Among the products used EM2 product and

powdered micro-organic product are the most

effective The proportion of organic products under 2

millimeters in size accounts for from 58.85 % to

62.96% The quality of the fertilizers produced from

Nguyen Ngoc Nong Nguyen Ngoc Son Hai*

household garbage and well-treated with micro-organism is as relatively good as organic fertilizers The content of all weighty metals containing in the sample of the fertilizers and seeping water from the garbage is in safety standard for the land, plants and much lower than the current environmental standard Resglving household garbage by EM2 product added with lime, NPK still ensures the process of disintegration and produces high quality products to fertilize plants

* Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment,

Thainguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry