TRIET HOC, SO 8 (219), TIIANG 8 2009 TifACH NHmm mm TttroiM© MOT PHU''''dNG DIEN CUA TRACH NHIEM XA HOI NGUYEN TH! LAN HLrONG(*) Trong bai viet nay, tacgia tap trung lam rd trach nhiem moi tru&ng vdi tin[.]
Trang 1TRIET HOC, SO 8 (219), TIIANG 8 - 2009
TifACH NHmm mm TttroiM©
-MOT PHU'dNG DIEN CUA TRACH NHIEM XA HOI
NGUYEN TH! LAN HLrONG(*)
Trong bai viet nay, tacgia tap trung lam rd trach nhiem moi tru&ng vdi tinh each mdt phuong dien cua trach nhiem xa hdi Trach nhiem moi trudng la khai niem tuong ddi mdi, la npi dung can ban cua dao due mdi trudng Theo tie gia, trach nhiem mdi trudng cua con ngudi ngay cang quan trpng khdng kem so vdi trach nhiem cua con ngudi ddi vdi con ngudi; nd khdng don thuan la trach nhiem vdi gidi tu nhien, ma quan trpng hem, cpn ngudi phai hanh ddng khdn ngoan de khdng lam ton hai den mdi trudng vi Ipi ich ciia chinh con ngudi va cac sinh the khac
gay nay, khi con ngudi dang trong
tien trinh toan c i u hda manh me,
vol su p h i t trien ngay cang Idn
manh ciia cac cdng ty da v i xuyen qud'c
gia, vdi su phu thudc chat che ciia cac
qud'c gia, khu vuc vao mdt ndn kinh te
toan cau, mdt nen kinh te, ve ca ban, la
kinh te thi trudng t u do thi nhiing mau
thuan, giiia con ngudi vdi con ngudi va con
ngudi vdi thien nhien ngay cang hidn hien
rat rd rang Nhung mau t h u i n nay ngiy
cing cang t h i n g den miic ta't ca cic ben
tham du vao qua trinh s i n xua't vat chat
cho xa hdi, vao ndn kinh te t o i n ciu, ddu
cam nhan r i n g neu hp khdng ngdi lai,
t h i o luan, ban bac va nha't tri vdi nhau ve
nhiing van de ca ban thi cd nguy ca ta't ca
ddu bi hiiy diet Vi the, trach nhiem xa hdi
l i mdt trong nhiing cum til ngay nay
chiing ta dugc chung kien nhidu nha't, ca
tren cac phuong tien thdng tin dai chung
l i n trong cac hdi thao mang tinh hpc
thuat d pham vi qud'c gia hay qud'c te Mau
t h u i n ngay cang tang gliia tang trudng
kinh te va bio ve, giii gin mdi trudng sd'ng
da budc chiing ta phai nhin nhan van dd
trach nhiem ciia con ngudi vdi chinh ban
than minh va vdi t u nhien vdi mdt thai dp
nghiem tiic hon va khoa hpc han Xua't
phat tii nhiing ly do dd, bai viet nay gdp
phan tim hieu mdt trong nhiing van dd
cap bach hien nay, dd l i trach nhiem ciia
con ngudi ddi vdi mdi trudng sd'ng ciia
minh tii gde nhin t r i c h nhiem xa hdi Trach nhiem mdi trudng la thuat ngii tuong dd'i mdi trong he cac t h u a t ngii ban
vd trach nhiem, n h u trach nhiem ca nhan, trach nhiem doanh nghiep, t r i c h nhiem nha nude, hay trach nhiem chinh tri, trach nhiem p h i p ly, O day, chiing tdi
se tap trung xem xet mdi quan he glira trach nhiem mdi trudng vdi trach nhiem, trach nhiem xa hdi cUng n h u mdt sd quan niem ve trach nhiem mdi trudng tren ca
sd ciia dao diic hoc mdi trudng
Trach nhiem va trach nhiem xa hpi
Ke tii khi con ngudi budc vao giai doan lich sii t h a n h van, tiic la tdn tai vdi
t u each mdt cpng ddng, mot xa hdi thi cUng la liic con ngudi b i t d i u hinh t h i n h
y thiic v i hanh vi t r i c h nhiem
Thuat ngu trach nhiem xua't hien kha mudn Theo mdt sd hpc gia, trong van hda phuong Tay, t h u a t ngu trach nhiem "la
s i n pham ciia thdi hien dai", tiic la thdi dal each mang cdng nghiep the ky XVII -XVIII Tuy nhien, nhiing ndi dung ciia
t h u a t ngii nay da xua't hien tii rat lau trudc dd dudi dang cac pham trii, nhu nghia vu, bdn phin Ngay nay, trich nhiem dugc hidu khdng chi l i kha nang
n h i n thiic vc bdn phan, nghia vu v i hau C'^iTlen si, Vien Triet hpc, Vien Khpa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam
Trang 2T R A C I I N H I E M MOI T R U O N G - MOT PHUONG DIEN CUA
qua do nhiing hanh ddng ciia minh dua
lai, ma cdn dugc hidu rpng hon, trach
nhiem - dd la thai dp cua ca nhan ddi vdi
cdng ddng Thai dp n i y bidu thi d viec thuc
thi nghia vu dao diic va tuan thii cac tieu
chuan ciia luat phap, tiic la tuan thii cac
quy chuan dao diic va sau n i y la luat
phap, ma cac ca nhan trong cdng ddng da
thoa thuan(l) Cung vdi su phat tridn
manh mc ciia xa hdi hien dai, ndi dung
cua trach nhiem n g i y cang dugc md rpng,
lam giiu v i dan ddn ket qua l i su xua't
hien pham trii t r i c h nhiem xa hdi Hien
tai, trong linh vuc nghien ciiu hpc thuat
ngudi ta dang khdng ngiing xay dung nen
nhiing hpc thuyet ve trach nhiem xa hdi
tren ca sd nhiing quan diem triet hpc, dao
due hpc va tham chi c i nhiing quan diem
kinh te va luat phap het siic khac nhau
Thdng thudng, ndi den t r i c h nhiem la
ndi den mdi quan he giua ca nhan vdi cdng
ddng Thuc thi trach nhidm la each thiic
de con ngudi didu chinh h i n h vi ciia minh
sao cho lgi ich cua ca nhan phii hgp vdi lgi
ich ciia cpng ddng, hoac it n h i t ciing
khdng lam phuong hai den Igi ich ciia cac
ca nhan khac bay toan cdng ddng Nhu
vay, cd thd thay, ngudi ta chi cd thd y thiic
va thuc hien dugc t r i c h nhiem khi ngudi
ta tdn tai trong mdt cdng ddng n h i t dinh
Dieu dd cd nghia trach nhiem la trach
nhiem dd'i vdi xa hdi hay trach nhiem xa
hdi Ve thuc chat, trach nhiem la phuong
tien dd con ngudi kich thich hay kiem che
hanh ddng ciia minh theo hudng sao cho
dat dugc su thd'ng n h i t giiia lgi ich ciia ca
nhan vdi Igi ich cua cdng ddng Bdi vay,
trach nhiem khdng chi la nang luc, y thiic
vd hau q u i ciia h i n h vi, ma cdn la b i n
than vice thuc hipn hanh vi dd ciia chii thd
ddi vdi ddi tugng
Ben canh dd, ndi den t r i c h nhiem la
ndi den mdi quan he cu thd, xac dinh Nd
tra Idi cho cau hdi: chii thd chiu trach
nhiem la ai v i chiu trach nhiem trudc ai,
trudc cai gi (dd'i tugng m i nd tac dpng)?
Vdi cau hdi t h u nha't, ta cd the thay ngay
cau tra ldi rang chii thd chiu trach nhiem
la con ngudi cd y thiic (con vat thi khdng phai chiu trach nhiem vd hanh vl ciia nd,
vi nd hoan toan khdng cd y thiic) Con ngudi d day cd thd la ca nhan, doanh nghiep, td chiic, nha nude, chinh phii, tham chi la ca cac nhdm hanh dpng xa hdi hay cac cdng ddng dia phuong Tdm lai,
dd la con ngudi vdi ta't ca cac kieu td chiic hay thd chd ciia nd Vdi cau hdi thii hai, cau t r i ldi rpng nha't se l i : con ngudi phai chiu trach nhiem trudc b i n than minh va trudc mdi trudng tu nhien ma nhd dd nd cd the tdn tai dugc Cu the, dd la trach nhiem ciia con ngudi trudc con ngudi (bao gdm c i the he hien tai va cac the he tuong lai), trudc tu nhien (gdm cac ngudn tai nguyen, nhu rung, da't, nude, khdng khi, thuc vat, ddng vat ), tiic la t o i n bp mdi trudng tu nhicn xung quanh con ngudi trong chung muc con ngudi cd thd tac ddng true tiep hoac gian tiep den nd
Trach nhiem xa hcii la b i t budc, song cao hon dd l i su tu nguyen Nd vugt qua nhung gi dugc coi la vi va b i n g luat phap (trach nhiem phap ly), ddng thdi kdo theo
tu tudng cho r i n g hay hanh ddng trudc khi xay ra nhiing tinh hudng cd v i n dd hon la phan ung lai nhiing tinh hudng dd Trach nhiem xa hdi nghia l i loai bd nhiing hanh vi vd trach nhiem va phi dao diic -nhiing thii mang lai su thiet hai cho cdng ddng, cho chinh ban than va mdi trudng Trong thdi dai ngay nay, khi nen kinh
te thi trudng phat tridn d quy md toan ciu, di kem vdi nd la su tieu ton mdt lugng khdng Id tai nguyen thien nhien va su lion kdt chat chc giiia cac ca nhan khdng phan biet ve mat dia ly, thi ngudi ta ngay cang
dd cap nhidu hon ddn trach nhiem xa hpi Dieu nay cho t h i y pham vi ciia trich nhiem xa hdi dang dugc md rpng Nd khdng chi gidi ban trong pham vi mdt cdng ddng, khu vuc nhd hep, ma la trach
(1) Xem: M.M.Rozentan 7'u dien Triet hoc Nxb
Tien bp, Matxcova, 1986, tr.55
33
Trang 3NGUYEN THI LAN HUONG
nhiem ddi vai t o i n bd xa hdi loil ngudi
Ngudi ta Cling khdng chi b i n den trach
nhiem ddi vdi con ngudi, m i cdn ban den
t r i c h nhiem ddi vdi t u nhicn hay t r i c h
nhiem mdi trudng - mdt van de cap bach
ddi vdi ta't c i mpi ngudi mud'n tdn tai tren
hanh tinh ciia chiing ta Vi the, khi dd cap
den npi dung ciia trach nhiem xa hdi,
ngudi ta ciing thudng ban den hai phuong
dien ciia nd, dd l i t r i c h nhiem con ngudi
va trach nhiem mdi trudng(2)
Trach nhiem con ngudi ( h u m a n
responsibility) la mdt phuong dien ciia
trach nhiem xa hdi Nd cd nghia l i chii the
ciia hanh vi phii chiu trach nhiem trudc
con ngudi, chiu trach nhiem vd cac hoat
ddng anh hudng den con ngudi Trach
nhiem con ngudi bieu hien trong mpi linh
vuc ciia ddi sdng, n h u trach nhiem kinh
te, trach nhiem chinh tri, trach nhiem van
hda Trach nhiem con ngudi cUng la
phuong dien dugc dd cap den nhieu nhat
va ddi khi, cung dugc hieu la ndi dung duy
nhat ciia trach nhidm xa hdi
Trach nhiem con ngudi, tren thuc te,
n h i n manh nhieu hon den hau qua true
tiep ciia nhiing h i n h vl ma mdt thuc the
gay ra cho con ngudi xung quanh C h i n g
ban, trong llnh vuc kinh te, trach nhiem
ciia mdt doanh nghiep trudc het la phai
tim kiem, tdi da hda lgi nhuan cho cac cd
ddng, ddng thdi p h i i cd trach nhiem ddi vdi
cdng ddng xung quanh Dd cd the l i nhiing
ngudi lam viec cho doanh nghiep, nhung
khach hing, ddi tac, hay dan cu nai doanh
nghiep dd dang boat ddng Viec dd'i xii vdi
khach hang, ngudi lam cdng v i ddi t i c mdt
each cd trach nhiem khdng phii la van dd
mdi Diem mdi d day la doanh nghiep
khdng chi quan tam den viec thu dugc lgi
nhuan tii khach hang; hon the, cdn phii
thuc su quan tam den hp Khi xay ra hanh
vi thieu trich nhiem thi doanh nghiep
phai biet nhan ldi v i tich cue khic phuc
nhiing hau qua ciia nd thay vi bao bien,
che day hay trdn tranh trach nhiem
O nhieu nude tren the gidi, luat phap
quy dinh trach nhiem ciia mdt cdng ty la kiem dugc cang nhieu tien cho cac cd ddng
c i n g tdt (dd l i trach nhiem kinh te), ddng thai phai tuan theo luat phap (trach nhiem phap ly) Trach nhiem xa hdi budc cac cdng ty v i cac td chiic phii cd trich nhiem vdi nhung ngudi m i hp cd anh hudng den, kd ca anh hudng gian tiep Trach nhiem xa hdi cdng giu cho mdt cdng
ty p h i l nang ddng, quyet doan trong hoat ddng kinh te de cd du siic manh giiip dd mpi ngudi, hoac it n h a t ciing khdng lim phuong hai den hp Dd cUng chinh la trach nhiem dao diic ciia mdt doanh nghiep Phuong dien thii hai ciia trach nhiem
xa hdi l i trach nhiem mdi tru&ng
(environmental responsibility) Trach nhiem mdi trudng la mdt khai niem tuong ddi mdi, nd xuat hien cilng vdi dao diic mdi trudng va la ndi dung can ban ciia dao diic mdi trudng Ve m a t thdi gian, trach nhiem mdi trudng xua't hien khi con ngudi bit
d i u y thiic dugc r i n g nhiing hanh vi, boat ddng cua minh dang tac ddng hiiy hoai den mdi trudng, de dpa su sdng cua hp Mac dii vay, nhiing nghien ciiu ve trach nhiem mdi trudng mdi chi thuc su dugc nhin nhan diing miic trong khoang vii thap nien gan day, khi nhiing boat ddng ciia con ngudi anh hudng den thien nhien ngay c i n g tram trpng Nhung tac dpng hiiy hoai mdi trudng khien con ngudi dan
n h i n thiic dugc rang, neu khdng quan tam den mdi trudng sd'ng t u nhien ciia minh thi sdm mudn, con ngudi ciing hi tu nhien tra thii, bi hiiy diet Trach nhiem mdi trudng cho r i n g , con ngudi khdng nhiing phai chiu trach nhiem ve h i n h vi ciia minh dd'i vdi cac ca nhan khac va ddi vdi xa hdi, ma cdn phai chiu trach nhiem
ve cac hanh vi ciia minh trudc t u nhien -mdi trudng sdng ciia con ngudi
Vd mat hpc thuat, trach nhiem mdi trudng vdi t u each ndi dung cd't ldi ciia dao diic mdi trudng - mdt n h a n h nghien ciiu (2) Xem: http://en.wlklpedia.prg/wlkl/Soclal Resppnsiblllty
Trang 4TRACH NHIEM MOI TRUONG - MOT PHUONG DIEN CUA
triet hpc ling dung cac truyen thdng dao
diic khac nhau n h i m ly giai va giai quyet
cac van de mdi trudng - cd ca sd ly luan tii
cic hpc thuyet triet hpc dao diic Dao diic
mdi trudng la nhanh nghien ciiu hien
dang rat phat trien tai phuong Tay Hai
van de ca ban trong nhiing quan tam ciia
nd l i : thu nhat, mdi quan he dao diic phii
hgp giua con ngudi va mdi trudng tu
nhicn la gl; va thu hai, ca sd triet hpc ciia
mdi quan he giiia con ngudi vdi mdi
trudng tu nhien la gi? Khi di tim ca sd ly
luan de t r i ldi cac cau hdi tren, mot so nha
triet hpc da van dung cac ly luan ve chuan
muc dao diic trong lich sii, nhu thuyet vi
lgi, thuyet hau qua, hay bdn phan luan de
giai quye't van de n i y Tuy nhien, cau tra
ldi thuc su cdn k h i ma hd Ben canh dd,
viec van dung cic quan diem mang tinh
tdn giao de giai quyet mdi quan he giiia
con ngudi vol t u nhien, trong nhieu
trudng hgp, dudng n h u lai thiic day viec
hiiy hoai va lam thoai hda mdi trudng hon
la gin giii v i bio ve nd Triet hpc phuong
Tay truydn thd'ng phii nhan bat cii mdi
quan he dao diic true tiep nao tdn tai giiia
con ngudi va mdi trudng t u nhien Nhiing
ly thuyet mang tinh dao diic chuan muc
nhat trong pham vi ciia truyen thdng nay
cho rang, chi cd con ngudi mdi cd vi tri dao
diic; t i t ca nhiing su vat khac, neu cd gia
tri dao diic, thi cung chi trong chiing muc
chiing phuc vu cho nhiing \a\ ich ciia con
ngudi Vi the, khi can n h i c mdt quye't
dinh mdi trudng nhat dinh, mdt chii the
dao diic chi can hdi quyet dinh nay se anh
hudng den con ngudi nhu the nao? Nhu
vay, trong chiing muc n i y , ta thay co sd
ly luan ciia "dao diic mdi trudng" dua
tren thuyet vi lgi va thuyet hau qua
(consequentialist ethics) Theo dd, su tdt
xau vd mat mdi trudng phu thudc vao hau
qua ciia hanh vi dd ddi vdi con ngudi Mac
dii con ngudi phai cd trach nhiem ve
(regarding) gidi t u nhien, song con ngudi
khdng phai chiu trach nhiem true tiep ddi
vdi (to) gidi tu nbien(3)
Ben canh quan diem ve t r i c h nhiem mdi trudng dua tren thuyet vi lgi va thuyet hau qua, quan diem dua tren bdn phan luan cho r i n g con ngudi phai cd trich nhiem true tiep ddi vdi gidi tu nhien Trach nhiem dd khdng phu thudc vao viec
nd cd gay ra hau q u i cho con ngudi hay khdng Bdi vi, bat ky su tac ddng n i o cua con ngudi den mdi trudng dii mud'n, dii khdng cUng gay i n h hudng den cac loai khac v i d i n den nhiing hau qua khdng ludng trudc dugc Su thay ddi ve mat quan niem nay danh da'u mdt su thay ddi tii nhiing ly thuyet dao diic lay con ngudi lam trung tam sang cac ly thuyet dao diic lay phi con ngudi lam trung tam(4)
Tinh hinh tren cho thay, mdt mat, con
ngudi dang thuc su quan tam den van de mdi trudng va cd g i n g ly giai trach nhiem ciia minh ddi vdi mdi trudng trcn phuong
dien ly luan; mat khac, nd cUng chi ra
r i n g viec giai quyet van de nay thuc su khdng don giin, va hien van cdn rat nhidu tranh cai xung quanh viec tim kiem mdt
CO sd ly luan thuyet phuc cho viec xac dinh ndi dung, pham vi trach nhiem ciia con ngudi ddi vdi mdi trudng
Khi nhin nhan hai phuong dien ciia trach nhiem xa hdi nhu tren, theo chung tdi, cd the thay su khac biet giiia chiing nhu sau:
Trach nhiem con ngudi cd thd dugc bleu la y thiic vd nghia vu va hanh vi sao cho nhiing hanh vi dd khdng lam phuong bai den nhiing ca nhan hay cdng ddng ngudi cd quan he true tiep vdi nhau Ro rang, trach nhiem con ngudi nhan manh vao hau q u i true tiep ma nhiing thuc the (3) Xem: Envirpnmental Ethics, An Intrpduction to Environmental Phllospphy, Second Edition, Joseph
K Dos Jardins-CoUcge of Saint Benedict, 1997 by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Introduction of Chapter 5, p.90-p.91,
(4) Xem: Environmental Ethics, An Introduction to Environmental Philesophy, Second Edition, ioscph
R Des Jardins-College of Saint Benedict, 1997 by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Introduction of Chapter 5, p.91
35
Trang 5NGUYEN Till LAN HUONG
xa hdi g i y ra cho con ngudi Vi le dd, ngudi
ta dd d i n g n h i n ra t r i c h nhiem con ngudi
khi danh gia, xem xet viec thuc thi nghia
vu dao diic v i luat phap ciia mdt thuc the
nao dd, nhu n h i nude, doanh nghiep, td
chiic hay ca nhan v i tham chi, ca cac
nhdm hanh dpng hay cac cdng ddng dia
phuong Tac ddng den con ngudi bao gid
Cling la tac ddng d i u tien v i dd nhan thay
nha't Trong khi dd, trach nhiem mdi
trudng thudng khd nhan thay ngay, song
nd lai cd tac ddng xa xdi, lau dai va Idn
hon rat nhieu
Ban den trach nhiem con ngudi va
trich nhiem mdi trudng, ve thue chat, la
ban den hai phuong dien cua trach nhiem
xa hdi Ne'u t r i c h nhiem con ngudi la su
nhan manh, chii trpng nhieu hon den cac
mdi quan he gliia con ngudi vdi con ngudi,
thi trach nhiem mdi trudng nhan manh
vio mdi quan he giua con ngudi vdi t u
nhien Hai phuong dien nay g i n bd chat
che va khdng thd tach rai nhau Trach
nhiem con ngudi chi d i y dii khi nd dugc
dat trong mdi quan he vdi trach nhiem mdi
trudng, cdn trach nhiem mdi trudng khdng
phai la thii trach nhiem triiu tugng xa rdi
thuc te hoac khdng g i n vdi cac Igi ich ciia
con ngudi Thuc te cho thay, trong xa hdi
hien dai, trach nhiem mdi trudng ciia con
ngudi ngay cang quan trpng khdng kem so
vdi trach nhiem ciia con ngudi vdi con
ngudi Cac mau thuan ve Ipi ich gliia cac
tap doan, cac nhdm ngudi, tham chi la ca
cac ca nhan gid day khdng chi bd hep trong
pham vi lgi ich kinh te, ma cdn dugc md
rpng vd phuong dien mdi trudng
Trach nhiem mdi trudng khdng don
thuan la trach nhiem vdi gidi t u nhien
Hon the, con ngudi p h i l h i n h ddng mdt
each khdn ngoan dd khdng lam phuang
hai den mdi trudng vdi t u each toan bd he
thd'ng sinh tdn ciia con ngudi v i cic sinh
the khac vi lgi ich cua chinh con ngudi v i
cac sinh the dd Chiing ta bao ve mdi
trudng Cling chinh la t u bao ve lgi ich ciia
minh va lgi ich cua cic the he tuong lai
Y thiic dugc van dd nay, trong may chuc nam qua, cac hdi nghi thugng dinh ve
mdi trudng a cap dp toan ciu da dien ra
thudng xuyen va t a p trung ban den nhiing van de mdi trudng cap bach nhi't Mac du cdn nhiing diem b i t ddng hay chua nha't tri tuyet ddi, song nd lite trcn da cho thi'y su
CO gang rat Idn ciia nhan loai ddi vdi cac vi'n de mdi trudng toan ciu Dac biet, trach nhiem mdi trudng cua cdng ddng the gidi ngay cang dugc quan t i m , thao luan vi nhat tri giiia cac qud'c gia ve cac van de rat
cu the Mdt trong nhiing cot md'c quan
trpng ghi da'u cho quan tam n i y l i Tuyen
bd Xaun ve dao due mdi trudng vdi 4
nguyen t i c ca ban, trong dd cd nguyen tic chia se trach nhiem Ndi dung ciia nguyen
t i c nay l i "mpi t h a n h vien ciia xa hdi loai ngudi deu cd trach nhiem duy tri su toan ven ciia mdi trudng toan c i u nhu mot he thdng - su sd'ng tdng the Chiing ta cin phai nhan thay trach nhiem nay l i su the hien quyet tam thuc thi nghia vu va su kien dinh trong b i o ve tinh toan ven ciia mdi trudng toan cau trong cudc sd'ng hing ngay Cic nd luc ddc lap dd cin dugc tang cudng hd trg bang viec xay dung cic mang ludi lien ket va cic nhdm trong quan chiing
xa hdi va chinh phii, gidi cdng nghiep va doanh nghiep, ciing n h u cic td chiic phi chinh phii (NGOs) Nhd su tham gia vi phdi hpp hgp tac n h u vay, nhiing chinh sach thich hpp se cd thd duoc x i y dung va thuc hien mot each cd hieu qua"(5)
Tdm lai, viec nghien ciiu s i u co sd ly luan cung n h u ca sd thuc tien cho viec xac dinh trach nhiem mdi trudng thuc su la van dd cap bach Trong pham vi van de nay, mdt su phd'i hgp nghien ciiu v i hanh ddng giua ly luan v i thuc tien, giiia triet hpc va cic khoa hpc nghien ciiu mdi trudng thuc su la con dudng tdi uu de dua ra nhiing phuong i n kha thi n h i m giai quye't hieu qua nhung van de mdi trudng loan cau ma nhan loai dang phai ddi mat.LJ
(5) Tuyen bd Xoun ve dao due moi trudng, cam ket
ciia quin chung, 1997