Tiiu ban Khoa hgc cong nglie Bien ISBN 978 604 913 015 1 UNG DUNG KIEM DINH DOC TO TRONG VIEC DANH GIA • • • • CHAT LUONG MOI TRlTOTVG BIEN Vo Hai Thi, Nguyen Tac An, Vien Hai Duong hoc, Nha Trang Ema[.]
Trang 1Tiiu ban: Khoa hgc cong nglie Bien ISBN: 978-604-913-015-1
UNG DUNG KIEM DINH DOC TO TRONG VIEC DANH GIA
• • • • CHAT LUONG MOI TRlTOTVG BIEN
Vo Hai Thi, Nguyen Tac An,
Vien Hai Duong hoc, Nha Trang
Email: vohaithi2004(a),vahoo.com
Tom tat:
Bdi bdo tap trung giai thieu mdt sd kit qud irng dung ciia phuang phdp kiem
dinh ddc td di ddnh gid chdt lugng mdi truang biin Phuang phdp ndy dugc diing
di nghien ciru hiiu irng khdng cd lgi cua cdc chdt ddc hgi ddi vai khd ndng tdn
tgi, sinh sdn vd sinh trudng ciia sinh vdt biin a ven ba Viet natn Bdi bdo dd phdn
tich vd giai thieu mdt sd kit qud nghien ciru thue nghiem vi nhirng hdnh vi, bieu
hiin qua phdn ung ciia thuy sinh vdt khi bj gdy sdc , cdc kit qud tinh todn cdc
chi sd: EC, LC50, ICp, NOEC vd LOEC nhdm xdc dinh va xip logi tiim ndng
ddc tinh ciia mdi tnrdng, xdc djnh mirc do thue ti ciia ddc td, gidn tiip xdc dinh
dinh dgng ddc td vd giai hgn sinh thdi
Abstract:
This paper presented our some results on application of toxicity test to assess
marine environmental quality Based on studied results, this paper also presented
adverse effects of toxic substance to survival ability, reproduction and growth of
living organisms collected in coast of Vietnam Main focus of this study was to
analyze and introduce results on behaviors that manifested the reaction of aquatic
organisms when stressed In other hand, results on EC, LC50, ICp, NOEC and
LOEC that were determined and ranked environmental toxcicity, real toxic level
and toxic style by indirect way and ecological threshold were provided
1 Mffdau
Viing ven bo bien la noi tap trung hau het cac hoat dong kinh te, xa hoi, quan sir, la ban dap va co so, hau can cho cac chuong trinh khai thac, phat trien cac viing bien va dai duong Day la noi bieu hien ro net, gay gat cac mau thuan giira khai thac, sir dung va bao ve tai nguyen, nguon lgi va moi truong Co nhieu phuong phap de djnh lugng, danh gia nhirng tac dong tieu cue, de phan viing chat lugng moi truong bien Phuong phap hoa hoc la mot trong nhirng phuang phap kinh dien, pho bien va dugc img dung rong rai trong cong tac quan
ly va bao ve moi truang Tuy nhien, phuang phap nay con nhieu han che do chi dua vao cac thong so rieng re nen kho danh gia cac nguy co sinh thai, cac gia trj hieu img sinh hoe tong the Them vao do, day la phuong phap ton kem chi phi va thoi gian do can phai co he thong trang thiet bj cao cap, lai can phai co nhieu thai gian de do dac, quan trac, phan tich va xir ly [2] Cac phuong phap sinh hoc co kha nang khac phuc nhirng yeu diem neu tren, do co the danh gia dugc nhiing tac dong ciia cac chat gay 6 nhiem mot each tong hgp, dong thai do dac trung tich tu sinh hoc, co the gian tiep xac djnh dugc ham lugng rat nho cac chdt gay 6 nhiem co trong moi truong Trong cac phuong phap sinh hoc phuong phap kiem djnh doc t l (KDDT) da va dang tro thanh mot trong nhiing cong cu hiru ich khi danh gia tac dong moi truong, ho trg ra quyet djnh ve giai han 6 nhiem Dac biet, KDDT cho phep danh gia hieu img khong CO lgi ciia cac chat doc hai (nguon goc tu nhien hay phat sinh boi hoat dong ciia con nguai) den kha nang tin tai, sinh truang, phat trien ciia sinh vat trong moi trudng [4]
Trang 2Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Ngi 10/2010
2 Tiep can va nhu-ng dac tru'ng cff ban cua phuong phap kiem djnh doc to
2.1 Nhirng tiep can cua phuang phdp KDDT
- Kiem djnh can cir vao mo hinh thi nghiem (vi du: mau doi chiing, mau lap)
- Viec kiem djnh lien quan din 2 thanh phan: vat nhan (sinh vat song trong nuoc) va tac nhan gay soc (chdt hoa hoc hay nhirng vat chat gay benh khac)
- Sinh vat kiem djnh tiep xiic vai cac chat doc trong dieu kien dugc kiem soat
- Kiem djnh sir dung de danh gia nong do ciia mot chat trong khoang thai gian tiep xiic voi sinh vat
Nhu vay, phuong phap KDDT co kha nang giai quyet nhieu van de lien quan din viec quan ly va bao ve moi trudng, dac biet la trong viec du bao nhirng anh hudng tuong tac ciia hon hgp cac chat doc hai [13] Viec diing KDDT nhu la mot cong cu giam sat sinh hoc, co thi giai quyet hieu qua, kha thi hau het nhirng van de ma cac phuong phap hoa ly gap kho khan, nhu:
- xac dinh va xep loai tiem nang do doc cua mau
- Xac djnh miic do thue te ciia doc to
- Gian tiep xac djnh djnh lugng thanh phan cac chat vdi ham lugng nhd trong hon hgp chat thai phiic tap gay nen doc to (danh gia djnh dang doe td) va
- Dua ra quyet djnh dieu chinh ve kha nang chap nhan cua mot ngudn chat thai [4]
2.2 Nhirng ddc trung ca bdn trong qud trinh tien hdnh kiem dinh dgc to
Theo CPMS-II (1998, [4]), cd 3 dang mau dugc su dung trong kiem djnh ddc td:
• Mau nude
- Nhirng dung djch nude thai: kiem djnh kha nang doe hai cd the trong djch thai ddi vdi thuy sinh
- Dung dich cd pha cac chat hda hoc cd ndng do biet trudc: ung dung trong nghien ciiu
va xac djnh Tieu chuan mdi trudng
• Mau tram tich
- La nhung mau day thu dugc d xung quanh khu vuc dugc coi la nhiem ban Kiem djnh anh hudng cua cac chat doe hai cd mat trong tram tich tdng the, nude mao dan hoac trong nude chiet tram tich ddi vdi sinh vat sdng trong tang tram tich
- Phuong phap tien hanh cac kiem djnh ddc td tram tich khac han phuang phap dimg trong kiem djnh nude Nhieu chat d nhiem (cac kim loai, cac chat hiiu co ben) tich liiy trong tram tich thudng cd ndng do cao hon trong cot nude Cac hgp chat nay cd the gay doc cho sinh vat day, sdng trong tram tich, va nhiing hgp chat nay cung cd the dugc phdng thich vao trong cot nude Sir khac nhau chinh giiia kiem djnh ddc td trong nude va trong tram tich la khdng ed su pha loang trong kiem djnh ddc tl trdm tich, va kilm djnh doe t l trdm tich thudng dai ngay hon (vi du 10 ngay so vdi 96 gid) Kiem djnh doc td tram tich co ban cung cap thdng tin ve do ddc ciia tram tich bj d nhiem bang each do mirc do anh hudng ciia chiing len sinh vat kilm djnh Nhiing thdng tin nay can thilt cho nhiing muc dich nghien cim, giam sat djnh ky,
va lap ra nhirng tieu chuan [6]
Trang 3Tiiu ban: Khoa hgc cong nghe Biin ISBN: 978-604-913-015-1
• Mau kiem djnh dat ngoai hien trudng
- T I chiic thue nghiem ngoai hien trudng nham tiep can vdi cae dilu kien tu nhien
- Mirc do ddc tinh cua mdi trudng dugc xac djnh d 4 miic do doc hai gay ra ddi vdi sinh vat khi tilp xiic vdi cac chdt ddc trong cac mdi trudng [3-4] KDDT dugc thiet ke de xac djnh mot hoac nhilu hon cac gia trj doc tinh ciia mdi trudng Cac gia trj djnh lugng ddc tinh dugc xac djnh la: do ddc cdp tinh, do ddc man tinh, do ddc gay chet, do ddc dudi miic chet
Tac ddng ciia ddc t l mdi trudng dugc danh gia qua cac chi sd sinh hoc, nhu:
• Chi sd tir vong
• cac chi sl khdng phai la tir vong, bilu hien sir suy giam cac qua trinh sinh hoc:
- Tang tmdng (trong lugng, hoac chieu dai)
- Kha nang sinh san (sd lugng ca the)
- Sir phat trien binh thudng ciia cac au the
- Kha nang sdng sdt ciia giao tir
- Hd hap
- Tap tinh boi ldi
D I danh gia cac gia trj gay doc, trong KDDT sir dung cac chi sd thdng ke, nhu:
• Chi sd thu dugc tir kiem djnh gia thuyet
- Ndng do khdng anh hudng (NOEC)
- Ndng do anh hudng thap nhat quan sat dugc (LOEC)
• Chi sd thu dugc tir cac phuong phap udc lugng diem
- Ndng do gay hieu ung (EC)
- Ndng do gay uc che (ICp)
- Ndng do gay chet trung binh (LC50)
3 Ung dung kiem djnh doc to trong danh gia chat Itfong moi tru-ffng ven bien
Vao nhiing nam dau thap ky 80, kiem djnh doc td dugc ung dung de nhan biet miic do gay doe ciia cac chat hoat tinh sinh hoc chiet suat tir sinh vat bien len sir phat trien ciia sinh vat bien Cu the la xac djnh miic gay doe ciia chat Saponin chiet tir Hai sam len sir phat trien cua phdi cau gai Tiep den vao nam 1994, sir dung phuong phap KDDT de danh gia ddc tinh ciia cac chat thai ciia nha may bdt ngot Vedan Ket qua kiem djnh da canh bao ve nguy co gay hai mdi trudng ciia chat thai nha may bdt ngot Nam 1996, KDDT dugc ling dung de danh gia nhiing hieu img sinh thai ciia cac dung djch khoan (hgp chat diing cho khai thac dau khi) d 2
pha - pha hda tan va pha khdng hoa tan len cac loai sinh vat bien la au triing artemia Artemia franciscana, au triing tdm sii Penaeus monodon, m triing cau gai Diadema setosum, chan mai cheo Copepoda, sd giay Pinctada martensii, sd huyet Anadara granosa, tdm sii gidng 25-30 ngay tudi Penaeus monodo thdng qua viec xac djnh lieu gay chet 50%-LC5o va lieu gay anh
hudng- EC50 Kit qua cho thdy doe tinh ciia dung djch khoan thap hon chdt doc chudn Dicromat Kali tir 622 din 31944 idn Qua dd da xac djnh dugc tieu chudn ham lugng tdi da cac dung djch khoan dugc thai ra mdi trudng trong khai thac dau khi bao dam an toan sinh thai vdi cac gia trj nhu sau: Dung djch QUADRILL: 0,3g/l; Dung djch ISO-TEQ: l,2g/l; Dung djch
Trang 4Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky' niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Ngi 10/2010
Khoang thdi gian tir nam 1997-1999, trong khudn khd Chuang trinh hgp tac khoa hoc
ve nghien cuu biin giiia cac nude nhd Quy phat trien qude te Canada (CIDA), kiem djnh doe
tl tai Viet Nam da phat triln manh Thdng qua chuang trinh hgp tac va de tai cap Nha nude
KC 09.07 da xac djnh chi sl LC50 ciia arsen ddi vdi tdm sii Penaeus monodon, tdm ran Penaeus semicultatus, du triing tdm sii Penaeus monodon, artemia Artemia franciscana , va ca chem Lates calcarifer; hau Crassostrea sp., chi sd ICp, chi sd NOEC va LOEC ciia arsenic va kem ddi vdi tao Chaetoceros muelleri, au triing cau gai Diadema setosum, tdm sii Penaeus monodon, ca chem Lates calcarifer vd Psamoperca waigiensis; ehi sd EC50 ciia arsen va kem ddi vdi au triing cau gai Diadema setosum, Tren co sd dd, KDDT tiep tuc dat dugc nhirng
ket qua quan trong trong viec xac djnh gidi han sinh thai, tao ca sd khoa hoc xem xet mot sd tieu chuan Qude gia cho cac yeu td kim loai nang doe hai Ket qua bieu hien lieu lugng gay doc ciia kem ddi vdi cac loai khac nhau cd gia trj khac nhau Ciing thdi diem la 7 ngay, ca chem Lates cd gia trj sinh thai thap nhat - 20,52 va 27,46|ig/l, trong khi dd ca chem
Psamoperca waigiensis cd the chju dung tdi nguong 180 |ig/l Cac loai Da gai va Giap xac cd
gidi han sinh thai xap xi nhau, dao ddng trong khoang 54,61 den 103,02 |ig/l Tao don bao cd gia trj sinh thai ddi vdi kem la 32,09 |ig/l [3] Ket qua kiem djnh ciing cho thay do doe ciia kem cao hon arsen ddi vdi hau het sinh vat kiem djnh: Tao don bao (IC50 96h), cau gai den (EC-lh), tdm su va tdm rdn (EC, LC50-96h) Ngugc lai, hau (LC50-96h), ca Chem (EC-7d) ddc tinh ciia arsen manh hon kem [7]
Kiem djnh doc td ddng thdi dugc sir dung lam cdng cu danh gia mdt each dang tin cay chat lugng mdi trudng va tac ddng cd the ciia cac chat thai ddc hai len ngudn sinh vat Hai nam 2004-2005, trong quy md phdng thi nghiem, nham canh bao sdm nguy co sinh thai d nhiing nude ven bien bj de doa d nhiem dau, anh hudng ciia dau diesel (WSF-pha hda tan) len
2 loai tao Chaetoceros muelleri, Skeletonema cos latum wa kha nang sdng sdt cua vem xanh Perna viridis dugc tien hanh nghien ciiu Ket qua cho thay cac chi sd ve doe tinh eiia dau gay
ra sir lic che tdc do phat trien ciia tao nhu IC25 la 224,8 |igWSF/l ddi vdi tao C muelleri, 454
|igWSF/l ddi vdi tao S costatum Trong khi dd anh hudng cua dau gay ire che 50% (1C50) ddi
vdi ca hai loai tao la >500 |ig/l Va vdi ti le 3,125g dau/l nude bien thi phan hda tan ciia chiing ciing du giet chet cac loai hai manh vd nhu vem xanh [11-12] Tiep den nam 2006, de danh gia chat lugng tram tich tai mot sd cang tai vjnh Nha Trang, nham xac djnh sir anh hudng ciia cac hgp chat hiiu co de phan ra trong tram tich len sinh vat day, phuong phap kiem djnh ddc
td tir nude chiet tram tich (elutriates) tren cac ddi tugng bao gdm tao don bao Chaetoceros muelleri, triing thu tinh va au triing cau gai Diadema setosum dugc thue hien [10] Ngoai ra,
trong 2 nam 2005-2006, da tien hanh khao sat cac nguyen nhan gay bien ddng mdi trudng nudi vem tai dam Nha Phu - Khanh Hda nham de xuat cac tieu chuan vimg nudi vem an toan
trong dd kiem djnh doe td tren cac ddi tugng sinh vat chi thj la cau gai Diadema setosum, tao Chaetoceros muelleri va ca the vem xanh Perna viridis dugc tiep tuc ling dung Tren co sd
do, ciing vai cac phuang phap khac da tien hanh phan viing nhiem ban ven bd tinh Khanh Hda [8]
Trong nam 2007, ling dung ky thuat KDDT trong thir nghiem hoat tinh sinh hoc ciia cac vi sinh vat bien phan lap tir san hd mem len qua trinh thu tinh cau gai trong de tai "Phan lap cac chiing vi sinh vat tir san hd mem viing vjnh Nha Trang, chiet tach va thir nghiem hoat tinh ciia chiing" Budc dau ghi nhan hieu ung gay anh hudng den giai doan thu tinh ciia triing
cau gai Diadema setosum giira cac vinh sinh vat phan lap tir cac loai san hd mem Sinularia sp., Sarcophyton sp khdng chenh lech nhau nhilu vdi gia tri trung binh EC25 la 0,435%,
EC50 la 0,935% Chimg td cac san phdm chilt tir cac sinh phdm phan lap tir san hd mim it nhilu dIu cd doe tinh [9]
Trang 5Tiiu ban: Khoa hgc cong nghe Bien ISBN: 978-604-913-015-1
Viec trien khai mdt sd nghien ciin danh gia nhirng anh hudng va mirc do nguy co sinh thai cho mot sl thiiy vuc ven bien da va dang dugc tiln hanh nhirng nam gdn day giiia Vien Hai duong hoc va mot sd co quan quan ly mdi trudng Trong dd, da thue hien mot sd nghien cim trong cac thiiy vuc ven bien nhu dam Nha Phu, vjnh Nha Trang, vjnh Cam Ranh (Klianh Hda), ddm Thj Nai, dam De Gi (Binh Djnh) nhu de tai nghien ciiu khoa hoc vdi tinh Binh Djnh vl "Nghien cuu sir dung ddc td sinh thai hoc trong viec canh bao sdm nhiing nguy co sinh thai do d nhiem mdi trudng ddi vdi cac viing nhay cam ven bd Binh Djnh"trong thdi gian tir nam 2007 - 2008 [5] va dl tai ho trg cua IFS (Thuy Diln) vl "Danh gia nguy co sinh do d nhiem trdm tich ciia cang bien nha may ddng tau Huyndai - Vinashin, vjnh Van Phong, Khanh Hoa" tir 2009-2010
4 Ket luan
Phuong phap KDDT cho phep danh gia tdng hgp nhiing tac ddng ciia mdi trudng ddi vdi thuy sinh vat Dd la nhiing thdng tin, la co sd khoa hoc quan trgng phuc vu cdng tac quan
ly va bao ve mdi trudng bien va cac viing ven bd
5 Lffi cam ffn
Cho phep chiing tdi xin cam on cac ddng nghiep d phdng Sinh thai & Mdi trudng bien, Vien Hai duong hoc va Trung tam An toan mdi trudng dau khi da phdi hgp trien khai cac thi nghiem va xir ly thdng tin
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Nguyen Tac An, Nguyen Hiin Huan, Hoang Trung Du, Nguyen Phi Phat, Nguyen Diic
Huynh (1998), ''Kit qud kiim dinh ddc tinh dung dich khoan ddi vai sinh vdt biin",
Tuyen tap nghien ciiu bien Tap VIII, Trang 233-249
2 Nguyen Tac An (2001), ''Nghien ciru mdt sd gidi phdp ky thuat cdi thien chdt lugng mdi trudmg di phdt triin ben virng ngudn lgi thiiy sdn vd du lich vung bien ven ba Viet Nam" Dl tai KHCN-06.14
3 Nguyen Tac An (2005), "Xdc dinh giai hgn sinh thdi vd ca sa khoa hoc xem xet mdt sd tieu chudn qude gid" Tap 1, De tai KC09.07
4 ASEAN-Canada Cooperative Programme on Marine Science - Phase II (CPMS -II),
(1998), A Generic Protocol for Conducting Tropical Acute Toxicity Test with Fish and Invertebrates
5 Hoang Trung Du, 2009, Nghien ciru sir dung ddc td sinh thdi hoc trong viec cdnh bdo sdm nhirng nguy ca sinh thdi do d nhiem mdi truang ddi vai cdc viing nhgy cdm ven
ba Binh Dinh, Bao cao tdng ket dl tai, Sd Khoa hoe va Cdng nghe tinh Binh Djnh
6 Chapman, P.M, (1988), "Marine Sediment Toxicity Tests'", Chapman on marine
sediment toxicity tests, p 391 - 399
7 Le Lan Huong, Vd Hai Thi, Le Hoai Huong, Le Trdn Diing (2007), 'Tdc dung dual nguong ciia arsenic vd kem len sinh vgt bien", Tuyen tap bao cao Khoa hgc Hgi nghi Khoa hoc "Biin Ddng -2007" , trang 187-193
8 Nguyen Thj Nga, (2006), "Khdo sdt biin ddng mdi trudmg vung nudi vd ndng cao chdt lugng vem xanh nudi a Khdnh Hda nhdm da dgng hda nguyen lieu di chi biin xudt khdu", De tai nghien ciru khoa hoc va phat trien cdng nghe Trudng Dai hoc Nha
Trang 6Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Ngi 10/2010
9 Phdng Sinh thai & Mdi trudng bien (2007), "Phdn lap cdc chimg vi sinh vgt tir san hd mem viing vinh Nha Trang, chiet tdch vd thir nghiem hogt tinh ciia chiing", Dk tai co
sd, Vien Hai Duong hoc
10 Phdng Sinh thai & Mdi trudng bien, (2006), "Nghien ciru ddnh gid d nhiim mdi trudng mdt sd cdng bien trong vinh Nha Trang dua tren chdt lugng trdm tich bdng ky thuat kiim dinh ddc td", De tai co sd, Vien Hai Duong hoc
11 Phdng Sinh thai & Mdi trudng bien, (2005), 'Nghien ciru dnh huang ciia ddu diesel (pha hda tan) len lodi vem xanh Perna viridis ", De tai co sd, Vien Hai Duong hoc
12 Phdng Sinh thai & Mdi trudng biin, (2004), "Nghien ciru sir dung chi sd sinh thdi di ddnh gid hiiu ung cua nhiim bdn hydrocarbon ddu ddi vai 2 lodi vi tdo Skeletonema costatum vd Chaetoceros muelleri", Dk tai co sd, Vien Hai Duong hoc
13 Power, E.A., 1990, "Toxicity testing" Hazardous Materials Managemen Canadian
exhibition management inc, p51-53