VliEN DjA LY • VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM ANH HUONG CUA QUA TRINH DO THI HOA DEN MOI TRUONG KHONG KHI 6 THANH PHO VINH Trdn Thj Ngdn Hid SUMMARY Impact of urbanization to the ai environme[.]
Trang 1VliEN D j A LY • VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM
ANH H U O N G CUA Q U A T R I N H D O THI HOA DEN MOI T R U O N G KHONG KHI 6 T H A N H PHO VINH
Trdn Thj Ngdn Hid
SUMMARY
Impact of urbanization to the ai environment in Vinh City
Air polulion has become a hot issue of urban environment in Vinh cit}: Economic
activities and population increases in the city have created a great impact to Vinh's air
environment Good management of urbanization towards maintaining and improving
living standard, and sustainable development is an important and urgent task in the
development strateg}' of Vinh city
1 MO DAU
Vinh la mdt dja danh cd tir lau ddi, dugc hinh thanh va phat trien tir cudi the ky
XIX Trong sudt qua trinh phat trien ciia minh, Vinh da, dang va se la trung tam cbinh
trj, kinh te, van hda ciia tinh Nghe An va ca vimg Bac Trung Bg Trong thdi ky ddi mdi,
nen kinh te ciia thanh phd dugc phat trien kha nhanh, qua trinh dd thj boa dugc day
manh Tuy nhien mdi trudng dd thj dang bj d nhiem va gay ra nhfrng anh hudng khdng
nho ddi vdi sir phat trien ciia thanh phd va chat lirgng cugc sdng dan 1 cu
II NGUON SO LIEU VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU
Nguon so lieu dugc sir dung de nghien ciru la sd lidi ciia Trung tam quan trac va
kT thuat mdi trudng Nghe An ve mdi trudng khdng kbi trong giai doan tir 2005 - 2006
Cac dilm quan trie ve mdi trudng khdng khi deu nam trong mang ludi quan trac
thudng xuyen ciia tinh Ngoai ra, tac gia cfmg da sii' dung sd lieu quan trac ciia Trung
lain kT thuat mdi trudng dd thj va khu cdng nghiep, Dai hgc Xay dirng thuc bidi vao
nam 2004 Ben canh dd tac gia cfing da sir dung ngudn sd lieu tir Nien giam thong ke
tinh Nghe An giai doan tir 2000 - 2008
Trong qua trinh nghien ciru, tac gia da sii' dung cac phuong phap sau:
- Phuong phap phan tich, so sanh sd lieu thuc do vdi tieu chuan cho phep de danh
gia mirc do d nhiem ciia mdi trudng khong khi dd thj
- Plurong phap danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng (DTM) dugc sir dung de phan tich ve cac
tac nhan gay anh hudng din mdi trudng klidng khi tir qua tiinli dd thj hda d thanh pho Vinh
- Ngoai ra tac gia cdn su dung phuang phap phdng van va dieu tra thuc dja
III KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU VA NHAN XET
1 Tinh hinh d nhiem mdi trudng khong khi d thiinh phd Vinh
Chat lu'O'ng moi trirang khong khi noi rieng va moi truong song noi chung
dang rit dugc quan tam hien nay a thanh phd Vinh 6 nhiem moi truong khong
Khoa Dia ly - Trirdng Dja hgc Vinh
Hdi nghi Klioa hgc Dia ly Toan qud'c lan th&S-Hd Ndi, 2010 811
Trang 2VIEN DIA LY • VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM
khi dang la mot vln d l buc xiic doi vai moi truong do thi Cong nghiep hoa cang manli do thi hoa cang phat trien thi nguon thai gay 6 nhiem moi truang khong khi cang nhilu ap luc lam bien doi chat lugng kliong klif theo chieu h u a n g x l u cang lan veu c l u bao ve moi truong kliong khi cang quan trong
mq/m3
0.4
0.05
-*—S02 -a—N02
•A - Bui
Khu CN Bac Nga tu- chp' Sau NIVIXM
Vinh Vinh Cku Diro'c
TCVN
(Nguon: Trung tdm quan trdc va ky thudt mdi trirdng Nghe An) Hinh 1 Bieu do nong do ccic khiS02, N02 vd bid
tai khu vuc thiinh pho Vinh ndm 2006
Muc do d nhiem khdng khi chii yeu la bui khi thai cua cac nha may cdng nghiep, khi thai til' cac phuang tien giao thdng van tai va khi bdc len tir cac ngudn nude thai, sir phan hiiy rac ciia thanh pho Cac chit gay d nhilm mdi trudng khdng khi chu ylu: bui
lo lirng (SPM), Cacbon Monoxide (CO), Dioxide Nita (NOj), Dioxide Sunphua (S02), Amoniac (NH3), tiing 6n
Ngudn gay d nhiem chinh ddi vdi mdi trudng khdng kbi d thanh phd Vinh la hoat dgng ciia nganh cdng nghiep, diln binh la san xuit vat lieu xay dung, luyen kim, san xuat cao su, CO kbi Cac nha may tuy sd lugng khdng nhilu nhung da dang vl tinh chat Lugng khi san sinh tii' cac nha may cung vd thi khd da dang vl thanh phin 6 nhiem Do dugc xay dung tir trudc day nen cac nha may nay dugc bo tri khdng hgp ly, khong theo quy hoach mdi ciia thanh pho Vinh, vi vay tac ddng ciia cac nguon thai 6 nhiem kha rdng, thudc nhieu ITnb vuc ciia hoat ddng cdng nghiep Ngoai ra cdn phai kl den boat ddng ciia nha may xi mang Clu Dude, giap vdi huyen Hung Nguyen va cac xi nghiep san xuat gach ngoi Idn d Hung Nguyen vdi nhung Id nung tuynen cd cdng suit Idn nhat Nghe An da lam tang ndng do cac chit SO2, CO, CO2 va bui ling, nhit la trong miia he khd ndng
Ngoai cac chat thai gay d nhiem tir boat dgng cdng nghiep, cac co sd san xull kmh doanh khac nhu djch vu, xang diu viec sii' dung nhien lieu than ciii ddt trong smh boat hang ngay ciia ngudi dan cung la nhiing ngudn gay d nhidn khdng khi dang
ke Hoat dgng giao thong dudng bd cudn theo lugng bui Idn tir mat dudng vao khdng khi a dang bui lang hoac bui la lirng gay tieng dn Idn lam anh hudng din ddi sdng dan
cu a gan cac true dirdng giao thdng
612
Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c lan th&S-Hd Ndi, 2010
Trang 3VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM
Phan lich sd lidi quan trac trong quang thdi gian tir 2002 din 2006 cho thly: khu VU'C nha cao tang Quang Trung va chg Vinh la khu dan cu ddng nhll, ddng thdi la dilm mil giao thong Idn nluil Ihanh phd Vinh, Day la khu budn ban sini ult vdi nhilu ca sd san xuat hang an udng cd lugng rac thai rit Idn, Ndng do CO, SO2, NO: va ham lugng bui d khu vuc luiy ludn dat trj sd cao, ban nhieu so vdi tieu chuln cho phep
Hoat ddng budn ban tap nap d chg Vinh da tao nen nhu clu di lai Idn ciia ngudi dim vdi nuil do rat cao ciia cac phuong lien giao thdng da lam cho ham lugng bui tang len dang ke Ben canh dd, khu virc nay gan ben cat, sdi xay dung Cua Tiln nen sd lugng cac phuong tien van tai van chuyen cat sdi xay dung vao ra thanh pho Vinh rat Idnva cung la ngudn lam tang ham hrgng biii manh trong khu vuc
Bdng I: Chdt lugng khdng khi tgi Ngd tu chg Vinh thdi gian gdn diiy (2002 - 2006)
TT
1
2
3
4
11i6ng so
do
CO
S02
N 0 2
Bill
Dan vi
do mg/m mg/m"*
mg/m mg/m
Ket qua
2002 5,132 0,45 0,31 0,34
2003 4.936 0,36 0,28 0,32
2004 11,014 0,44 0,26 0,27
2005 5,151 0,37 0,24 0,33
2006 5,320 0,43 0,32 0,32
TCVN
5937-2005
TB 1 gic>
30 0,35 0,2 0,3
Nguon: Trung ldm quan trdc vd ky ihiidt moi trudng Nghe An
2 Qua trinh dd lh| hoii va nhfrng tik dong den mdi trudng khong Idii d'thanh phd Vinh
Qua trinh dd thj boa ciing vdi sir phat trien kha manh ciia nen kinh te da lam cho
bg mat ciia thanh phd Vinh cd nhieu thay ddi tich cue Ben canh dd, cfmg da nay sinh nhfrng van de mdi trudng da va dang trd thanh nhfrng van de cap bach Su tang trirdng nhanh dan sd va phat trien manh ciia nhieii ITnh vuc kinh te la nhfrng tac nhan gay anh hudng khdng nhd den mdi trudng khdng khi d do thj Vinh
a Tdc it()ng ciia sir phdt trien cdng nghiep
Cdng nghiep thanh phd Vinh nam trong vimg tam giac phat trien dang hinh thanh ciia tinh: Vinh - Cira Ld - Cua Hgi Cimg vdi qua trinh do thj hda, boat ddng san xuat cong nghiep d thanh phd Vinh cd su gia tang manh Gia trj san xuat cdng nghiep - xay dung nam 1990 la 327.500 ty dong, nam 2000 la 910.900 trieu ddng, din nam 2008 la 2.440,500 trieu dong, rieng cdng nghiep - tieu thii cdng nghiep nam 2008 dat 1.454.700 Iridi dong Toe do tang trudng binh quan tren dja ban giai doan 1991 - 2005 la 12,5%, ridig giai doan 2000-2008 la 19,6%
Hien nay cac khu cdng nghiep da dugc hinh thanh va dua vao boat ddng Khu cong nghiep BIC Vinh la mdt trong nam khu cdng nghiep Idn nhat loan tinh Cac khu tilu thii cdng nghiep diln hinh: khu tilu thu cdng nghiep Ddng VTnh, khu tieu thu cdng nghiep Nghi Phii, khu tilu thii cdng nghiep Hung Ddng, khu tieu thii cdng nghiep Hung Lgc Net noi bat ciia san xull cdng nghiep d thanh phd Vinh la da tang dang ke nang lire san xull mdi, may mdc thilt bj dugc trang bj hien dai ddng bg hon Nhieu nha may dugc cai tao, ddi mdi thilt bj hoac xay dung mdi San xuat cdng nghiep ciia thanh phd vdi cac nha may, xi nghiep san xull ra nhiing san pham phuc vu nhu cau thiet yeu ciia
Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c lan th&S-Hd Ndi, 2010 813
Trang 4VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM
nhan dan \a lir dd ciing da gia tang thai ra mgt lugng nude thai, khi thai va chit thai lam d nbicm moi trudng khdng khi
Bang 2: Kit qud quan triic chdt lut/ng mdi trudng khdng khi tgi thdnh phd Vinh
TT
1
2
3
K h i i Mjc
KhuCN
Bac Vinh
TP Vinh
Nga tu chg
Vinh
SauNMXM
Cau Dude
TP Vmh
SO2 mg/m
0,28
0,37
0,26
So vol TCCP
0,6
0,7
0,5
CO nig/ni''
4,09
5,05
4,05
So \'6'i TCCP
0,10
0.13
0.10
NO2 nig/m^
0,26
0.3
0.25
So vol TCCP
0,7
0,7
0,6
Bill ing/m''
0,16
0,33
0,23
So vo'i TCCP
0,5
1,1
0,8
Ngudn: Trung ldm Quan Irdc vd Ky thudt mdi Irirdng Nghe An, ndm 2006
b Ttic dgng ciia phdt triiin giao thdng vCm tdi
Giao thong van tai ddng vai trd b d sire quan trgng ddi vdi sir phat trien kinh te
-xa hdi dong thdi cung la nganh gay ra nhieu tac ddng tieu cue nhat ddi vdi mdi trirdng Tinh trang gay 6 nhiem mdi trudng do cac phuong tien van lai gay ra ngay cang co xu birdim gia tang Vinh la trung tam dau moi giao thdng ciia tinh Vdi mdt nha ga md ben xe va mdt hai cang nam ngay trong khu vuc ngi thanh, luu lugng ciic phuong tidi giao thdng qua lai tren thanh phd thai ra mdt lugng kbi thai dgc hai lam tang ndng do 6 nhiem mdi tru'dng Trong giai doan bien nay khi sd lugng cac phuang tien van tai ca gidi, dac bid la so lugng xe did boat ddng tren tuyen qudc Id 1A chay qua thanh pho da
cd sir gia tang dang ke da lam cho tinh hinh tren trd nen gay gat ban
Bdng 3: Quan trdc tieng on giao thdng vd cudng do dong xe
tin mgt sd diSin tieu bieu trong thiinh phd Vinh
TT
1
2
Th Muc dn
Cudng dp
dong xe
[)ng so do
LAM;IN
LAeq ngay dem Max lYung binh
Xe circ lan Tyle Xeto
Tv le
Xe con Tyle
Xe may
Ty le
Don vi
do
dB
dB xe/h xe/h xe/h
%
xe/h
%
xe/h
%
xe/h
%
Diem quan trac
1
101 75,2
4886
3888
24 0,6
410 10,5
214 5.5
3240 83,3
2 90,2 76,0
1752
1510
0
0
45
58 3,8
1047 93,2
3 112.5 69,8
5836
4697
16 0,3
308 6,6
247 5.3
4127 _ _ 8 7 ^
Chii thich: Diem I: dudng Nguyin Trai (qudc Id lA), Diem 2: Duong Hd Huy Tap
Diem 3: Duong Quang Trung Nguon: Trung ldm Quan trdc vd Ky ihiidl mdi Iriidng 2006
Trang 5m VIEN D j A LY - VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA L'i- VIET NAM
Cudng do ddng xe lai cac diem giao thdng thanh phd Vinh tang len rit nhilu
-trong dd dang cbii y nhat la su tang nhanh ciia sd lugng cac loai xe may tham gia giao
thong Tai diem giao thdng dirdng Nguyen Trai cudng do xc nuiy tham gia giao thong
da tang lir 1438 xe/h (nim 2000) len 3240 xe/h (nam 2004), tai phd Quang Trung da
tang tit 2115 xc/b (nam 2000) len 4127 xe/b (nam 2004), Tieng dn d cac khu vuc dan
cu gill iTLic giao thdng Idn cua thanh pho Vinh deu vugt lieu chuan cho plicp (TCCP 50
- 60 dB ban ngay va 40 dB vao ban dem)
c Ttic ddng cua sir phdt triiin ndng nghiep
Cimg vdi qua trinh dd thj hda va cdng nghiep hda, cac boat ddng san ximt ndng
nghiep d thanh phd Vinh da cd sir phat trien kha nhanh trong thdi gian gan day Tuy
ndng nghiep cln gifr vj tri khiem ton trong nen kinh te thanh phd song ngudn thu nhap
tir boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep ddng vai trd rat quan trgng ddi vdi dan cu d cac khu
VU'C ngoai thanh Gia trj san xiuit ndng - lain - ngu nghiep tren dja ban dat 116 ty ddng
(nam 2008) vdi tdng didi tich gieo trdng 4570 ha San xuat ndng nghiep vdi didi tich
canh tac khdng nhieu song nhfrng viing chuyen canh kia, ran qiui lai xen ke khu vuc dan
cu, ngudn phan bdn va thudc trir sau, thudc bao ve thuc viit da anh hirdng khdng it tdi
nguon d nbicm nidi trudng tir nhien Hidi nay viec sir dung cac hda chat trong ndng
nghiep d thanh phd Vinh ndi rieng va Nghe An ndi chung ngay cang gia tang Tinh hinh
sii' dung thudc trir sau, phan hda hgc dac bid dang lo ngai, do nhap kluiu thieu chgn Igc
va thieu hieu biet ciia ngudi su dung Viec thieu thdng tin ve tinh nguy hiem ciia thudc
bao ve thuc viit la nguyen nhan chinh dan den sir lam dung thudc Thuc te khao sat ve
hoat ddng san xmit ndng nghiep d canh ddng rau Ddng VTnh, Nghi Plui - nguon cung
cap rau xanh chii yeu cho thanh phd cho thay lugng phan bdn hda bgc, phan chudng,
ntrdc tieu dugc su dung cho tudi lieu rau va boa Day chinh la ngudn lam tang ndng
do NIL cho khu vuc
d Tdc digng cua sir gia tiing mgnh ddn sd
Vdi sir phat trien manh cac hoat ddng kinh te, dac bid ki sir phat Iricn nhanh ciia
cac nganh cdng nghiep va djch vu, Vinh da trd thanh nai Ihu hiit manh ddi vdi dan cu
va cac ngudn lao ddng d cac vimg kin can, dac bid la trong tinh Nghe An Dan sd ciia
thanh pho tang kha nhanh Nam 1975 dan sd thanh phd mdi chi 9,6 van ngudi den nay
da la 29,0 van ngudi (2008) Trong vdng hon 30 nam qua dan sd ciia thanh pho da tang
ldi 3,2 lln Ciing vdi su dly manh qua trinh dd thj boa, ty le dan thanh thj cimg tang len
nhanh chdng So dan thanh thj la 20,4 van ngudi (vdi ty le dan thanh thj 70,3% - nam
2008) Thanh pho Vinh trd thanh dd thj diu tien ciia Nghe An va bien la dd thj cd mirc
tap trung ddng nhit Toe do dd thj hda d thanh pho Vinh dang tang cao Cac khu vuc
tap trung cdng nghiep da va dang dugc binh thanh Day la nbiing dieu kidi, ddng lire
thu hilt tap trung dan cu vao cac dd thj va khu cdng nghiep, la nhan td day nhanh qua
trinh dd thj hda, dong thai nd cfmg gay ra nhfrng van de nghiem trgng cho mdi trudng
sinh thai trong khu vuc dd thi va vimg lan can
Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c la'n th&S - Hd Ndi, 2010 815
Trang 6VIEN DW LY • VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM
Bang 4: Du bdo quy md ddn sd vd lao dgng thdnh phd Vinh den ndm 2020
TT Chi tieu
Tong dan sd
Noi thanh
Ngoai thanh
Ty le gia tang dan sd
Ty le gia tang tu
nhien
Don \\
nghin nsirdi
Hien trang
2001 221.2 169,6 51,6 ,66 0,9
2008
290,0
204.3
85.7 2.69
1,27
Du' bao
2010
330,0
284,0 46.0
Ll
2020 450,0
408,0
42.0 3,2
LO
Tv le aia tang co boc 0,76 1,42 2,7 2,2
Tons sd hd dan cu nguai 67 457 75 000 105 880
Ngudn: Nien gidm ihdng ke linh Nghe An, Bdo cdo dieu chinh quy hogch TP Vinh
Su phat trien manh me ciia nen kinh te eiing vdi qua trinh dd thj hda da lam tang dan so viing dd thj Vinh, dac biet ddi vdi vimg ndi thanh Den nam 2010, du bao dan sl thanh phd tang len 33 van ngudi va se la 45 van ngudi vao nam 2020 Doi vdi cac viing lan can nhu Cira Ld, Quan Hanh, Nam Dan quy md dan sd cung bj tac ddng manh bdi
su tang nhanh dan sd theo tdc do dd thj hda Sir gia tang dan sd nhanh chdng cimg vdi qua trinh do thj boa, xay dung cac khu dan cu, dudng sa kem theo la ngudn thai gay 6 nhiem mdi trudng cang pbiic tap hon, neu khdng cd quy hoach va cac giai phap bao ve mdi trudng tich cue thi dd se la nguy co gay d nhiem mdi trudng dd thj
3 Cac giai phap va kien nghj
Chien luge phat tridi thanh phd da dat ra cho Vinh mdt vln dl bit sire kliln truong la phai danh gia dung thuc trang chat lugng mdi trudng thanh phd ndi chung va moi trudng khdng kbi ndi rieng, nhit la khu vuc ngi thanh; xac djnh dugc khu vuc bao
ddng d nhiem, phan cap miic do d nhiem tir dd dk ra cac giai phap buu bieu nhlm ban
che tdi da anh hirdng ciia d nhiem mdi trudng dl gdp phin xay dung phat triln kinh tl
-xa hdi ciia thanh phd
Thanh pho can thuc bidi danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng ddi vdi tit ca cac du an phat tridi kmh te - xa hgi; tien banh kiem soat d nhidn khdng kbi chat che ddi vdi cac xi nghiep, nha may dang boat ddng; xu ly triet dl cac ca sd cdng nghiep gay 6 nhiem trim trgng nim xen ke trong cac kliu dan cu; phat tridi va ap dung rdng rai cdng nghe san xuat sach hon Ddng thdi di chuyen cac nha may, xi nghiep gay d nhilm nghiem trgng trong ndi thanh ra cac kliu cdng nghiep d ngoai thanh Giam thilu d nhilm bui la yeu cau buc bach nhit! Truo'c het phai bao ddn mat dudng sach se, tranh dit cat rai vai khi van chuyin vat lieu, klii dao lap sua chua dudng sa, cdng ranh, kbi sira chiia, xay dung nha cira va tich cue gifr gin
ve smh do tin Mang ludi giao thdng cln dugc phat triln cd he thong, cdng tac quan ly cac phuong tien giao thdng cln dugc quy djnh rd va kilm saat chat che
816
Hdi nghi Klioa hgc Dia ly Toan qud'c la'n th&S- Hd Ndi 2010
Trang 7VIEN DIA LY VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM
IV KET LUAN
Vice nghiiin cuu ve qua trinh dd thj boa va anb hudng ciia nd tdi mdi truiyng dang
la mdt ddi hdi mang tinh cap thiet! Dieu khien tdi uu qua trinh do thj hda nham giu' vfrng va nang cao chat lugng mdi trudng sdng, bao dam su phat trien ben vfing la mdt nhidn vu quan trgng va cap bach trong chien luge phat trien ciia thanh phd Vinh, nhat
la trong giai doan bien nay khi Vinh da trd thanh dd thj loai I true thudc tinh Nghe An
va hudng tdi dd thj trung tam ciia viing Bac Trung Bd
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Luu Dire Hai va Nguyen Nggc Sinh (2000) Qudn ly moi trudng cho sir phdt trien
ben viing NXB DH Qudc gia Ha Ndi
2 Mai Trgng Thdng va nnk (2004) - Quy hogch bdo ve mdi trudng thdnh phd Vinh,
Vidi Dia ly
3 Nguyen Hdng Tbiic (08/03/2008) Sire ep cua qua Irinh eld thi hda a Viet Nam
-www Ngdi nha xay dung
4 Nguyen Dinh LIde (2006) - Mdi trudng vd phdt Irien ben vung, NXB Giao Due Ha Ndi
5 Bao cao hien trang mdi trudng tinh Nghe An nam 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
2005, 2006 - Sd tdi nguyen vd mdi trirdng Nghe An
Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c lan th&S - Ha Ndi, 2010 817