Hdi nghi Khoa hgc ky nijm 35 ndm Viin Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi Viet Nam Hd Ndi 10/2010 NANG LlTONG DIEN MO HINH THI TRlTOfNG DIEN VA V A N DE CAI CACH THI TRlTOfNG DIEN VIET NAM Ngo Tuan Kiet Vien Khoa h[.]
Trang 1NANG LlTONG DIEN
MO HINH THI TRlTOfNG DIEN VA V A N DE CAI CACH THI TRlTOfNG
DIEN VIET NAM
Ngo Tuan Kiet
Vien Khoa hoc nang lugng; 18 Hoang Qu6c Viet, Cau Giiy, Ha Noi
Email: tuankiet(a),ies.vn
Tom tat:
Chiin luac phdt triin ndng lutyng quoc gia din ndm 2020 vd tdm nhin din ndm
2050 dd chi ro: "Phdt trien ndng lucmg quoc gia phii hop vai xu huang hoi nhap quoc ti Tieng buac hinh thdnh thi truang ndng luong, da dgng hoa so huru vd phuang thicc kinh doanh, huong tdi thda mdn tot nhdt lai ich nguai tiiu ditng" Bdi viit tap trung vdo viec phdn tich ddnh gid cdc mo hinh thi truang diin hien dang ton tgi a cdc nude, nhdm cung cdp thong tin cho cong tdc cdi cdch thi trudmg diin a Viet Nam
Abstract:
Development strategy of national energy to 2020 and vision to 2050 has shown that: 'Development of national energy consistents with the trend of international integration Step by step forming energy market, diversifying property and business methods, towards satisfying the best interest of consumers" The article focuses on analyzing and evaluating models of electricity market existing currently in the countries to provide information on electricity market reform in Vietnam
1 DAT VAN DE
Dac thii ciia nganh dien khac hoan toan voi cac nganh san xuat bang boa khac la qua trinh san xuat va tieu thu deu xay ra dong thoi ciing mot liic, khong the co ach tac trong khau luu thong, phan phoi Vi vay, nguoi san xuat va nguoi tieu thu dien deu co trach nhiem bao dam
do tin cay cung cap dien, nham su dung mot each co bieu qua cong suat thiet bi ciia chinh minh va ciia ca nganh dien Muc tieu ciia quan he hop tac giua nguoi san xuat va tieu dung dien cAn huong toi la voi cung mot cong suat thiet bi nguoi san xuat co the san xuat dugc nhilu dien nang hon va phuc vu dugc nhieu hg su dung dien hon o nhimg thoi diem khac nhau KSt qua dat dugc la nguoi tieu thu dien se co chi phi dung dien thap tuong ling va nguofi
san xuSt dien se co chi phi dku tu va san xuat dien hgp ly Nhimg van de tren se dugc thuc
hien mot each co hieu qua trong cugc song neu thiet lap dugc co che dieu hanh va to chiic hgp
ly khong nhiing d6i voi nguofi tieu thu dien ma con cho nguofi san xuat dien Dieu nay cQng
chinh la muc tieu co ban cin tuan thii trong cai each thi tmong dien a nuoc ta hien nay
2 CAI CACH THI T R U C « V G DIEN d VIET NAM
Nhim thu hiit mgi thanh phan kinh te trong nuoc va doi tac nuoc ngoai tham gia phat trien dien lire, bao dam tang truong kinh te ben viing va an ninh nang lugng quoc gia, Chinh phu da chi dao cai each manh me thi tmong dien, vod cac trgng tam la: (1) Cai each co che xac dinh gia
Trang 2ca tren thi tmong dien (2) Mof ciia hon nira thi tmong dien dl gioi dau tu tu nhan va quoc te tham gia ca vao boat dgng san xuat va ban dien (3) Nang cao hieu qua dau tu, san xuat va cung ling dien thong qua viec tao co che va moi tmong canh tranb binh dang trong linh vuc nang lugng noi chung va dien noi rieng
Lg trinh cai each thi tmong dien Viet Nam do Bg Cong thuong de xuat gom 4 giai doan: Den nam 2010, cho phep cac nha dau tu nuoc ngoai va tu nhan (IPP) tham gia san xuat dien de ban dien cho EVN; 2010 - 2014, tu do hoa mgt phin thi tmong ban buon dien; 2014 - 2022, tu
do hoa hoan toan thi truong ban buon va sau 2022 tu do boa ca thi tmong ban le dien Ciing nhu nhieu quoc gia dang phat trien, Viet Nam thoi gian qua da su dung tu van nuoc ngoai trong viec xay dung chien luge tong the cai each thi tmong dien Viet Nam De gop them thong tin, chiing toi xin tong hgp mgt so tai lieu c6 lien quan den thanh tim va that bai cua cac nuoc da cai each thi tmong dien the gioi de tir do nit ra nhiing bai hgc kinh nghiem can thiet
3 VE MO HINH THI TRUOnVG DIEN
O cac nuoc kinh te thi truong khong the tach khoi viec to chiic thi truong trong nganh dien
O cac nuoc Tay Au, My va mgt so khac trong the ky XX da hinh thanh he dgc quyen dieu tiet
tu nhien, cho phep dam bao sir phat trien nhanh va thanh cong nganh dien Cuoi the ky XX trong nhieu quoc gia da bat dau viec cai each nhirng to chirc dgc quyen nay va xuat hien nhieu dang mo hinh thi trudng Mac du rat da dang, song da thira nhan phan chia thanh 4 mo hinh
CO ban to chiic thi tmong dien [1-3]:
(1) Doc quyin diiu tiit tu nhiin (khong cd cgnh tranh): nhung Cong ty dgc quyen tu
nhien phan cap theo nganh dgc, chiem ITnh toan bg linh vuc san xuat, truyen tai, phan phoi va tieu thu dien nang Nha nuoc dieu khien nhimg cong ty nay de hg khong Igi dung dugc the dgc quyen ciia minh Sir phat trien cua he thong dien (HTD) dugc dam bao nho viec dua thanh phan von dau tu vao gia doi voi hg tieu thu Gia dien dugc xac lap theo miic chi phi san xuat dien trung binh ciia HTD cong voi mgt thanh phan von dau tu moi trong gia thanh
Vao thap nien 70-80 ciia the ky truoc bat dau xuat hien mgt so nhugc diem cua dgc quyen dieu tiet: gia ban cao 6f mgt loat nuoc, dau tu qua miic va phat trien thira nguon (du phong len toi 30-40%)) v.v Nguyen nhan chii yeu la sir cham doi moi trong thuc hien co cbl dieu tiet cua nha nuoc Xuat hien y tuong to chiic canh tranh trong ITnh vuc san xuit va phan ph6i dien nang voi by vgng canh tranh thay cho dieu tiet nha nuoc se nang cao hieu qua san xuit va din den giam gia dien
(2) Hdng mua diin doc quyin: Trong mo hinh nay, cac nha san xuit dien dgc lap vl tai
chinh canh tranh voi nhau trong viec cung cap dien nang cho mgt hang mua duy nhit Cac ITnh vuc con lai ciia HTD dugc giii nguyen co cau phan nganh theo chilu dgc va doi voi nguoi tieu thu no dugc gift dgc quyin nhu tmoc Hoat dgng cua Hang mua dien (kl ca viec quyet dinh gia dien mua cua nha san xuat va ban cho hg tieu thu) dugc dilu tilt boi nha nuoc Hgp dong voi nha dau tu san xuat dien moi dugc ky dai ban (10-15 nam) voi gia du dam bao viec thu hoi von dau tu va c6 Igi nhuan hgp ly Viec mua dien tir cac nha may dien dang boat dpng dugc thuc hien theo hgp dong dai ban (2-4 nam) c6 sir dilu chinh gia Dilu do van hanh,
ke ca toi uu che do dugc thuc hien tuong tu nhu khi dilu tilt dgc quyin Gia ciia cac nha san xuat khac nhau theo toan hang mua di?n (trong do ca cac nha san xuit moi) dugc trung binh hoa (nhu trong dieu tiet dgc quyen), dilu nay cho phep dam bao miic thip ciia gia dien cho ho tieu thu Trong mo hinh Mgt hang mua dien duy nhit se hien thuc hoa dugc hieu qua canh tranh giua cac nha san xuat dien nang Khi co sir dilu tilt diing cua nha nuoc, gia dien cho cac
Trang 3hg tieu diing se vi vay ma thap hon so voi dieu tiet dgc quyen Day chinh la uu the co ban ciia
mo hinh nay so voi mo hinh tren
(3) Cgnh tranh trin thi trudng bdn buon: LTnh vuc tmyen tai dien nang dugc tach ra
thanh Cong ty luoi - tmyen tai dieu tiet doc lap LTnh vuc phan phoi va tieu thu dien nang dugc chia theo vung voi sir thanh lap mgt so cong ty phan phoi - tieu thu dien, doc quyen cung cap dien cho tat ca cac hg tieu diing trong lanh tho cua minh Thi truong ban buon dien dugc to chiic voi mgt Nha dieu hanh be thong thuong mai, trong do cac nha san xuat va nha phan phoi - tieu thu dien canh tranh voi nhau, va nhu vay se cham diit tinh trang dieu tiet gia ban buon Dong thofi ciing thanh lap Nha dieu do he thong dgc lap thuc tbi nhiem vu dieu do van hanh HTD Hoat dgng cua Nha dieu do he thong dgc lap can dugc thong nhat voi Nha dieu hanh he thong thuong mai, dieu nay tao ra kho khan nbat dinb cho viec dam bao do tin cay cua HTD thong nhat
(4) Thi trudmg cgnh tranh cd bdn buon vd bdn le: LTnb vuc phan phoi va tieu thu dien
nang dugc chia tach them voi sir hinh thanh nhimg cong ty dieu tiet luoi phan phoi (theo viing lanh tho) va nhieu cong ty ban le dien Thi tmong ban le dien dugc to chiic, trong do cac cong
ty ban le dien (mua dien tren thi truong ban buon) canh tranh voi nhau Cham diit viec dieu tiet gia ban le
Can nhan manh rang, tat ca cac mo binh neu tren deu la mo hinb tbi truong, Hai mo hinh 1
va 2 la mo hinh thi tmong dieu tiet gia (tbi trucmg dieu tiet) mac du thi truong Mgt hang mua dien duy nhat co su canh tranh giiia cac nha san xuat dien Ca 4 mo hinh neu tren deu dugc cac nuoc tren the gioi sir dung duoi dang nay hoac dang khac Vi du: Thi truong dieu tiet dgc quyin 6 Nhat, Phap va da so cac bang ciia My; Thi tmong mgt hang mua dien duy nhat - o Nam Trilu Tien, Trung Quoc, Bic Ai NhT Lan, Me Hi Co; Thi truong canh tranb o Anh, Ao, mgt so bang cua My (va da tin tai 6 mgt so nuoc nhu Chi Le, Braxin, Achentina, song sau khung khoang va that bai da quay lai thi truong dieu tiet)
Nhieng nhuac diim vd tdn tgi cua thi trucmg cgnh tranh (md hinh 3 vd 4) Trong [4] tren co
so phan tich nhilu tai lieu (114 nguln tai lieu) da xac dinh dugc cac kho khan, ton tai va bau
qua tl chiic thi truong dien canh tranh Nhimg tin tai co ban nhat la: (1) Chi phi Ion cho viec
to chiic va van hanh thi tmong canh tranh; (2) Xuit hien quyen lire thi truong trong ITnh virc san xuit dien; (3) Sir phan nho gia tren thi trudng ban buon; (4) Thilu v6n diu tu phat triln nguln va luoi dien; (5) Giam do tin cay cung cip dien; (6) Tang gia dien (o dai da s6 thi tmong); (7) Hieu qua ciia viec phi dilu tilt, nlu no co, chii yeu cho cac nha san xuat (ma
khong phai cho ngudi tieu diing)
Nhiing ton tai neu tren ciia thi trudng canh tranh (phi dilu tiet) la ban chat von co ciia no Chiing dugc trinh bay bing ly thuyet va da xuit hien trong thuc tl Trong [3,5] da chi ra ring, trong dilu kien thi trudng canh tranh, nhung nha san xuat dien nang dang boat dgng se co giir
"quyin lire thi trudng" bing viec dung xay dung cac nha may dien de tao ra sir khan hiem dan din tang gia va tang Igi nhuan Trong [6] da giai thich rd mgt sir that rang, viec chuyin dli sang thi trudng canh tranh chi co Igi cho nha san xuat va dua lai tdn that (do hau qua tang gia dien) cho ngudi tieu thu dien nang
Ngudi ta thudng cho ring My luon di diu trong viec cai each nganh dien theo hudng chuyin sang thi tmdng canh tranh Thuc tl din eudi nam 2005 (va tir d6 den nay hau nhu chua CO gi thay dli) da s6 (27) bang cua My chua timg thuc hien viec phi dieu tilt thi trudng, van giii cac cdng ty dieu tiet theo nganh doc (md hinh 1) Bon bang (cd Kaliphonia) da bat diu cai each song da loai bd va quay vl dilu tilt Cdn 3 bang da thuc hien viec cai td cau triic timg phin va chi cd 1/3 (17) bang chuyen sang thi trudng dien canh tranh
Trang 4Nhieng vi du tdt cua thi trudmg diiu tiit gid: CJ cac nude Chinh phii van giii sir dieu tiet gia
dien (md hinh 1 va 2) khdng tdn tai nhiing nhugc diem va hau qua mang tinh ban chat cua thi tmdng canh tranh (md hinh 3, 4) neu tren Minh chiing cho ket luan nay la Tmng Qudc, Nam Trieu Tien, Phap, Nhat HTD ciia nhiing nude nay phat trien va van hanh thanh cdng vugt qua dugc nhiing khd khan lien quan den tdc do tang trudng phu tai dien cao hoac sir ban che
ve tiem nang nhien lieu - nang lugng trong nude
Trung Qudc thuc hien dieu tiet gia theo md hinh 2, trong do nganh dien Tmng Qudc phat trien vdi tdc do chua timg thay Trong nhiing nam 2004-2007 mdi nam TQ dua vao van hanh 50-100 GW Vdn dau tu xay dimg cdng trinh dugc huy dgng tir mgi ngudn lire: Igi nhuan tir cac cdng ty phat dien ciia Chinh phu, cac nha dau tu tu nhan ciing nhu tir ngan sach ciia nha nude Mac du vdn dau tu cho phat trien nganh dien rat ldn va dau dd van cdn hien tugng thieu hut cdng suat, nhung nhd vao sir dieu tiet cua Chinh phii, nen gia dien nang van giii dugc d miic do tuong ddi thap Theo sd lieu [7] gia dien ddi vdi dan sinh chi gan 5,4 cents/KWh, 9,5 cents/KWh ddi vdi ITnh vuc kinh doanh thuong mai Cac hd tieu thu dien trong ITnh vuc cong nghiep phai tra chi phi sir dung dien nang va cdng suat, trong dd gia dien nang tieu thu khoang 3,7 - 5,3 cents/KWh va gia cdng suat phai tra bao gdm 2 thanh phan la gia phu tai toi
da (khoang 2,68 U S D / K W cdng suat tieu thu mgt thang) va gia cdng suat ciia tram bien ap dau ndi vdi HTD (khoang 1,83 U S D / K V A mdt thang)
Phap la nude ngheo tiem nang nang lugng, nen sau khiing hoang nang lugng vao nhirng nam 70 cua the ky tmdc da day manh phat trien dien hat nhan San lugng dien phat tir cac nha may dien nguyen tu chiem tdi hon 80%) tieu thu dien ciia dat nude ciing nhu xuat khau Hau nhu toan bd nganh dien ciia Phap deu do hang EDF ciia nha nude ddc quyen Theo de nghi ciia Hdi ddng Chau Au nam 2000 da thdng qua luat ve sir md rgng tu do thi trudng dien va da
thanh lap Dieu do he thdng nang lugng {TSO) va IJy ban dieu tiet nang lugng (CRE) Uy ban
nay la co quan dieu tiet he thdng nang lugng va nd dugc giao quyen dac biet ve td chiic va kiem tra, kiem soat mgi boat ddng ciia thi tmdng [8] nhu: Phe duyet chuong trinh dau tu hang nam do hang EDF va hang ludi dien RTE lap; Thiet lap nhiing quy dinh lam viec cua cac dieu
do he thdng; Kiem tra viec ky ket cac hgp ddng; Thiet lap gia dien nang cd tinh din chi phi bii dap tdn that dien, thue, vdn dau tu va gia ddi ndi vdi he thdng nang lugng
Uy ban ciing dam bao cho viec tu do tiep can vdi thi tmdng cua cac hd tieu dimg dien Gia dugc dieu chinh lien tuc va khi lira chgn dua vao he thdng mdt nha may dien mdi, Uy ban luon giii nguyen tac lira chgn gia thap nhat cho ca dieu do he thdng va hd tieu thu dien Nhu vay, tu do hda thi tmdng nang lugng d Phap khdng chi dan den phi dieu tiet hda ma ngugc lai da sip xip In dinh ho^t ddng cua he thdng nang lugng dudi su quan ly dieu hanh ciia Chinh phu Giii hang
EDF qudc gia va dieu tiet da dam bao phat trien thanh cdng nganh dien va gia dien dn dinh d miic
thap so vdi cac nude lang gieng Phap xuit khiu dien sang Anh, Y, Diic va nhilu nude khac
Trong xu the du kien cd phan hda hang EDF, Chinh phu chic se giu lai cd phin chi phdi
Tai Nhat cd khoang 10 Cdng ty nang lugng dilu tilt theo nganh dgc cung cip nang lugng cho cac vung lanh thd tuong ling Cai each nganh dien cua Nhat bit diu tir nam 1995, bing viec ra quyet dinh bat budc cac hang ddc quyen mua dien cua cac nha san xuit ddc lap Nhd vay, trong mdt sd HTD da hinh thanh gia ban le thip hon ddi vdi hg tieu thu dien, tiic la dat dugc hieu qua duong Tir nam 2004 da sap xep lai thi trudng trao ddi cdng suit giiia cac he thdng va hinh thanh mdt td chiic tmng gian (Hdi ddng cac he thong nang lugng Nhat) chiu trach nhiem xay dung luat va kiem tra sir tmng thuc, trong sang cua thi tmdng Vi vay, mac dii gia dien kha cao, nhung Nhat van giii md hinh 1 dgc quyin tu nhien, va nhd do da dam bao dugc sir phat trien HTD binh thudng ciing vdi tien do diu tu xay dung cac nha may dien
Trang 5ddi hdi vdn dau tu ldn nhu dien nguyen tu Viec chuyen hudng sang ap dung co che thi tmdng, cd the da dan den viec tang gia dien nhilu hon
4 MOT SO KET LUAN 1) Viec chuyen ddi sang thi trudng dien canh tranh vdi gia dien tu do (phi dieu tiet nganh dien) khdng phai la xu the chung ciia the gidi Nbieu Bang cua My, hau bet Canada, Phap, Nhat ciing nhu da sd cac nude dang phat trien van giir md hinh dieu tiet ddc quyen tir nhien vdi cac cdng ty dien phan cap theo nganh dgc (md hinh 1) cimg vdi viec md rdng va cho phep cac nha san xuat dien doc lap tham gia thi tmdng
2) Kinh nghiem cho thay, cai each nganh dien chi nen gidi ban den md hinh 2 Hd mua dien duy nhat vdi viec giu quyen dieu tiet gia dien cua Chinh phii Md binh thi trudng dang nay thuc bien dugc viec canh tranh trong ITnh vuc phat dien mdt ITnh vuc chiem ty trgng chi phi ldn nhat ciia HTD Gia dien dugc hinh thanh tren co sd chi phi san xuat tmng binh toan he thong va dam bao sir phat trien hgp ly, kip thdi ciia HTD ciing nhu do tin cay cung cap dien Nha dau tu san xuat dien se nhan dugc phan Igi nhuan hgp ly, dn dinh Day chinh la md hinh dugc trien khai thanh cdng d Tmng Qudc, Nam Trieu Tien, An Do va nhieu nude khac Cl Viet Nam md hinh nay ciing se phat huy hieu qua tdt nhat
3) Nhung nam gan day da phat hien nhung khd khan va tdn tai nghiem trgng trong nganh dien
cua cac nude da chuyen ddi sang md hinh canh tranh tu do (mo hinh 3 va 4) 0 Kalifonia,
Brazil, Ontanio, Achentina, Chi Le da xay ra khiing khoang, keo theo sir thieu dien tram trgng
va tang gia dien rat manh, cat dien hang loat, su cd v.v Sau nhung khiuig hoang nay da quay lai md hinh dieu tiet cua Chinh phu (md binh 1 va 2) Hau bet d cac nude nay da xuat hien su tang gia, thieu vdn dau tu de phat trien nha may va ludi dien Nam 2003 va 2006 da xay ra nhimg sir cd ldn trong he thdng dien Dong - Bac My, Tay Au, Texzat Viet Nam can sdm nit kinh nghiem de khdng lap lai budc di ciia cac nude tren
4) Nhiing khilm khuyet neu tren ciia thi tmdng dien canh tranh mang tinh ban chat dac thu rieng ciia HTD khac vdi cac nganh san xuat hang hda khac Dieu kien kinh doanh dien nang hoan toan khdng dap ung dugc yeu cau ciia thi tmdng canh tranh hoan bao, ma d do hieu qua dat dugc la ha gia chi phi san xuat hang boa Vi vay, nhiing that bai, dd vd cua thi tmdng dien canh tranh tren thi gidi can phai thira nhan nhu mot quy luat khach quan khdng the tranh dugc tir kinh nghiem tren thi gidi nhiing nam gan day Khdng ngac nhien khi xu hudng thi tmdng dien tranh d mgi noi deu dugc xem xet lai (xay ra hien tugng cai each cua cai each) va khong the cho rang qua trinh cai each nay da hoan thanh d bat cii qudc gia nao
5) Trong dilu kien thi trudng canh tranh viec buon ban trao ddi dien nang giiia cac quoc gia
cd thi se gap nhilu khd khan, bdi vi viec xuat khau dien se lam gia tang nhu cau va gia dien d qudc gia xuit khiu Viec chuyin dli sang thi tmdng dien canh tranh d nude ta cd thi se gay anh hudng din viec thuc thi chu tmong hgp tac lien kit ludi dien khu vuc 6) Kit luan quan trgng va dang chii y nhit la viec chuyen tir thi trudng dilu tilt sang thi tmdng canh tranh (tir md hinh 1 va 2 sang md hinh 3 va 4) se chi mang lai hieu qua cho nhimg nha san xuit dien, (viec phi dilu tilt hda dugc tien hanh vi muc tieu cua chinh ho) Nhiing hd tieu dung dien (cac nganh kinh tl khac va toan bd nhan dan) se phai hung chiu thiet hai do viec tang gia, thieu hut dien va sir cd
Trang 6TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Belyaev L.S., 2007, "Electricity markets: Comparing competitive and single buyer
markets", IEEE Power & Energy magazine, V 5, No 3, p 16-26
2 Clavel P., and Bauchet S., 2006, "Organization of the French Electricity Sector",
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Chichester, England
4 Woo C.K., King M., at al., 2006, "Costs of electricity deregulation ", Energy V 31, p
747-768
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Vol 3, No 4, July/August 2005, p 32-38
6 BejiacB JI.C, "Mupoeou onumpetpopMupoeanuHpuuKoe 3JieKmpo3Hep2uu", Tai lieu
Hdi nghi qudc te vl phat trien nang lugng bin viing lin thii nhit Vien Khoa hgc nang lugng - Vien KHCNVN, Ha Ndi - thang 4/2008, Tr 12-32
7 BenacB JI.C, 2007, ''Hyotcen uu Poccuu KOUKypeHmHuii pbiHOK e
3mKmpo3Hep2emuKe? ", 3HeprHH: 3K0H0MHKa, TexHHKa, SKOJiorna, JVb 4-2007
8 BejiaeB JI.C, Ho^aKOBajibKHKOB C.B., 2004, "PUHOK e 3JieKmpo3HepaemuKe: HpodneMbi paseumuM aeuepupyioufux Moiquocmeu ", HoBocndnpcK: HayKa
9 BoHKOB 3.n., BapHHOB B.A., ManeBMH A.C, 2001, "HpodneMbi u nepcncKmueu
paseumuR 3JieKmpo3HepsemuKU Poccuu", M., SneproaTOMHS^iiaT, 2001, 432 c