36 Cong nghf chuyen h6a khi thien nhien thanh nhien lifu long kha nSng ^p dung d ViftjNam, CONG NGHE CHUYEN HOA KHI THIEN NHIEN THANH NHIEN LIEU LONG KHA NANG AP DUNG 6 VIET NAM • • • Pham Van Khang T[.]
Trang 136 Cong nghf chuyen h6a khi thien nhien thanh nhien lifu long: kha nSng ^p dung d ViftjNam,
CONG NGHE CHUYEN HOA KHI THIEN NHIEN THANH NHIEN
LIEU LONG: KHA NANG AP DUNG 6 VIET NAM
• • •
Pham Van Khang
Trung tdm Nghien ciru vd Phdt trien Che bien Ddu khi
TOM T A T
Vai trd ciia khi thien nhien trong nin kinh ti ciia cdc mrac khdc nhau khong giong nhau nhung nhin chung ngdy cdng co vai tro to lan trong moi linh vuc cua nen kinh te Khi thien nhien duac sir dung rong rdi trong cdc linh vice sdn xudt ndng luang cong nghiep, trong cong nghiep hod hoc vd trong ddn dung, tuy thuoc vao cdc muc dich ciia cdc ho sic dung Cung cdp khi den cdc ho sic dung doi hoi phdi co he thong ong ddn Tuy nhien khong phdi bdt cie ddu cdn Id ngicai ta co the cung cdp khi den do duac do cdn tra cda viec xdy dimg he thdng dng ddn khi phdi duac tinh todn phii hap vd hieu qud
Di CO the cung cdp khi din cdc ho sic dung thudn tien, ngodi viec ddn khi true tiep bdng duang dng, nguai ta nghien cicu phdt trien nhieu phuang phdp chuyen khi thdnh dgng long di van chuyin di ddng Co the chuyen khi thdnh dang long bdng each bien doi vat ly: nen vd ldm lanh - qud trinh nen khi duai dp sudt cao vd ldm lanh de hod long khi hodc biin ddi hod hoc: chuyen hod hod hgc trong do cdc phdn tic khi bi bien doi hod hgc
vd kit hap tao thdnh dgng long ben vimg sir dung true tiep ldm nhien lieu van tdi hoae ldm nguon nguyen lieu cho cdng nghiep hod hgc
Khi khai thde a Viet Nam hien nay chu yeu de sdn xudt dien, sdn xudt dgm Trong tuang lai neu cdc de dn sir dung khi duac dua vdo hogt dgng thi sdn phdm tic khi se da dgng han
N gi dung bdo cdo nay trinh bay su nghien cuu khd ndng chuyen hod khi thdnh long (chuyen hod hod hgc) bdng cdch tgo ra khi tong hap vd sic dung qud trinh Fischer Tropsch chuyen hod khi thien nhien thdnh dgng Idng Muc dich Id nhdm gop phdn ndng cao khd ndng sic dung khi thien nhien ciia Viet Nam vd co the dp dung doi vai cdc mo khi
CO dieu kien khong thuan lai trong viec cung cdp khi tai cdc hg tieu thu
QUA TRINH CHUYEN HOA KHI THIEN NHIEN T H A N H LONG
Cdng nghe mdi dugc phat triln va ap dung dl chuyen hoa khi thien nhien thanh long
la cdng nghe chuyin hoa khi thanh Idng (Gas To Liquids - GTL) Chuyen hoa khi thanh long cd thi ap dung va thilt kl tdi uu ddi vdi cac md khi nhd Anh hudng manh nhat din kha nang canh tranh ciia viec ap dung cdng nghe chinh la chi phi dau tu, chi phi hoat ddng cua nha may, chi phi nguyen lieu, quy md va kha nang dat dugc hieu qua sir dung cao trong san xuit Tuy nhien, theo danh gia chung, chuyin hoa khi thanh long khdng thi
Trang 2Tuyen tap bao cao Hpi nghj KHCN "30 nam Dau khi Vift Nam: Co" hpi mdi, thach thiic mdi" 37^
canh tranh vdi san xuit diu, trir khi bugc phai tan dung khi cd gia trj thip va van chuyin
khd khan
Mat uu viet eua chuyin hoa khi thanh long khdng chi eho san pham cd gia trj ma cac
san phim edn cd thi ban hoae pha trdn vdi san pham lge dau thanh cac san pham cao cap
it gay d nhiem mdi trudng Cdng nghe chuyen hoa khi thanh Idng san xuat ra nhien lieu
diezen cd du kha nang nhu diezen truyen thdng, nhung lai cd chi sd cetan cao hon cho
phep chiing ta thilt kl ddng eo manh hon Hon nira, ham lugng luu huynh va ham lugng
hydrocarbua tham trong diezen tir edng nghe GTL rat thap nen giam dang ke sy d nhiem
va ddc hai mdi trudng Sir dyng diezen ed ham lugng Iim huynh va hydrocarbua tham
thap la yeu cau mang tinh chat toan cau hien nay
Cd hai cdng nghe GTL phd bien: chuyen hoa true tiep khi thanh san pham dau md
tdng hgp (syncrude), va chuyen hoa gian tiep qua qua trinh khi tdng hgp (syngas) Cd mdt
sd qua trinh chuyen hoa trye tiep dugc nghien ciiu, nhung khdng qua trinh nao dugc
thuong mai hoa do khdng hap dan ve phuang dien kinh te Chuyen hoa gian tiep cd the
tien hanh bang qua trinh Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) hoae san xuat metanol
Trong so dd trinh bay su sir dyng khi, trong dd ed qua trinh chuyen hda khi thien
nhien Qua trinh chuyen hoa khi thien nhien thanh nhien lieu long sir dyng qua trinh
Fischer-Tropsch duge chia lam cae bude:
- San xuat khi tdng hgp
- Chuyen hoa Fischer-Tropsch
- Hoan thien san pham
San xuat khi tdng hgp sir dyng cae phuang phap chuyen hoa khae nhau nhu
refoming hoi nude, reforming dioxitcarbon, refoming ty cap nhiet, oxy hoa mdt phan hoae
plasma
Qua trinh Fischer-Tropsch cho nhieu san pham khae nhau tir khi metan den butan,
naphta, xang, dau hoa, diezen, dau nang, sap, cae chat oxy hoa, nhung chu yeu van la cac
san pham trung binh (xang, dau hoa, diezen, dau nang) Hieu suat san pham tuy thudc rat
nhieu vao cac cdng nghe ap dyng, dieu kien van hanh nhu ap suat, nhiet do, ty le H2/CO;
thanh phan xiie tac; kieu thiet bj xiic tac: tang cd djnh, tang sdi hay tang huyen phii
Mdt nha may chuyen hoa khi thien nhien thanh long bao gdm 4 phan xudng co ban
sau:
Phan xudng san xuat khi tdng hgp: chuyin hoa khi thien nhien thanh hdn hgp khi
CO va H2
Phan xudng tdng hgp Fischer-Tropsch: trong phan xudng nay CO va H2 trong
khi tdng hgp dugc chuyen hoa thanh cac hydrocarbon thdng qua cae phan ung
phiic hgp
Trang 338 C o n g n g h f chuyen hda k h i thien n h i e n t h a n h nhien l i f u i d n g : k h a n a n g a p d u n g 6 V i f t j | ; ^ j j ] l
• Phan xudng tach va hoan thien san pham
• Phan xudng xir ly nude
Ngoai ra, tuy thudc vao cdng nghe ma cd hoae khdng cd phan xudng san xuat oxy
C Bien doi vat ly
Chii Ihich:
SRM: refoming hoi nude (steam
reforming)
ATR: refoming t^^ cap nhi^t
POX: oxy hoa mpt phan
Dung trong ^
N M L D
Ure
San xuat Dimetyl ete
San xuat Hydro
<C I Amoniac
TdNG I MTBE Olefin
Chuyen hoa Fischer Tropsch
I \ Dung moi
Acetyl
I ) Silp/Dau nhfrn
I y ParalTin mach thang
X A
Hinh 1 GlOfI THIEU MOT SO CONG NGHE GTL TREN THE GIOI
1 Sasol
La nha cung cap cdng nghe GTL cd kinh nghiem lau ddi Dac biet, sau khi sap nhap vdi Chevron thi uu the nay cang dugc phat huy hon Chi phi dau tu, co cau san pham, hieu qua thu hdi nhiet deu tdt Tuy nhien, chi phi van hanh hoi cao va it linh ddng trong trudng hgp thay ddi nguyen lieu ed chit lugng thip (ham lugng CO2 cao)
2 Shell
Day ciing la mdt hang cd nhilu kinh nghiem trong ITnh vyc GTL (chi sau Sasol) Diem manh ciia cdng nghe nay la hieu suit san pham va hieu suat nhiet eao, linh ddng trong eo cau san pham Tuy nhien, chi phi diu tu cao va ciing nhu Sasol, it linh ddng khi thay ddi nguyen lieu theo hudng sir dyng nguyen lieu chit lugng thap Cd quy md cdng suat phii hgp vdi tilm nang khi Viet Nam
3 Rentech
Lgi thi ciia cdng nghe nay la ehi phi van hanh thip, hieu suat san pham va hieu suit
Trang 4Tuygn tap bao cao Hpi nghi KHCN "30 nam DSu khi Viet Nam: Co hpi mdi, thach thde mdi" 39^
nhiet kha cao Cdng nghe nay cd thi sir dung nguyen lieu la can tir nha may Igc dau Tuy
nhien, edng nghe nay chi dap img cho nhiing nha may cd quy md cdng suat nhd hon 5.000
thiing/ngay NIU quy md cdng suit ciia nha may GTL d Viet Nam nhd thi cdng nghe nay
nen dugc xem xet
4 ExxonMobil
Hieu suat san pham va hieu suat nhiet kha cao Cd quy md cdng suat phii hgp Chi
phi dau tu va chi phi van hanh d mirc trung binh so vdi cac cdng nghe khae Khdng cd
tinh linh ddng khi thay ddi nguyen lieu cd chat lugng thap
5 Conoco
Cdng nghe cua Conoco cd hieu suat san pham cao nhat va chi phi san xuat thap nhat
tuong ty nhu cdng nghe cua Rentech Tuy nhien, cdng nghe Conoco chi xir ly nguyen lieu
c6 ham lugng CO2 < 10% va kinh nghiem d mirc trung binh
6 Synergy
Cd kha nang sir dyng nguyen lieu cd chat lugng thap (ham lugng CO2 len den 35%)
Quy md cdng suat phii hgp vdi dy bao trir lugng khi Viet Nam (10.000 - 30.000
thiing/ngay) Kinh nghiem cdn ban che, chi phi dau tu eao, hieu suat san pham d mirc
trung binh
7 Syntroleum
Cac tieu chi so sanh deu d mirc trung binh hoae thap Cd hieu suat san pham thap,
chi phi van hanh va chi phi dau tu thap, quy md cdng suat nhd, hieu qua thu hdi nhiet
thap Cdng nghe nay thich hgp vdi viec che bien khi ngay tren bien, gan noi khai thac
8 Synfuels
Day la cdng nghe ed rat nhieu uu diem, bao gdm: ehi phi dau tu thap, quy md cdng
suat phii hgp, cd kha nang sir dyng nguyen lieu cd ham lugng CO2 cao Diem ban che duy
nhat la it kinh nghiem Nhung trong tuong lai, day la mdt nha cung cap cdng nghe cd tiem
nang trong ITnh vyc san xuat nhien lieu long GTL
9 JNOC
Cd hieu suat thu hdi nhiet cao Tuy nhien, chi phi dau tu cao va cdn dang d trong
giai doan nghien cuu
KHA NANG AP DUNG CONG NGHE GTL DOI V6I KHI VIET NAM
1 Dac tinh co' ban ciia khi Viet Nam di ap dung cong nghe GTL
Q Viet Nam, hien nay khi thien nhien dang dugc khai thac tai bon khu vyc: be Sdng
Hdng, Ciru Long, Nam Cdn Son, Malay - Thd Chu Chit lugng khi cua cac bl diu tdt
Ham lugng metan trong khi kha cao, dong thdi ham lugng CO2 thip, dam bao cd thi sir
Trang 540 Cong nghf chuyin hoa khi thien nhien thanh nhien lifu long: kha nang ap dung d Vict Najn^
dyng cho bat ky cdng nghe GTL ciia cac hang khae nhau
Ngoai cac md khi kl tren, Viet Nam cdn cd cac md khi cd thanh phan CO2 cao d
miin Trung Cd thi ap dyng cdng nghe GTL doi vdi cac md khi nay (theo nhu ddnh gia cua ASCOPE, [20])
2 Cong suat xay dung nha may GTL
Viec chgn lya quy md cdng suit eho mot nha may thudng dya tren cac chi tieu ve nhu ciu thj trudng, kha nang cung cip nguyen lieu, vj tri xay dyng nha may Mdt sd nghien cim lua chgn dja diem xay dyng nha may d Viet Nam:
a Xdy dung nhd mdy a phia Nam
Tru- lugng khi thien nhien d khu vyc phia Nam la kha ldn Neu sir dung tit ca khi thien nhien cua ca ba bl Ciru Long, Nam Cdn Son va Tay Nam de san xuit nhien lieu GTL thi cdng suit nha may cd thi len din 100.000 - 120.000 thiing/ngay Tuy nhien, lugng khi khai thae cdn phai sir dyng cho cac dy an khae Hon nii:a, cac md khi khdng nim tap trung nen cin thilt phai cd he thdng dng dan, diu tu ldn, gia thanh cao Do do, viec sir dyng ciing mdt luc tit ca khi tir cae be se khdng thuc te va khdng kinh te
Du bao khai thae khi thien nhien nhu sau:
Khai thde (tr m /nam)
Be Cim Long
Be Nam Cdn Son
Be Malay - Thd Chu
Tong cong
2005
2.640 3.730 1.400
7.770
2010
2.170 8.410
2.420
13.000
2015
890 8.510 3.910
13.310
2020
40 6.320
3.410
9.770
2025
0 2.380 1.690
4.070
Nguon: PVEP thdng 4/2002
Lugng khi nay dy kien dugc sir dung trong cac dy an den nam 2010 nhu sau:
Cdc du dn sir dung
Cac du an dien
Cac du an hoa dau va phan bon
Cac du an khae
Tong cong
Lirang khi (trieu m ) l.ASQ-1.110
1.000 788-1.169
9.238 - 9.939
Theo dy bao, tdng san lugng khi thien nhien khai thac trong khoang 2010 - 2020 la kha cao va dn djnh Sau nam 2020, san lugng nay se giam nhanh neu khdng tim dugc md mdi va se khdng cung cap dii cho cac dy an
Tren co sd sd lieu dy bao khi ciia Viet Nam, cdng suat nha may GTL dugc tinh dya theo kha nang cung cap khi theo cac phuang an sau:
• Phirang dn cong sudt cao: nguyen lieu la lugng khi thien nhien edn lai sau khi da
Trang 6TuyIn tap bao cao Hpi nghi KHCN "30 nSm Dau khi Vift Nam: Co hpi mdi, thach thuc mdi" 4J_
sir dyng eho cac dy an chic chin kha thi (chua ke den dy an se di vao hoat dgng
sau nam 2010) Theo phuang an nay, cdng suat: 200 trieu ft^ (3,4 trieu m^)
khi/ngay - 21.460 thiing/ngay)
• Phuang dn cong sudt thdp: nguyen lieu la lugng khi thien nhien cdn lai sau khi
da tinh toan sir dung cho tat ca cac dy an.Theo phuang an nay, edng suat la 120
trieu ft^ (5,7 trieu m^) khi/ngay - 12.870 thiing/ngay
b Nhd may xdy dung dr mien Trung
Cac md khi thudc khu vyc mien Trung cd trir lugng kha ldn Cum Hai Long (bao
gdm Hdng Long, Hoang Long, Hae Long va Bach Long) cd trir lugng xac minh tren 7 ty
m^ Tuy nhien, neu xay dyng mdt nha may GTL se gap mdt sd trd ngai khi sir dung khi tai
day nhu sau:
• Khi tai cac be nay cd chat lugng thap, ham lugng CO2 cao tir 11% - 70%) Do
ham lugng CO2 cao, nen chi cd the ap dyng cac cdng nghe cua Synfuels va
JNOC (cd kha nang xir ly dugc khi cd ham lugng CO2 cao) Nhung cac cdng
nghe nay cdn dang trong giai doan nghien ciru hoan thien, chua phat trien thuang
mai, chi phi dau tu cdn rat cao
• Cac be khi tai khu vyc mien Trung nam rai rac va chua cd ke hoach khai thac,
thu gom Chi phi cho qua trinh khai thac, xir ly se rat cao
• Ket cau ha tang ciing nhu he thdng van chuyen khi chua cd, v.v
Cac yeu td tren la nhirng khd khan rat ldn ddi vdi viec xay dyng nha may GTL d
mien Trung va chua the cd hieu qua kinh te
3 Cong nghe ap dung
Tir CO sd nghien eiiu cac cdng nghe GTL ve ca cau san pham, hieu qua thu hdi nhiet,
chi phi dau tu, ehi phi van hanh, kinh nghiem (bao gdm cae pilot thir nghiem va miic do
thuong mai), cae phuong an cdng suat thap va cdng suat cao, cac cdng nghe cd the ap
dung phii hgp la Shell, Sasol, Synfuels va Synergy
4 Tinh toan hieu qua kinh te
Tinh toan hieu qua kinh te tren co sd phan tich do nhay theo gia khi va gia dau thd
dugc thyc hien vdi cac gia thiet:
- Ap dyng cdng nghe ciia Shell va Sasol
- Dja diem xay dyng nha may: mien Nam
- Gia diu thd tdi thilu: 20,0USD/thung
- Gia khi: 2,2USD/tr BTU
- Nguyen lieu: khi tir cac bl Cim Long, Nam Cdn Son, Malay - Thd Chu
- Cdng suit thip: 12.870 thiing/ngay
- Cdng suit cao: 21.460 thiing/ngay
Trang 742 Cong nghf chuyen hoa khi thien nhien thanh nhien lifu Idng: kha nang ap dung d ViftJVam^
- N P V > 0
Ket qua tinh do nhay theo gia khi va dau thd
Theo gid khi:
Cong sudt
12.870 thiing/ngay
Shell
Sasol
21.460 thiing/ngay
Shell
Sasol
Gid khi cao nhdt (USD/trBTU)
0,6 0,5
0,8 0,8
IRR
10,49 10,71
10,35 10,31
NPV@10%
11,79 13,37
13,30 8,74
Theo gid ddu tho:
Cong sudt
12.870 thiing/ngay
Shell
Sasol 21.460 thiing/ngay
Shell Sasol
Gid ddu tho thdp nhdt (USD/thung)
37,0
41,0
35,0 38,0
IRR
10,76
10,46
10,71 10,73
NPV@IO%
18,78 8,82
27,49 21,22
Neu so sanh vdi ehi phi tren mdt thimg cdng suit ciia nha may GTL vdi mdt thiing cdng suat cua Nha may lge diu sd 1 thi chi phi diu tu GTL cao hon tir 2,4 din hon 3 lin, cdn chi phi hoat ddng tir 3,8 din 5,1 lin
Cdng suat
Dau tu
Hoat ddng
Don vi
thiing/ngay
USD/thiing
USD/thiing
GTL
Shell
12.870 31,094 5,21
21.460 29,179
4,68
Sasol
12.870 27,672 6,26
21.460 24,886 5,26
NMLD
6,5 tr tan
10,204 1,23
Ket qua tinh toan cho thay: Cac trudng hgp tinh do nhay diu khdng kha thi vl mat kinh tl tai gia khi 2,2USD/trieu BTU va gia diu thd 20,0USD/thiing Chi kha thi khi gia khi nhd hon 0,8USD/trieu BTU (gia diu thd la 20,0USD/thiing) hoae gia diu thd cao hon 35USD/thung (gia khi la 2,2USD/trieu BTU)
Ap dyng cdng nghe GTL eua Shell tdt hon ciia Sasol Thi hien la tai eiing mdt cdng suat, cdng nghe GTL ciia Shell cho san pham cd gia trj nhieu hon va ehi phi san xuit thip
Trang 8TuyIn tap bao cao Hpi nghj KHCN "30 nSm DSu khi Vift Nam: Co hpi mdi, thach thiic mdi" 43^
ban cua Sasol, mac dii diu tu cdng nghe Shell eao ban cdng nghe Sasol
Tai gia khi cd dinh, khi tang cdng suat len thi hieu qua kinh te se cao hon (NPV va
IRR se cao hon) vi chi phi san xuat tren thiing se giam khi tang cdng suat, do vay hieu qua
kinh te se eao hon
Chi phi diu tu va chi phi boat ddng ciia nha may GTL cao hon rat nhieu so vdi nha
may loc diu Tuy nhien, san pham ciia GTL cd chat lugng cao hon san pham Igc dau va
dap ling dugc yeu eau mdi trudng trong tuong lai
KET LUAN
1 Ve kha nang cung cap nguyen lieu - quy mo cong suat
a O mien Nam
Theo dy bao, khai thac khi d cac be phia Nam nam 2010 la 13 ty m^ vao cao nhat
vao nam 2015 la 13,31 ty m^ va giam dan tdi 11,05 ty m^ vao nam 2018 Cac dy an sir
dung khi nam 2010 tir 9,2 den 9,9 ty m'' Nhu vay, neu xay dyng nha may GTL thi nha
may nay phai boat dgng vao nam 2010 Neu ddi dy an la tir 15 - 20 nam thi khdng dii
nguyen lieu cho nha may (chi cd the dii cho 8 nam boat ddng, tiic den nam 2018)
b O mien Trung
Neu sau nam 2015, cac md cua cym Hai Long va md Bach TrT dua vao khai thac thi
cd the xay dyng nha may GTL Tuy nhien, khi d khu vyc mien Trung cd chat lugng thap
(ham lugng CO2 cao, metan thap) Den thdi diem hien tai chi cd the ap dyng cdng nghe
JNOC, Synfuels, nhung cae cdng nghe nay cdn dang d giai doan nghien ciru va chi phi
dau tu rat eao Xay dyng nha may GTL can chd sy phat hien them trii lugng khi ciing nhu
cac nghien ciiu hoan thien hon niia ve cac qua trinh cdng nghe nham giam dau tu va nang
cao hieu qua ciing nhu tinh kha thi ciia dy an GTL Nhu vay, tir nay den nam 2015, d
mien Trung Viet Nam chua the xay dung nha may GTL
2 Ve cong nghe
Ddi vdi khi eae be phia Nam cd the ap dyng cac cdng nghe ciia Sasol, Shell va
Synfuels Ddi vdi khi be Sdng Hdng eg the ap dyng cdng nghe ciia Synfuels, JNOC
3 Ve san pham
Nhien lieu cd chat lugng rat tdt, dam bao cac yeu cau ve mdi trudng, gdp phan dap
ling nhu cau thj trudng, nhung rat khd canh tranh vdi san pham Igc dau
4 Ve kha nang ap dung
Den nam 2015, cdng nghe GTL d Viet Nam rit thip do bj anh hudng bdi cac yeu td
nhu: nguyen lieu khi khdng du, ehi phi diu tu cao, cac cdng nghe GTL chua dn djnh, chua
thuang mai boa, gia dau thd khdng dn dinh, gia khi tai Viet Nam cao (tir 2,2
-3,0USD/trieu BTU), chat lugng khi d khu vyc miin Trung thip (ham lugng CO2 cao)
Trang 944 Cong nghf chuyen hoa khi thien nhien thanh nhien lifu long: kha nSng ^p dung d Vift Nam
5 Ve hieu qua kinh te
Kha nang cung cip nguyen lieu, gia khi, gia dau trong mgi trudng hgp tinh toan kinh te deu chua cd hieu qua
Nhu vay, tir nay din nam 2015 d Viet Nam chua the xay dung dugc nha may GTL Tuy nhien, chiing ta vin cin phai tilp tyc nghien ciiu hudng sir dyng khi, dac biet d khu vyc miin Trung va nghien cim ap dung cdng nghe GTL nham mye dich sir dyng hieu qua ngudn khi ciia nude ta
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Do Dinh Luyen, Hoang Xuan Qudc, 2001 Cong nghiep khi Viet Nam: Thuc trgng vd tiem ndng phdt triin Hdi nghj Phat triln cdng nghiep khi Viet Nam, 22-6-2001, Ha
Ndi
2 Nguyen Van Minh, Cii Xuan Bao, 2001 Tiem ndng vd trien vgng phdt trien khai thde khi thien nhien a Viet Nam Hdi nghj Phat trien cdng nghiep khi Viet Nam, 22-6-2001,
HaNdi
3 Pham Van Khang va n.n.k., 2003 Nghien cicu tong quan cong nghe chuyen hod khi thien nhien thdnh nhien lieu long vd khd ndng dp dung cho khi Viet Nam
4 Chien luge phat trien khau sau Nganh Khi den nam 2010 TL sd 87, 1997
5 PVEP, 4/2002
6 Nghien cicu khd ndng sdn xudt etylen vd nhua polyetylen tic nguyen lieu ddu khi tgi Viet Nam
1 Trung tam Nghien ciiu & Phat trien Che bien Dau khi Nghien cicu tien khd thi nhd mdy sdn xudt xa sai polyeste tgi Viet Nam
8 Presentation to the R&D Center for Petroleum Processing - Conoco, 2-8-2002
9 IBC Gas to Liquid Conference (8-9/7/2002, Milan, Italia)
10 Nguyen Thanh Cang, Biii Thanh Canh, 2001 Thi truang khi thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh
vd mien Dong Nam bg
1 I.Nguyen Quang Huynh, 2001 Phdt trien thi trudng cho hoa ddu vd phdn bon
12 Bao cao Nghien ciiu kha thi Nha may Dien - Dam Phii My
13.Trung tam Nghien ciiu va Phat trien Che bien Dau khi Nghien cicu dinh huang chdt luang sdn phdm Igc ddu tic ndm 2005 - 2015 phuc vu cho du dn Nhd mdy Igc ddu s6 2
14 Hydrocarbon Processing, 2001 Gas to Liquid: Much smoke, little fire p 19
15 Synergy Technologies Corporation, 1999 Syngen and other SynergyTecnologies
16 ExxonMobil Corporation Advanced gas conversion for the 21^' century
17 JNOC GTL technology 3/2002
Trang 10Tuyen tap b^o c^o Hpi nghj KHCN "30 nSm Dau khi Vift Nam: Co hpi mdi, thach thuc mdi" 45^
18 ASCOPE - Indonesia GTL Study Group, 2002 Review GTL technologies, application
& economic consideration
19 ASCOPE - E&P BDC GTL Study Group, 2002 Gas to liquid GTL plant
20 Rentech Inc., 2002 Presentation to ASCOPE
2 I.E.P Robertson, 1999 Option for gas-to-liquid technology in Alaska
22 Presentation to ASCOPE, 2002 Synfuels gas-to-liquid technology
23 Chem Systems, 2001 Stranded gas utilization: Methane refineries of future
24.Hydrocarbon, July/Aug 2002 Future outlook for GTL fuels: A Japanese perspective,
p 24