Xây dựng mô hình phân loại, thu gom và xử lý chất thải rắn sinh hoạt tại các hộ gia đình ở tổ 7, phường tân thịnh, thành phố thái nguyên

Nguyen Thu HuyIn vd dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 83(07) 121 126 XAY DlTNG MO HINH PHAN LOAI, THU GOM VA XlT LY CHAT THAI RAN SINH HOAT TAI CAC HO GIA DINH, 6 TO 7, P H L T O N G T A N THINH, THANH[.]

Nguyen Thu HuyIn vd dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 83(07): 121 - 126

XAY DlTNG M O H I N H P H A N LOAI, T H U G O M VA XlT LY

CHAT THAI R A N SINH H O A T TAI C A C HO GIA D I N H ,

6 TO 7, P H L T O N G T A N T H I N H , T H A N H PHO THAI N G U Y E N

Nguyen Thu Huyen , Nguyen Thi Dong

Truang Dai hoc Khoa hoc - DH Thdi Nguyen

TOM T A T

Cac tac gia da nghien cu'u va xay dirng mo hinh thu gom, phan loai va xu- ly chat thai ran sinh boat tai cac hg gia dinh to 7, phudng Tan Thinh, thanh pho Thai Nguyen, cd 85 % hg dan dong y phan loai CTR tai nguon Chi phi xay dung mo hinh nay la 43.958.200 dong Ngoai ra, vdi 50 gia dinh tham gia u phan thi trong mot nam dja phuong se giam dugc 23 tan CTR chon lap va 18,3 trieu dong chi phi van chuyen xir ly CTR

Tir khoa: Mo hinh, phdn logl, thu gom, xu ly, chdt thdi rdn sinh hogt, u phdn, chon lap

DAT VAN DE

Chat thai ran (CTR) dd thi khdng phai la van

de thdi su nhung ludn dugc su quan tam ciia

mgi tang ldp xa hdi Mdt trong nhting van de

can giai quyet tai dd thj la phan loai CTR sinh

hoat (CTRSH) tai ngudn Viec phan CTR tai

cac hd gia dinh thanh cac loai rieng (CTR vd

CO', CTR huu ca, CTR ddc hai) se mang lai lgi

ich kinh te, mdi trudng va xa hdi

Vdi nhung lgi ich nhu tren, phan loai CTR tai

ngudn da trd thanh mdt trong nhung ndi dung

quan trgng trong chien luge Qudc gia ve Bao

ve mdi trudng Hien nay, md hinh phan loai,

thu gom va xir ly CTR tai ngudn da thuc hien

thanh cdng d mdt sd Qudc gia tren the gidi va

mot sd phudng, xa, thj tran d Viet Nam

Trong khi dd, d Thai Nguyen chua thuc hien

phan loai CTR va chua cd nghien ciru khoa

hoc ve xay dung md hinh phan loai, thu gom

va xu- ly tai ngudn

Td 7, phudng Tan Thjnh, thanh phd Thai

Nguyen cd quy md dan sd va khdng Idn (96

ho vdi sd dan 485 ngudi ke ca sinh vien d trg,

2009) Trong td cd mdt hd ndng nghiep; mdt

hg Iam nghe tu do, cdn lai can bd cdng nhan

vien chirc, bd ddi nghi huu Ngoai ra, cac gia

dinh lam them ngbl kinh doanh nhd le nhu

ban tap hda, do an sang, nude va djch vu cho

thue nha trg Vdi dac diem nghe nghiep nhu

tren cd the khang dinh trinh do dan tri trong td

kha cao va la to Van hda Day la yeu td quan

Tel: 0914569251: Email: hiivennt.(Ihkhurgmail.com

trgng khi trien khai ebuong trinh phan loai CTR Ddng thdi dieu kien tu nhien, xa hdi va CO- sd ha tang kha thuan lgi He thdng dudng giao thdng rdng, thoang, khdng cd ngd sau Lanh dao td dan phd 7 da nhan thirc va quan tam tdi cac van de mdi trudng tai dja phuong

Hg cho biet rat vui khi dugc la cdng tac vien ciia md hinh phan loai CTR tai ngudn va se hudng dan ngudi dan thuc hien va duy tri md hinh Tai day, cdng ddng da hinh thanh thdi

quen tai che CTR Vi vay: "Xdy dimg mo hinh phdn logi thu gom vd xir ly chdt thai rdn sinh hogt Igi cdc ho gia dinh a to 7, phirang Tdn Thinh, thdnh phd Thdi Nguyen" la can

thiet de dja pbuong ap dung md hinh nay vao thuc tien

Muc tieu ciia de tai: Lira chgn md hinh phan loai, thu gom va xii- ly CTRSH phii hgp vdi dja phuong de tirng budc quan ly tdt CTRSH trong phudng Tan Thjnh ndi rieng va thanh phd Thai Nguyen ndi chung ddng thdi nang cao nhan thirc va y thuc ciia cdng ddng ve phan loai CTR tai ngudn

N Q I DUNG VA PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN CU'U

* Noi dung nghien ciru

- Hien trang phat sinh, thu gom va xii- ly CTRSH tai td 7, phudng Tan Thjnh, thanh phd Thai Nguyen

- Danh gia nhan thirc, kha nang phan loai CTRSH ciia cdng ddng tai khu vuc

Nguyen Thu Huyen vd dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 83(07): 121-126

- Thi nghiem ii phan compost

- Tinh toan chi phi khi ap dung md hinh phan

loai thu gom va xu' ly CTRSH tai dja phuo'ng

* Phuo'ng phap nghien ciru

- Phuang phdp thu thdp so lieu, tai lieu

- Phuang phdp dieu tra thirc dia: tien hdnh

thu gom phdn logi chdt ihdi rdn sinh hogt tgi

3 ho gia dinh trong 2 7 ngdy de xdc dinh khoi

lucmg vd thdnh phdn CTRSH

Dong thai, tien hdnh phdt 2 nil nilon cho moi

ho Irong 10 ngdy vdi liii mdu den dinig CTR

vd ca, till mdu xanh dimg CTR hint ca de

ddnh gld kha ndng phdn logi CTR giCra cdc

gia dinh

- Phuong phap danh gia nhanh cd su tham gia

ciia cdng ddng: Thdng qua phat 50 phieu dieu

tra tai cac hd gia dinh de danh gia nhan thu'c

ciia cdng ddng ve phan loai CTR

- Thi nghiem: Sir dung che phdm E.M2 vd

E.M Bokashi u yem khi CTR sinh hogt

Tien hanh thu gom va phan loai CTR sinh

boat sau dd ii CTR sinh boat huu co' hang

ngay

Bang 1 Danh sach dung cu va nguyen lieu

dung trons thi nahiem

TT

1

2

4

5

6

7

Ten

CTRSH huu ca

Xo nhua

Chai nhua

Voi thao nude

Vi ngan CTR

Che pham E.M2

Che pham E.M

Bokashi

So lu'ong

3

3

500

700

Don vj

Chiec

Lo Chiec Cai

ml

O + Cac xd nhua diic thiing 1 Id nhd d day cd

nap kin vi dd CTR va dugc ke cao d noi

thoang mat, tranh anh nang mat trdi va tranh

nude mua;

-I- Che pham E.M Bokashi rac deu 1 ldp 40 g

vao day thiing

-t- CTR hQ-u CO- thu gom hang ngay dugc cat

VLin khoang 3 - 5 mm, cho vao thiing va dugc

san deu

-I- Rac deu len be mat CTR huu ca mdt ldp

chi pham E.M2 Yeu cau do am CTR dat tir

30 - 50%

Thu gom xii ly CTR hiru ca cho den khi day (each mieng xd khoang 5 cm) U phan khoang

45 ngay din khi khdi lugng cac thiing khdng doi thi dirng lai (Khi do qua trinh phan hiiy CTR htru ca kit thuc)

KET QUA NGHIEN CU'U

Khoi luang va thanh phan chat thai ran sinh hoat phat sinh tai to 7, phuong Tan Thjnh, thanh pho Thai Nguyen

- Khdi lugng CTR sinh hoat phat sinh tai cac

hd gia dinh dao ddng trong khoang 0.43 -0,71 kg/ngudi/ngay Tdng khdi lugng CTR sinh boat phat sinh la 276,4 kg/ngay

- Lug'ng CTR sinh boat binh quan tai nhirng gia dinh 4 thanh vien trd xudng cao gap 1,65 ISn gia dinh cd 5 thanh vien trd len Lugng CTR sinh hoat tang vao cac ngay cudi tuan nhung khdng dang ke Vao cac ngay le tet, lugng CTR thudng tang tii' 1,3 - 1,5 lan do nhu cau tieu diing cua cac hoat hang ngay Ket qua phan loai thanh phan CTR phat sinh tai td 7, phudng Tan Thjnh, thanh phd Thai Nguyen duge the hien qua bang 2

Biing 2 Thanh phan CTR phat sinh tai to 7, phudng Tan Thjnh, thanh phd Thai Nguyen

TT

2

3

4

5

6

7

Thanh phan

Chat huu ca

Xi than Nilon Giav an Nhua Pin, thudc qua han Cac loai khac

Ty If (" 55,2 22,5 7,8 6.5 3,7 0,1 4.2 Tong cong 100

Ket qua bang 2 cho thay: thanh phan CTR mang dac trung ciia CTR sinh hoat CTR hiru CO- chiem ty le cao nhat la 55.2%; va thap nhat

la chat ddc hai 0,1% Thanh phan CTR ciia cac hd gia dinh gan nhu khdng ddi Chat vd

ca tang tii- 32,5%) len den 45%) vao cac ngay cudi tuan Tiiy vao nghe nghiep ciia hg ma ty

Nguyen Thu HuyIn va dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 83(07): 121-126

Hien trang thu gom va xir ly CTR sinh hoat

Uy ban nhan dan phuo'ng Tan Thjnh phdi hgp

vdi Cdng ty Cd phan Mdi trudng & Cdng

trinh dd thi (CTCPMTDT) Thai Nguyen thuc

hien Cu the nhu sau;

+ Uy ban Nhan dan phudng Tan Thjnh: thanh

lap ddi ve sinh mdi trudng, cd 1 can bd quan

ly chung, 1 ke toan, 8 cdng nhan thu gom

CTR (ca nam va nu)

+ CTCPMTDT chju trach nhiem van chuyen

CTR tai 3 diem tap ket (nga ba Phii Thai,

cdng trudng Cao dang Thuong mai va Du

lich, cdng trudng viing cao Viet Bac) va chdn

lap tai bai rac Da Mai - Tan Cuong

Qua khao sat cho thay: cdng tac quan ly mdi

trudng ciia phudng Tan Thjnh cdn nhieu bat

cap Can bd khdng cd chuyen mdn Tien cdng

ciia mdi cdng nhan chua xirng dang khoang

600.000 ddng/thang Hien nay, le phi thu gom

CTR sinh boat ap dung la 3000

dong/ngudi/thang

- CTR dugc thu gom bang phuong phap thii

cdng (xe day tam giac, chdi, xeng) ket hgp

co-gidi (cac xe cau, xe udn) Da phan CTR sinh

hoat dugc dirng vao bao tai hoac thiing xdp

trudc nha, sd it mang ra diem tap trung Hau

het cac xe thu gom deu qua tai CTR thudng

chat cao 0,8 - Im, xung quanh xe day mdc

nhieu cac tiii nilon dan den tinh trang roi vai

trong van chuyen Theo quy djnh, CTR phat

sinh dugc thu hang ngay nhung thuc te 1 - 2

ngay/Han

Hien trang thu gom va xir ly CTR sinh hoat

duoc cu the hda trong binh 1

Hp gia

dinh

i

Bao

dung

CTK

Con

nha

VSM

- •

'

g

1

T

'

Xc lam

giac - * •

Cong ty MTof

1

i

Xc van chuyen

Bai rac

Da Mai

M6 hinh phan loai, thu gom va xu ly CTR sinh hoat

a Nhfjn thirc cua cong dong ve phdn loai chfit thdi rdn

Thdng ke 50 phieu dieu tra va thu dugc nhung ket qua nhu sau: Co 44/50 ngudi diigc phdng van da nghe ndi tdi mdt trong sd cac cum tir: CTR vd co-, htru ca tai che va nguy hai qua phuo-ng tien thdng tin dai chimg, internet (hinh 2)

100^°

80 —

60 —1

40 —

20 —

0

88.6 %

63.6%

36.3%

9%

•

1-Hinh 2 Hieu biet ciia ngudi dan ve cac loai CTR

Hinh 3 cu the hda kha nang nhan biet thuc te ciia cdng ddng thdng qua phieu dieu tra

40

30

20

10

0 43.1%

HCru ca la

— • 2.^%

che

22.7%

n

1

Vo ca

6.8%

Nguy hai

Loai CTR

Hinh 1 Mo hinh thu gom, xu ly CTR sinh hoat

tai td 7, phudng Tan Thinh

Hinh 3 Kha nang nhan biet ciia ngudi dan

ve cac loai CTR

So sanh hinh 2 va hinh 3 cho thay: 45,5% so ngudi nghe CTR huu ca nhung khdng hieu Tuang tu ddi vdi cac loai CTR vd co, tai ehl

va nguy hai, ty le ngudi hieu dugc ban chat

Nguyen Thu Huyen vd dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 83(07): 121 - 126 giam lan lugt la 40,9%; 11,3% va 2,2% Tir

nhan thuc eua cdng ddng de tai xay dung md

hinh quan ly CTR sinh boat nhu hinh 4

Hinh 4 Mo hinh thu gom, xii- ly CTRSH tai cac

hg gia dinh Ghi chu: - NMCBPVS: Nha may che bien phan vi

sinh; - BCL: Bai chon lap

b Mot so ket qud khi thirc hien mo hinh

phiin loai, thu gom va xir ly CTR sinh hoat

- Hai ngay dau CTR dugc de lan lgn

Nhung ngay tiep, su phan loai tien bd hon

Kit thiic dgt phan loai khoang 85% CTR

dugc bd dung theo quy djnh

- Do trinh do dan tri cao va ddng deu nen cac

gia dinh trong td da nam dugc van dl nhanh,

gan nhu khdng cd sir khac biet ve kha nang

phan loai CTR gitra cac gia dinh

Thiet ke mo hinh phan loai, thu gom va xir

ly CTR sinh hoat

a Cong tdc tuyen truyen

- Phuong tien truyen thdng: loa, dai, bang tin,

bang rdn, ap phich, td roi

- Tuyen truyen tai gia dinh ve y nghTa va each thuc cdng tac phan loai, xii' ly CTR

b In dn, phdt ta rcri

- Thdng diep: "Tiet kiem, tan dung, tdi sinh"

"Cdng it chdt thdi cdng tot":

- Phat td roi: tai cugc hgp dan vao dau cua

budi tuyen truyen

c To chiec phdn loai, thu gom vd xir ly chat thdi rdn sinh hoat

- Kinh phi mua thiing rac va xe thu gom : + Mua thiing rac 2 ngan: 1.800.000 x 3 =

5.400.000 ddng -I- Mua xe gom 2 ngan (loai 0,25 mVxe): 1.100 X 2 = 2.200.000 ddng

Trudng TH Le Van Tam

Duang Z1I5

->L1 = 110

ni< t

H = 6m Khu dan cu

• ^ ^ •

L2 = 20m

Khu

^ dan

cu

Khu dan cu

Hinh 5 Vi tri dat thiing rac 2 ngan cdng cong

dja phuang Ghi chii:

^ : Vj tri dat thiing rac I tai sd nha 32 dudng Zl 15

^ : Vj tri dat thiing rac 2 tai sd nha 16,

ngo 16, dudng Zl 15

/ \ : Vi tri dat thiing rac thir 3 tai so nha

37, ngd 30, dudng Zl 15

Phdt xo phdn logl CTR: Mdi hd dugc phat

2 xd mau vang va mau xanh de phan loai CTR vao budi hgp tap huan cdng ddng dau tien ve phan loai CTR do td trudng to dan pho

Nguyin Thu Huyen vd dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 83(07): 121 - 126

Kinh phi thuc hien (gia mdi xd la 15.000 )

15.000 X 2 X 96 = 2.880.000 dong

To chiic thu gom vdn chuyen tgi diem tap ket:

Cac gia dinh phan loai va dem ra thiing rac

cdng cdng Ddng thdi cdng nhan thu gom

CTR tai thiing rac edng cdng; van chuyen

diem tap ket

Xir ly: CTR vd eo- dugc chdn lap tai bai rac

Da Mai cdn CTR huu co' xir ly tai nha may

che bien phan vi sinh

Ket qua thi nghiem xu ly CTR hiru ca tai

cac ho gia dinh 6' to 7

Ket qua phan tich ham lugng dinh dudng

trong hdn hgp huu ca sau kbi ii phan compost

tai gia dinh dugc the hien d bang 3

Bang 3 Ket qua phan tich ham lugng N, P, K

tong so trong san pham

Bang 4 Chi phi dau tu ii phan cho I gia dinh

trono I nam

TT

1

2

3

4

Chat

OM

N,s

K.O,,

P205,s

Ham lu-gng (%) 24,78-31,89 0,95- 1,25 1,72- 1,89 0,5 - 0,63

Ket qua bang 3 cho thay ham lugng QM

chilm ty le cao nhat tir 24,78 - 31,89% cd tac

dung cai tao chat lugng dat Ddng thai cung

cap them dinh dudng N P, K cho cay trdng

Chi phi xay dung mo hinh phan loai, thu

gom va XU' ly chat thai ran sinh hoat tai cac

ho gia dinh 6' to 7, phuong Tan Thjnh,

thanh pho Thai Nguyen

- Kinh phi xay dung md hinh phan loai:

15.000 X 2 X 96 = 2.'880.000 dong

- Chi phi ii CTR huu ca

Chi phi il phan bdn cho mdt hd gia dinh: Tinh

chi phi li CTR cho mdt gia dinh cd 4 thanh

vien trong 1 thang (Bang 3)

+ Khoi luang CTR hiru ca la: 0,57 x 4 x

55,2% X 30 = 37,8 kg/thang

+ Chi phi mua thiing se la: 29.000 x 3 =

87.000 dong (sir dung 3 xd 22 lit)

+ Chi phi mua dung djch xu- ly trong mdt

thang: 324 x 37,8 = 12.247 dong/thang.Moi

hg dau tu ban dau 248.964 ddng se thu diigc

200 kg phan bdn/nam Nhu vay, mdt gia dinh

thu nhap 160.000 - 400.000 dong/nam (Gia

phan C^u Dien 800 - 2.000 ddng kg)

TT

1

2

3

4

Thiet bi

Xo nhua Voi dan nude rac Chi phi che pham

Vi ngan

Ting

Th: anh tien (dong)

87.000 3.000 146.964 12.000

248.964

Ket qua thu dugc tii- phieu dieu tra cho thay:

cd 52% gia dinh (udc tinh 50 hd) ddng y ii phan, bdn cay canh va rau trdng tai nha Chi phi dau tu- la: 248.964 x 50 = 12.448.200 ddng

Khoi lugng CTR huu co : 37.8 x 50 x 12 = 22.680 kg/nam = 22,68 tan/nam

- Cbi phi xii ly:

Khdi lugng CTR la: 276,4 x 355 = 100.886 kg/nam ~ 240 m/nam

* Nhu vdy, kinh phi thuc te vdn chuyen vd xir

ly CTR khi chua phdn logi Id:

160.000 X 240 = 38.400.000 ddng/nam Kinh phi van chuyen, xii' ly CTR sinh boat sau khi phan loai nhu sau:

- Khoi lugng CTR hiTu ca: 55,2 x 276,4 x 365

= 55.689 kg/nam = 55,69 tSn/nam

- Lugng CTR buu ca phai dem di xir ly: 55,69

- 22,68 = 33 tan/nam

- Chi phi van chuyen, xu ly CTR huu co: 60.000 X 33 = 1.980.000 dong/nam

- Lugng chat vd ca dem chdn lap 1 nam: 101

- 56 = 45 tan/nam = 107 mVnam

- Chi phi van chuyen, xir ly CTR vd co- la:

107 X 160.000= 17.120.000 dong/nam

* Vdy, kinh phi van chuyen vd xu ly sau khi

da phdn logi CTR Id:

17.120.000+ 1.980.000= 19.100.000 dong Phi mdi trudng thu dugc ciia td hien nay lai 7.470.000 ddng/nam Nhu vay khdng dii de xir ly CTR Khi thuc hien md hinh phan loai, thu gom va xii- ly CTR nbir de xuat, iniic dau tir ban dau gdp 2,5 lan so hien tai nhung khi di vao boat ddng se dem lai lgi ich ve kinh te

Nguyen Thu Huyen vd dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 83(07): 121 - 126

Bang 5 T6ng hgp kinh phi thuc hien xay dung

mo hinh phan loai thu gom va xii' ly CTR sinh

boat tai to 7, p Tan Thinh, tp Thai Nguyen

Don vi: 1000 dlna

TT

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Hang muc

Hgp tuyen truyen

In ap phich

Td rai

Thiing rac 2 ngan

Xe thu gom 2 ngan

Xo dung CTR

Chi phi u rac

Xu ly CTR

Tong cong

Tru'O'c

du an

38.400 38.400

Thuc hien

du an 1.000

450

480 5.400 2.200 2.880 12.448 19.100 43.958 KET LUAN

Qua qua trinh dieu tra, khao sat thuc dja tai td

7, phudng Tan Thinh, thanh phd Thai Nguyen

cho thay:

- Xay dung thanh cdng md hinh phan loai, thu

gom va xir ly CTRSH tai cac hd gia dinh

- Hon 85% hd dan ddng y phan loai CTR tai

ngudn CTR dugc chia Iam 3 loai: CTR huu

CO', CTR vd CO- va CTR tai che

- 52% hd dan ddng y li CTR hiru co- tai gia dinh

- Chi phi xay dung md hinh phan loai, thu gom va xii' ly chat thai ran sinh hoat la 43.958.200 dong

- Ham lugng chat dinh dudng trong phan u tir CTRSH eao, trong do ham lugng miin dat tieu chuan lam phan bdn cho cac loai cay trdng [2]

T A I L I E U THAM KHAO [1] Ung Quoc Dung, Tran Hieu Nhuc, Nguyen

Thj Kim Thai (2001), Qudn ly chdt thdi rdn Chdt thai rdn do thi, tap I, Nxb Xay dung

[2] Nguyin Xuan Nguyen (2004) Cong nghe xic ly rdc thdi vd chdt thai rdn, Nxb Khoa hgc va Ky

thuat

[3] D6ng Thj Phuang Lien (2008), Khda luan tit nghiep "Dieu tra, danh gia nguon rac thai sinh boat va sii- dung mot so che pham vi sinh vat de xii

ly rac huu ca lam phan bon va bao ve moi trudng", Dai hgc Nong Lam - DHTN

[4] UBND phudng Tan Thjnh, Bdo cdo long ket cuoi ndm 2009 to 7, phudng Tdn Thinh, thdnh pho Thdi Nguyen

[5] Trung tam tu van cdng nghe moi trudng

-Lien hiep cac hdi khoa hgc va ky thuat Viet Nam,

2005, Bao cao ket qua thuc hien du an: "'Xdy dung

mo hinh phdn logi, thu gom vd xic ly rdc thdi sinh hogt cho cdc khu do thi md-P\ Ha Ngi

SUMMARY

BUILDING A MODEL SORTING, COLLECTING AND PROCESING OF SOLID WASTE AT THE HOUSEHOLDS IN THE GROUP NO 7, TAN THINH WARD,

THAI NGUYEN CITY

Nguyen Thu Huyen , Nguyen Thi Dong

College of Sciences - That Nguyen University

The authors has researched and buih a model on sorting, collecting and processing of household solid wastes at Group No.7, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City with 85% households agreed to sorting solid wastes at source Building cost of this model is 43.958,200VND In addition to 50 families participating in composting the solid waste in local will reduce 23 tons of dumping solid wastes/ year and 18,3 million VND of transport solid waste to the authorized dumping areas

Key words: model, sorting, collecting, processing, household solid waste, composting, dumping