KHOA HQC, CONG NGHE CHUYEN GIAO XAY DUNG TIEU CHI DANH GIA DIA DIEM 6 NHlfiM TON LUU 6 VIET NAM ]%hvtlng nghien euflu han dan TliS H 6 KII&N TRUNG, TiiS NGUYEN MANH HUNG, TliS NGUYEN Dtrc THO, KS VO T[.]
Trang 1KHOA HQC, CONG NGHE - CHUYEN GIAO
XAY DUNG TIEU CHI DANH GIA DIA DIEM
6 NHlfiM TON LUU 6 VIET NAM -]%hvtlng nghien euflu han dan
TliS. H 6 KII&N TRUNG, TiiS NGUYEN MANH HUNG,
TliS NGUYEN Dtrc THO, KS VO THI L$ HA
Cuc Quin ly ch§t thil vi Cii thiin Mdi trudng, TSng Cue Mdi trudng
TS HOANG THU HUONG, NGUYEN DtfC QUANG, DANG KIM CHI
Vl$n Khoa hgc vi Cdng ngh^ Mdi trudng, Dai hgc Bich Khoa Hi N^i
Tdm t i t : Khii niim 6 nhi§m tdn litu (6NTL) li m^t khii niim titang ddi mdi mi d Viit Nam, mic du cic diSm ONTL di xuSt hiin trong m^t thdi gian dii Hiu qui cOa diim 6NTL thwdng rdt khd kh^c phuc vi chi ditgc phit hi^n khi chdt 6 nhi§m di di vio chuoi thirc Sn vi tic dong tn/c tidp den sire khoi cua cdng ddng Hiin nay, v§n chua cd mot khii niim ditgc thita nhin vi phd biin rdng rii vi diim dNTL d Viet Nam, vi cQng chua cd cic dieu tra day du nh^m xic dinh vi tri va mirc do tic ddng cOa cic diim 6NTL. Bii bio dita ra nhurng nghiin cim dau tiin trong viic xay dung cic tiiu chi dinh gii ONTL, qua dd hinh thinh mot cin cir phip ly nh^m xic dinh vi dinh gii mUc do 6 nhiSm cOa cic diim ONTL, lim casd cho viic xiy dung mgt hi thong quan ly diim 6NTL d Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi
Abstract: Contaminated site is just introduced in Vietnam within the past tew years, although the presence of the contaminated sites was reported to appear for a long time The causal of the contaminated site is very difficult to solve and normally, it is only detected just when the contaminants from the site entered the food-chain and directly threaten public health
Up to present, there is no clear definition that is accepted and widely disseminated for the contaminated site in Vietnam There is not fully investigation to identify and assess the polluted level of the contaminated site as well The research presents the initial worii for constnjction of
an index used to identify and assess the polluted level of the contaminated site, in order to forni the legislation base of a proper management system for the contaminated site
I OAT VAN D£' gi^ <jja didm ONTL
1 Khdi niem 6 nhilm tdn IflU Nhin chung, tai cic nude dang phdt tridn, thuat ngfl
Trong cic vin d l mdi tmdng, ONTL da tdn tai trong ONTL, hay dja didm bj nhilm bdn, hoae dja diim bj 6
thdi gian ddi c i d cic qudc gia phdt tridn lin cic qudc gia nhilm (contaminated site/land), dd ch? nhflng dja didm ma
dang phdt tridn Ngay c i tai ede qudc gia phdt tridn, ONTL tai dd, ed cdc dilu kiln sau: (1) chat nguy hai xua't hiln cr
da sdm dflgc nhan dang, nghiln cflu vd giii quylt, nhflng ndng dd Idn hon ndng dd eho phip, vd (2) chat nguy hai
nhflng hdu qui ciia nd thi khdng phii d l ddng khae phue, dd gdy ra, hoac cd tiim nang gdy ra niii ro tmng han hoac
mac dil da dflgc tap tmng nhflng ngudn lire khdng nhd c i ddi han eho sflc khde cdng ddng vd mdi tmdng, dac bilt la
v l tdi chinh vd KHKT 6 cdc nfldc dang phdt tridn nhfl Vilt mdi tmdng nfldc vd mdi tmdng ddt
Nam, do dilu kiln kinh td vd han ehd v l trinh dd KHKT Din nay, vin chfla cd mdt khii niim thdng nhit ve
nin van d l ndy edn chfla dflgc quan tdm dflng mflc, do dja didm ONTL dflgc sfl dung rdng rai d Vilt Nam vd tham
vay, khdi niim ndy edn khd mdi m l vd khdng duge bilt ddn chf d c i nhiiu nude phdt tridn trin thd gidi Dilu ndy ed the
mdt each rdng rai Vt thd, eho ddn nay Vilt Nam vdn chua dugc giii thfch bdi cic mflc dd quan tdm ddn ddi tflgng
-cd dflgc nhflng eo sd phdp ly vd khoa hgc mdt each diy dii dja diim ONTL - cung nhfl pham vi tdc ddng cfla chung ci
v l cic dja didm ONTL, trong dd ed vile phdn loai vd ddnh cdc qudc gia khic nhau Id khdc nhau Di phu hgp vdi muc
16 nkO HO LAO D0NG 11 /2011
Trang 2KHOA HQC CONG NGHE - CHUYEN GIAO
tiiu nghiln cflu va khi nang md rdng ddi tflgng nghiln
cflu, dja diem ONTL dugc djnh nghTa nhu sau: "Dia diim
ONTL la khu vuc da va dang tdn tai nhUng chat d nhiem,
mi cd kha ning hoac tiem an kha nang giy nhiem dgc
mdi trudng khi, nudc, dat vi sinh vat cQng nhu tdi site
khoe eon ngudi"
2 Tac dong cua 6 nhilm ton Iflu
Qud trinh ONTL cd t hi xiy ra do cdc qud trinh tu
nhiln hoae cdc hoat ddng phdt tridn KT-XH ciia con ngudi
Cdc hoat dgng phdt tridn gdy ra ONTL ehii ydu Id tfl cdc
hoat ddng cdng nghiip, khai khodng, xfl ly chat thii vd SX
ndng nghiip, thdng qua qud trinh ngim, thim cdc chd't d
nhiem tfl ddng nudc thii SX, hda chat luu gifl hay chit thii
dflgc chdn lip vdo mdi tmdng dat vd nudc ngam khu vuc
Cdc chat d nhiem nay khd bj phat hiln nhu dd'i vdi d nhilm
khdng khi hay nude mat, vd thudng din khi duge phdt
hiln, nd da tich tu dii Idn trong h i sinh thdi, chudi thflc an
vd tdc ddng nguy hiem din sflc khde con ngudi Dilu dd
dac bilt nguy hidm ddi vdi cic vung ddn cu ddng diic,
nhdn thflc v l sflc khde vd BVMT edn thip, dilu kiln vd
nang luc y t l cdn yl'u
Cae chat d nhiem ein quan tdm tfl cdc diem ONTL
chu ydu tap tmng vdo ede nhdm chat sau:
- Kim loai nang vd hgp chd't cua chung (Pb, Hg,
Cad-mium);
POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants), Id eac chat
hflu eo khd phdn huy, vi du nhu Polychlorinated
biphe-nyls, Dichloro Diphenyl Triehloroethane, Dioxins hoae
Chlordane;
- Cha't phdng xa nhu U, Ra, Th, Eu, Cs, Po, ;
- Mdt sd hgp chat ciia a kim (arsenic, selenium)
Cac nhdm chat nay xuat hiln tai dja didm ONTL tiiy
thudc vdo bin cha't hoat ddng vd tfnh chat cua didm d
nhiem tdn luu Chiing diu cd die tinh chung Id diu la cdc
chat dugc xlp vdo danh mue chat thii nguy hai hoac ed
thdi gian tdn tai rat Idu trong mdi tmdng Vi du nhu tai cdc
kho thudc bio v l thue vat thi chat d nhilm chu yiu Id cac
nhdm chat hflu co bin vflng POP, tai cdc khu khai thdc
khodng sin thi chu ydu Id kim loai nang, v.v
Bin canh dd, dja diem ONTL cdn gdy ra nhiiu tdc
ddng khdc din phdt trien KT-XH, nhu suy giim gid trj sfl
dung dd't vd tdn that dd't dCing, ddi hdi ngudn lire vd tai
chfnh Idn dd xdc djnh, quin ly vd giai quydt trilt dd, ddng
thdi gay khd khan cho vile quy hoaeh, tdi sfldung dd't cho
mue dich khac
3 Phan loai dja diem ONTL
Cd thd phan loai eae dja didm ONTL theo bin chat,
ngudn gdc hoac tfnh chat cOa dja diem Theo bin chat thi
dia diem ONTL cd thd duge chia thdnh didm ONTL tu
nhiln vd didm d nhilm tdn luu nhdn tao Cdc didm d nhilm
tu nhiln Id nhflng dia didm md tai dd, hdm Iflgng cOa cdc nguyin td hda hgc vd hgp chit ciia chiing khic bilt theo hudng du thfla so vdi cdc viing Idn can vd Id kit qui ciia cdc qud trinh sinh, dja, hod tfl nhiln Cdc dja didm d nhilm nhdn tao Id nhflng dja didm md tai dd xuit hiln ede chit ed hdm lugng ldn hon tcCP, vd Id kit qui ciia cdc qud trinh hoat ddng ddn sinh Cdc dia didm ONTL nhdn tao lai cd thd phdn loai theo dac tmng hoat ddng hoae theo tinh chit
d nhilm md nd gdy ra
Can cfl vdo dilu kiln thirc t l d Vilt Nam, vd nham tao dilu kiln thuan Igi cho vile thu thdp thdng tin, ddnh gid vd quin ly sau ndy, pham vi vd mflc dd tdc ddng din mdi tmdng, cung nhu can cfl trin ngudn lue thuc hiln, quin ly vd khi nang hdi cflu thdng tin, cdc dia didm ONTL nhdn tao cd thd dflgc phdn loai theo loai hinh hoat ddng nhu sau:
1 Bai chdn lip chd't thii ran sinh hoat, chit thii rin edng nghiip, chat thii nguy hai thudc dd thj loai die bilt, loai1,2vd3;
2 CSSX gdy O N M T da ddng cfla hoae di ddi trong danh muc tai Quydt djnh 64 eua Thii tudng Chinh phCi;
3 Khu vue khai thac vd ehd biin khoang sin da ngflng khai thac vd chua hodn nguyin;
4 Kho xang diu, kho hda chit tmdc ddy vd hiln nay khdng edn sfl dung;
5 Khu vuc luu gifl cdc chat thai vd hda chat eiia co sd gdy O N M T
Trong sd eac loai hinh nlu trin, chfla ke din cdc khu vuc mang tfnh chat qudn sir ed liln quan, nhu kho vu khi, hda chat, bai thfl vu khi, khu vuc tap trdn, die bilt Id ede kho vu khi vd hda chat, xang diu tfl thdi gian chiln tranh Theo mflc do d nhilm, cic dja diem ONTL ndi chung edn cd thd duge phdn loai nhu sau:
- Cac dja diem ONTL rat nghilm trgng: Id nhflng diem
md tai dd, ndng dd ciia mdt hay nhiiu chat d nhiem nguy hai hoac thudc nhdm POP vugt qua TCCP vd da ed nhflng bdo cdo ehfnh thflc tai dja didm dd, hoac eac khu vue tuong tu v l tdc ddng ciia chit d nhilm dd din sflc khoe vd tinh mang eua con ngudi
Cdc dja didm ONTL nghilm trgng: Id nhflng dja didm md tai dd, ndng dd cOa mdt hay nhiiu chat d nhiem vugt qui TCCP vd ed the gdy ra cdc tdc ddng dugc bdo cao tdi he sinh thai vd cdc tdc ddng tiim tdng den sflc khoe cdng ddng
Cdc dja didm ONTL thdng thudng: Id nhflng dja diem md tai dd, cd su cd mat eua nhflng chat d nhiem nguy hai hoac khd phdn huy vd ed the gdy ra eie tdc ddng tiim tdng tdi he sinh thdi
- Cdc didm ONTL nhe: Id nhflng dja didm ma tai dd, cd
11/2011 199 chi BAO HO LAO DONG 17
Trang 3KHOA HQC, CONG NGHg - CHUYEN GIAO
sir cd mat ciia nhflng cha't d nhilm thdng thudng mang tfnh
dac thii ciia loai hinh d nhilm nhung nam trong ngudng TCCP
Vile xdc dinh cdc didm ONTL ndi chung, ONTL nhdn
tao ndi riing la mdt trong nhflng nhilm vu quan trgng
trong edng tdc quin ly mdi tmdng hiln nay Su xud't hiln
eiia hang loat cdc "ldng ung thu" nhu dd dua trin cdc
phuong tiln thdng tin dai ehiing gin ddy mdi chf Id nhflng
dau hiiu b l ndi dd'i vdi tdc ddng din mdi trudng vd sflc
khde ciia con ngfldi eiia cdc didm ONTL da tdn tai trong mdt thdi gian rit ddi Cdn rit nhiiu cdc tdc ddng an tii nhflng didm ONTL khdng dflgc kidm sodt, va nhflng tac ddng ndy chf trd nin rd rdng khi da qud mudn dd ed nhflng giii phdp phdng ngfla Ddy mdi Id van d l nhflc nhdi ddi vdi cdc didm ONTL da tdn tai Do vay, vile xdc djnh mdt bd tiiu chf ddnh gid didm ONTL, trfldc hdt Id didm ONTL nhdn tao dd xdc dinh vd ddnh gid mflc dd d nhilm ciia
Cic budc xay dUtig
1 Xdy dung cdc tiiu chi xdc dinh (tiln
phdn loai)
I
2 Xay dung cac phan loai diem ONTL
3 Xdc djnh ede nhdm tiiu ehi cd'u
thdnh
i
4 Xdc djnh ede tiiu chi thdnh phin cua
mdi nhdm tiiu chi
\
5 Tien hdnh thfl nghilm vd hiiu chfnh
didm tiiu chi
Mdti
Can cfl trin dinh nghTa dia didm ONTL nham nhan dang cac didm d nhilm cin dua vdo diin quin ly, xdc djnh muc dich vd mflc dd thdng tin cin cd
Xdc dinh dac trung d nhilm, xdc djnh cdc mflc dd uu tiln cho dia didm ONTL: 0 nhilm rat nghilm trgng, ddi hdi uu tiln cao (ddi hdi phii xfl ly ngay vd xfl ly triet dd); d nhilm nghilm trgng, ddi hdi mflc uu tiln tmng binh (ddi hdi ed k l hoach vd trinh tu quan ly vd xfl ly); d nhilm, ddi hdi mflc dd uu tiln thap (ddi hdi cd k l hoach quin ly); khdng d nhilm, khdng ed uu tiln (ddi hdi quin ly thdng tin)
Can cfl trin md hinh mang ludi qud trinh phoi nhilm cua chat
d nhilm md 4 nhdm tiiu chf chfnh sau dugc lira chgn de ddnh gid: (1) die thii d nhilm, (2) khi nang van chuydn d nhiem (3) mflc dd phoi nhilm vdi h i sinh thdi vd con ngudi (4) tdc ddng tdi phdt tridn KT-XH
Dugc can cfl trin cdc ydu td anh hudng din mdi nhdm (md t i chi tilt phia sau)
Nghiln cflu hiln tmdng vd ed tinh cii thiin
Hinh 1: Scfdomd ti qua trinh xay dUhg tieu chi
18 Tfp ehi BAO HO LAO DONG 11/2011
Trang 4KHOA HQC, CONG NGHE - CHUYEN GIAO
chiing, lam co sd cho viec xay dung mdt he thdng quan ly
hieu qui ddi vdi cac diem ONTL nhdn tao d Vilt Nam la
mdt trong nhflng nhilm vu uu tien Dudi ddy trinh bay mgt
sd kl't qua nghiln eflu budc diu giii quylt nhilm vu dd
Ili XAY DUNG BQ TIEU CHi OANH GiA 0NTL NHAN
TAG 0 VIET NAIVI
1 Quan diem xay dflng bo tieu chf
Quan diem xdy dung bd tiiu chf phdn loai cdc dia
diem ONTL nhdn tao:
- Cd tinh lira chgn vd phdn loai cao;
Kl't hgp djnh tinh vd dinh lugng don giin;
- Khdng phflc tap trong cdch xdc dinh;
- Dua trin ddng thdi cd sd thdng tin ljch sfl va dilu tra
hiln trudng;
The hiln dugc die tmng, pham vi va mflc dd cua
ngudn d nhiem die thii;
- Cd xlt ddn cdc yl'u td tang cfldng (lan tmyln chd't d
nhiim) hoac giam nhe yl'u td d nhilm (lan tmyln chd't d
nhilm, eac giii phap BVMT da dugc sfl dung)
2 Cac bfldc xay diftig tieu chf (Xem so dd Hinh 1)
Oe xay dung dugc mgt bd tiiu chi xdc djnh eac dia
diem ONTL va phan loai dugc cae dja diem ONTL nay, ddi
hdi phai kl't hgp vile ke thfla thdng tin (ngodi nude, trong
nudc) vdi cac nghiln eflu thuc te trong dilu kiln d Viet
Nam Phuong thflc tidp can phu hgp ddi hdi phai xdc dinh
rd rang muc tiiu vd kit qui cua bd tiiu chi, ddng thdi phai
xac dinh dugc cae thdng tin cd thd tie'p can liln quan den
qua trinh phat tridn phoi nhiem chat d nhiem nham xay
dung nin bd tiiu chi
Ddi vdi 5 loai hinh ONTL nhdn tao da lira chgn Id cdc
loai hinh da dugc d l xud't d muc 1-3 nghiln cflu nay da dua
trin quan diem xay dung 5 bd tiiu chf danh gia ddnh riing
cho 5 loai hinh da duge phdn loai
3 Cdc nhdm tieu chf chfnh cua bg tieu chf
Odi vdi c i 5 loai hinh ONTL nhdn tao dugc xem xet,
cd 4 nhdm tiiu chf cd liln quan ddn tdc ddng ciia cha't d nhilm tfl dia didm ONTL din h i sinh thai vd con ngudi dugc dua ra, dd Id:
1 Ode thii d nhilm;
2 Khi nang lan truyln/vdn chuydn d nhilm;
3 Mflc dd phoi nhilm vdi h i sinh thdi vd con ngudi;
4 Tdc ddng tdi phdt tridn KT-XH
Ba nhdm tiiu chf diu tiln dugc sfl dung dfla tren tham khio bd tiiu chf ddnh gid didm d nhilm ciia Canada
vd cdc tai lilu liln quan, theo dd diin ta dugc phan nao qua trinh lan truyin ciia chat d nhilm, bat diu tfl diem luu gifl/tdn luu chd't d nhilm, ngim, thd'm xudng dat rdi di vdo trong hi sinh thdi vd co thd con ngudi Riing nhdm tiiu chi thfl tu duge bd sung vdo dd lam rd thim tic ddng tdng quit ciia didm ONTL ddn su phdt tridn KT-XH cua khu vuc Theo dd, dd'i vdi mdt khu vuc cdng cd su tap tmng ddng ddn cu thi mflc do tae ddng ciia diem ONTL cang nghiem trgng, ddng thdi quy hoaeh da't cd dja didm ONTL cung true til'p anh hudng den mflc do tie ddng
Cdc tiiu chf thanh phan trong moi nhdm tiiu chi cd the dugc dua ra nhu sau:
3.1 Dd'i vdl die thu d nhiem:
- Oac tfnh d nhiem trong ca'u tnie dja chd't khu vuc
danh gia;
- Mflc do ddc hai hda hgc ciia thdng sd d nhiem cd mat trong cac thdnh phan mdi tmdng chfnh cua khu vuc bj
d nhiem;
Dien tfch chju anh hudng dugc bidt;
- Loai hinh SX vd lugng thai liln quan
3.2 Kha ning lan truyen/vin chuyin d nhiem: Bang 1: Tong hcrp diim so cda cic nhdm tliu chf dinh gii ONTL cua 5 loai hinh lifa chgn
TT
1
2
3
4
5
Loai hinh
Bai chdn lap CTR
Co sd gdy d nhiem nghilm
trgng
Khu vue khai thac va chd
bidn khodng sin
Kho xang diu, kho luu gifl
hda chat
Khu vuc luu gifl cha't thii
va hda chat cua eac eo sd
gdy d nhiem nghilm trgng
Nhdm tieu chf 1: dac thu d nhilm
26
28
30
26
26
Nhdm tieu chf 2: kha nang ngam, tham cfla chat 6 nhilm
30
24
26
30
30
Nhdm tieu chf 3: mflc do phoi nhilm
22
22
22
22
22
Nhdm tieu chf 4: tac ddng tdi phat trien KT-XH
22
26
22
22
22
Tdng diem tdi da
100
100
100
100
100
11/2011 BAO HO LAO DONG 19
Trang 5KHOA HQC, CONG NGHE - CHUYEN GIAO
- Ddi vdi nudc ngim;
- Ddi vdi nude mdt;
- Ddi vdi dit;
- Ddi vdi khdng khf;
- Biin ling, trim tfch
3.3 Mdt dd phdi nhiim vdl hi sinh thil vi con
ngUdI:
- Ngudn til'p nhin Id eon ngudi;
- Ngudn tidp nhdn Id h i sinh thdi
3.4 Tic ddng tdi phit triin KT-XH:
Thdi gian ddng cfla;
- Cdc giii phdp BVMT dflgc dp dung;
- Vj tri ciia dja didm ONTL ddi vdi khu ddn cfl khu vflc;
- Quy md khu ddn cfl chju inh hfldng;
Thu nhdp tmng binh cfla dja bdn;
- Dja didm ONTL nam trong quy hoach sfl dung dd't
Tit nhiln, cdc tiiu chf thdnh phin ndy s l thay ddi tuy
thudc vdo bin chd't cfla cdc loai hinh ONTL Cdc tiiu chf
dflgc ddnh gid dira trin mflc dd quan trgng cua nd so vdi
cdc tiiu chi khdc trong nhdm tiiu chi Mdi tiiu chf ddnh gid
thudng cd cdc mflc dd ddnh gid khdc nhau tuong flng vdi
cdc sd didm khdc nhau, tuy nhiln, dd don giin hda vd dd
thudn tiln cho vile sfl dung thi mdi tiiu chi thfldng dflgc
phdn thdnh 3,4 mflc dd khdc nhau, ngoai \rii tiiu chi v l
quy hoach sfl dung dd't
Trong mgi tmdng hgp, nlu khdng cd cdu tri Idi ehfnh
xdc thi didm gid trj cua tiiu chi se duge liy bang 1/2 gii trj
tdi da eiia didm tiiu chi dd Didm tdng sd ciia cae tiiu chf
s l dugc tfnh theo cdng thflc sau:
didm tdng tiiu chf C s l dflgc tinh theo edng thflc sau:
Trong dd, C.j li gii tn cic tiiu chi thinh phan j trong
nhdm tiiu chi i (/= 1-4), W li trgng sdcua tiiu chi thinh phin
j trong nhdm tiiu chi i, W^ ii tmng s6 cOa nhdm tiiu ehi i
Tdng hgp ndi dung ddnh gid didm sd ciia cic bd tiiu
chf cho 5 loai hinh d nhilm da lira chgn dugc dua ra trong
bing 1 (didm cho cdc tiiu chf thudc chii quan ciia cdc
chuyin gia nhdm ddnh gii)
Cdn cfl trin tdng sd didm ddnh gid md cd thd phdn loai cdc dja didm ONTL trong mdi loai hinh ONTL theo ede mflc dd flu tiln xfl ly vd quin ly khic nhau nhu sau:
0 nhilm rit nghilm trgng: 75-100 didm;
- 0 nhilm nghilm trgng: 50 - 74 didm;
- 0 nhilm thdng thudng: 25 - 49 didm;
- Khdng d nhilm hodc d nhilm nhe: <25 didm
Cdc dja didm dugc coi Id khdng dD thdng tin ddnh gi^ ndu cd trin 20% sd tiiu chi khdng xdc djnh dugc Cdc dia didm ndy khdng thd dugc coi Id khdng d nhilm, tuy nhiln khdng dugc xem xlt ddn trong nghiln cflu ndy
IV K£T QUA AP DUNG TI£U CHi DANH GIA ONTL NHANTAO
Bd tiiu chf ddnh gid ONTL da dugc nghiln cflu vd dp
dung trong nhilm vu: "Diiu tra, dinh gii vidi xui't ki
hoach quin ly, xiily vi phuc hSl mdi trUdng tai cic
diim dNTL "do Tdng cue Mdi tmdng chii tri vd Cue Quin
ly chit thii vd Cii thiin d nhilm Id don vj thirc hiln Oa co hon 1.000 didm nghi ngd ONTL trin 4 vflng kinh t l trpng didm eiia c i nude, bao gdm vflng kinh t l trgng diem Bac
Bd, viing kinh td trgng didm miln Tmng, vflng kinh td trgng didm Miln Nam vd vflng kinh t l trgng didm Ddng bang sdng Cflu Long da dugc nhilm vu khio sit ddnh gii trong qud trinh khio sdt so bd nam 2009 Qua qud trinh dp dung
bd tiiu chf ddnh gid, kit qui cho thay trong 1.003 diim
duge khio sdt, ed 3 didm dugc xdp loai d nhilm rat nghilm
trgng, 187 didm dugc xdp loai d nhilm nghilm trgng, 809 didm duge xdp loai d nhilm thdng thudng vd 4 didm dugc
xdc djnh Id khdng d nhilm hoac d nhilm nhe nhu dugc
dua ra trong bing 2
Trong cic loai hinh d nhilm dugc khio sit, bai chon lip ed ty II cic dia didm ONTL rat nghilm trgng vd nghiem trgng Idn nhd't vdi ty II 34,3% Tidp theo sau dd Id kho lau gifl chit thii, kho chfla hda chat eua cdc eo sd giy ONMT vdi 21,6%, cdc kho xdng diu, kho luu gifl hda chat vdi 16,2%, cic CO sd gdy ONMT nghilm trgng vdi 12,8% vd cudi cung
Id cdc khu khai thdc khodng sin vdi 10.2%
Bing 2
sn
1
2
3
4
• Tong kit kit qui dinh gii, phin loai cic diim dNTL thudc 4 vung kinh ti trgng diim
Xdp loai d nhilm
Rd't nghilm trong
Nghilm trong
Thdng thfldng
Nhe
Tong cgng
Bai chdn lip
3
71
133
0
207
Co sd giy ONMT
0
46
313
1
360
Khu khai thic
v i chd bIdn khoing sin
0
9
77
2
88
Kho Xing dau, hda chit
0
42
217
1
260
Khu lull giOr chat thii v i hda chat
0
19
69
0
88
Tdng
sd
3
187
809
4
1003
20 Tfp chi B A O H O L A O DONG 11/2011
(Xem ti§p trang 25}
Trang 6THUC TIEN KINH NGHIEM - DOI M 6 |
Q (kcal/Nm3) Dien bien nhiet ti i khi JEHS theo thifi gian ctT = 8 5 0 ° C
2000
•a = 0,2
• a = 0,3
a = 0,4
Miu
Hinh 3: Dien biin chit lUffng khi gas theo thi^ gian khi hda
- Q = 2,5 H-3,8 kcal/Nm3:ed thd thay thd khi ddt tu nhiln, hoae sfl dung nhfl Id nguyin lilu d i u trong tdng hgp hda hgc
- Q > 5 kcal/ Nm' hodn todn thay thd khf tu nhiln Idm nhiln lilu ddt eho edng nghiip, nhiit diin
than md mdt sd Cty dang tridn khai (Q «1.300 kcal/Nm')
Cdc chit d nhilm trong q u i trinh ddt khi gas thu dugc d i u
nam trong gidi han eho phip eiia QCVN19:2009/BfNMT
Theo mdt sd tdi lilu [3-4], k h i nang flng dung eiia khf gas
nhu sau (theo gia trj nhiit tri eiia khi gas thu duge):
- Q = 0,9 -^ 1,8 kcal/ Nm': ed thd sfl dung khf gas thu
dugc dd chay tua bin khi, ndi hoi, nd'u kim loai
Tdi iieu ifhoa hoc
[1] NguySn Qu6c Binh De tii
"Nghiin ciru itng dung qui trinh nhiit phin, khi hda m^ts6 chit thii thu nhiin liiu" Sd KH&CN TP.HCM 2009
[2]./^exanderKlein Gasi^cation:
An Alternative Process for Energy Re-covery and Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes Department of Earth and En-vironmental Engineering-Columbia University 2002
[3] Krigmont, H., IBGCC power generation concept: Agate-way for a cleaner future Allied Environmental Technologies White Paper, 1999
[4] Morris, M., Electricity Production from Solid Waste Fuels Using advanced Gasification Tectmologies TPS Termiska ProcesserAB, 1998.U
XAY DUNG TIEU CHI
(Tiep theo trang 20)
Tuy nhiln, vile xac djnh theo c i c bd tieu chf nay van
cdn nhflng nhflge didm e i n phii khac phuc, dd la vile
thiiu hut cic cac thdng tin ljch sfl (do khdng ed quan ly) vd
thdng tin khoa hgc liln quan d i n dilu kiln dja hinh, dja
chd't vd tiim nang phdt tan chat d nhilm trong mdi tmdng
dat vd nudc ngim, eung nhu phu thudc nhiiu vdo y kiln
ehuyin gia (vile dua eae trgng sd tham gia vdo xdc djnh
didm tiiu chf eung nhu xdc djnh khoing phdn loai) D i y Id
nhflng tdn tai can phii khac phuc dd cd thd phue vu tdt
cdng tdc quin ly cdc dja didm ONTL
Hiln thdi, ede tdn tai ehinh cDa bd tiiu chi ed thd dugc
lilt k l nhu sau:
- Khd xdc djnh chi't d nhiem eu the can dilu tra, d i e
bilt Id vdi nhdm cae hgp chi't hflu eo b i n vflng, nhdm c i c
hgp chi't hflu cd khd phin hiiy chfla Cio;
- Chfla cd danh mue va tiiu chuan d i y dD cua Viet
Nam cho cac chat d nhilm d i e thu nhu d trin;
Thiiu hut cdc thdng tin ljch sfl (do khdng ed quin ly)
vd thdng tin khoa hgc liln quan ddn dilu kiln dja hinh dja
chd't vd tiim nang phdt tan chat d nhilm trong mdi trudng
dd't vd nudc ngim;
- Phu thudc nhiiu vdo y kiln chuyin gia (vile dua cdc
trgng sdtham gia vdo xdc djnh didm tiiu chf cung nhu xdc djnh khoing phdn loai)
V KET LUAN
Qua vile tham khio eie tiiu chf dinh g i i nlu trin tfl eie nfldc phdt tridn, cd thd eho thi'y rang vile i p dung cic tiiu chf x i c djnh vd phdn loai hodn toan cd thd thue hiln duge d Viet Nam, tuy nhiln c i n cd thim eie nghiln eflu nham dinh g i i lai mflc do v i g i i trj cCia cac tiiu chi ndy cho phii hgp hon vdi dilu kiln thuc t l cung nhu nang lue quin ly, xfl ly vd dilu tra thdng tin d Vilt Nam
Tdi iieu tham khio:
1 Criteria for Managing contaminated sites in British Colum-bia, Waste Management Act, November 1989
2 Interim Canadian Environmental Quality Criteria forContami-natedSites,CanadianCoundlcfMinistersoftheEnvironment(CCME)
3 Paul Nathanail and R PaulBardos Reclamation of Contami-nated Land John Wiley and Sons ltd West Sussex, England, 2004 4.CUC Quin ly chat thii vi Cii thiin Mdi trudng - Tong cue Mdi trudng Bio cio ting ket nhiem vu "Dieu tra, dinh gii vi d4 xuat kShoach quin ly', xirly va phuc hoi moi trudng tai cic diem dNTL" Hi Ngi, 2010
5 So tay Quin ly cic diem ONTL d Viet Nam, Cue Bio ve Moi trudng, Bg Til nguyen vi Moi trudng, 2008.U
11/2011 Tf p chi B A O HQ LAO DONG 25