Hdi nghi khoa hoc kT thuat md qudc ti 2010 Cong nghiep mo tien tien vi su phat trien bin vung N G H I E N C U t J C A C T H O N G S O C O B A N D E D A N H G I A K H A N A N G C O L A P K H I C 0 2 D[.]
Trang 1Hdi nghi khoa hoc kT thuat md qudc ti - 2010 Cong nghiep mo tien tien vi su phat trien bin vung
N G H I E N C U t J C A C T H O N G S O C O B A N D E D A N H G I A K H A N A N G
C O L A P K H I C 0 2 D O N G T H C J I T H U H O I K H I C H 4 T U * C A C V i A
T H A N V U N G Q U A N G N I N H , V I E T N A M
TS Phung Quoc Huy
V i e n K h o a hoc C o n g nghe M o - T K V
GS TS K y u r o S A S A K I ; TS Yuichi S U G A I
D a i hoc K y u s h u , N h a t Ban
ThS N g u y e n V a n H a u
D a i hoc K y thuat L i e u L i n h , Trung Quoc
Tdm tat: De danh gid khd nang cd lap khi C0 2 ddng thai thu hdi khi CH 4 tic cdc via than tdc
gid tien hanh hai thi nghiem ve khd nang hap thu khi vd dd tham thau khi cua hai md than viing Quang Ninh vd dua ra nhung kit ludn cho thay cdc via than vung Quang Ninh cd the su dung de co lap khi CO2 d cdc via than khong khai thdc ddng thai thu hdi khi CH 4
1 Dat van de
K h i nha k i n h n h u k h i CO2, C H4, CFCs va N2O dang tang dan do cac hoat dong san xuat cua con n g u o i T r o n g so do, k h i CO2 duoc thoat ra nhieu nhat K h i CO2 duoc thoat ra tir viec dot nhien lieu co quy m o I o n n h u cac nha may nhiet dien chay than, cac nha may xi mang, hoa chat, phan b d n hoac 6 pham v i nho h o n n h u k h i thai ciia cac phuong tien giao thong, tir san xuat nong nghiep N o n g do k h i CO2 trong k h o n g k h i duoc g h i nhan la 290
p p m vao nam 1870 N a m 1965, nong do CO2 la 315 p p m va tang len 385 p p m vao nam
2008 v o i t i le tang b i n h quan la 1.5 ppm/nam
Co nhieu phuong phap co lap CO2 da duoc nghien cuu va de xuat do la co lap duoi day dai duong sau, co lap d u o i cac dia tang (cac tang nuoc m u o i sau, cac mo dau, k h i da khai thac cac via than sau khong the khai thac) va co lap thong qua qua trinh bien doi sinh, hoa hoc Trong so do, co lap k h i CO2 trong v i a than co u u the h o n ca n o i ma k h i CO2 co the nam trong v i a than d trang thai hap t h u co t i n h on d i n h lau dai V i e c b o m k h i CO2 vao via than se lam tang kha nang t h u h o i k h i C H4 co san trong v i a giup mang lai l o i nhuan bit dap mot phan chi p h i co lap CO2 V i vay, co lap CO2 trong v i a than la m o t p h u o n g phap iru viet
de giam ham l u o n g CO2 phat thai ra m o i t r u o n g T h e m vao do, cac nha may nhiet dien chay than thong t h u o n g se nam d gan cac v i i n g m o , cac v i a than V i the, chi phi van chuyen k h i CO2 cung g i a m d i dang ke
Tren the g i d i , cac nghien c i i u ve co lap k h i CO2 dong t h o i t h u h o i k h i C H4 trong cac via than da dugc ap dung thong qua m o t so d u an thir n g h i e m tai m o t so viing than tren the
g i o i n h u viing than Y u b a r i (Nhat Ban), San Juan ( M y ) , Colorado ( M y ) , N e w M e x i c o (My) Shanxi ( T r u n g Qudc), Upper Silesian ( B a L a n ) , A l b e r t a (Canada) Cac d u an nay deu mang lai cac ket qua rat kha quan K h i C 02 dugc hap thu va t o n tai trong v i a than 0 trang thai on dinh C h i n h v i su thanh cong ciia p h u o n g phap nay, nam 1999 u y ban ciia lien hgp quoc ve bien ddi k h i hau da cong nhan phuong phap co lap k h i C 02 xuong long dat (trong do co phuong phap co lap k h i C 02 xudng v i a than) la mot trong nhung phuong phap de thuc hien cac d u an dang co chd phat trien sach (Clean Development Mechanism - C D M ) Theo co che
4 1 4
Trang 2Hdi nghi khoa hoc kT thuat md quoc te - 2010 Cong nghiep md tien tiin vi su phat trien ben vung
nay, lugng k h i C 02 ctirgc co lap trong via than se dugc cong nhan la lugng CO2 giam dugc thong qua cac d u an dang co c h i phat trien sach ( C D M ) L u g n g k h i CO2 giam di se dugc cap chirng chi giam phat thai va co t h i giao dich, trao doi tren thi truong Cac bon quoc te
Tai V i e t N a m , viec nghien c u u kha nang co lap k h i CO2 dong t h o i t h u h o i k h i C H4
mai dang 0 giai doan bat dau nghien c u u co ban V i vay, viec nghien c u u cac thong so co ban nhu do tham thau k h i , kha nang hap thu k h i ciia than la m o t viec l a m can thiet Day la cac thong so co ban quan trgng de danh gia kha nang thuc t h i cua m o t d u an co lap k h i CO2 cung n h u cac d u an ve thao k h i M e t a n trong v i a than
Do tham thau k h i la co so de tinh toan l u g n g k h i chay vao 16 khoan thu hoi k h i , thoi gian ton tai cua 16 khoan Ngoai ra, do tham thau k h i ciia than cung giup cho cac k y su dua ra quyet dinh trong viec sir dung cac phuong phap lam tang do tham thau k h i n h u phuong phap kich thich thuy lire, phuong phap khoan dinh huong, phuong phap diing cac phan ung hoa hgc
Kha nang hap t h u k h i ciia v i a than cung la m o t thong so quan trgng de danh gia kha nang chira k h i ciia v i a than T h o n g so nay la co so de d y bao l u g n g k h i CO2 co the co lap vao via than va l u g n g k h i CH4 co the thu h o i tir via than
Bai bao nay t r i n h bay chi tiet 2 t h i nghiem do la kha nang hap t h u k h i va do tham thau khi ciia mot so mau than viing Quang N i n h , V i e t N a m D a y la cac thong so co ban cho viec nghien ciiu k h i than cung n h u co lap CO2 T u y nhien, cac ket qua t h i nghiem cac mau than nay chi mang t i n h cue bo tai hai m o than co mau t h i nghiem Cac ket qua nay khong dai dien cho than ciia toan viing Quang N i n h
2 T h i n g h i e m k h a n a n g h a p t h u k h i
Mau than sir dung cho cac t h i nghiem nay dugc lay tir m o than M a o K h e (xem bang 1) Cac mau than dugc nghien nho de g i a m t h o i gian t h i n g h i e m bang each giam toi thieu thai gian khuech tan ciia cac phan tir k h i k h i chuyen dong qua cac hat than C o hat ciia mau than dugc nghien tir 1 - 2 m m Cac chi tieu ciia m a u than dugc the hien tren bang 1 Truoc khi thi nghiem kha nang hap t h u k h i , cac m a u than dugc k i e m tra do am, chat boc, do tro
va ham lugng cac bon co d i n h dya vao tieu chuan phan t i c h than de cap chi tiet trong bo tieu chuan A S T M (phan 26)
Bang 1 Cdc tinh chat cua mau than
Ien mau H a m luong
cacbon co
d j n h ( % )
Do tro ( % ) Do am ( % ) Chat boc
( % )
T y trong (g/cc)
Hap thu dang nhiet dugc do dac dya vao d i n h luat B o y l e sir dung thiet b i t h i nghiem
co the tich b i n h chiia m a u k h o n g doi (xem h i n h 1) He th6ng thiet b i dugc dat trong m o t phong I n nhiet H a i b i n h d u n g mau bang thep co t h i t i c h 1130 c m3 va 3333 c m3 dugc sir dung M o i b i n h mau deu co he thong van noi v o i b o m k h i , van an toan, dong ho do ap suat, dau cam b i l n nhiet do Cac gia t r i ve nhiet do va ap suat trong b i n h chiia m l u dugc ghi lai
Trang 3Hdi nghi khoa hoc ki thuat md qudc te - 2010 Cong nghiep mo tien tien vi su phat trien ben viing
t y dong n h a he thong may t i n h va phan m e m dieu khien
Viec k i e m tra ro k h i ciia thiet b i dugc thuc hien tai ap suat d u k i e n t h i nghiem cao nhat cho tirng b i n h chira mau B e han che sai so, truac k h i tien hanh t h i nghiem the tich trong cua b i n h dugc do dac va t i n h toan The t i c h trong nay dugc k i e m soat bang each chen them cac k h o i n h o m h i n h t r u hoac nhung hat thuy t i n h nho neu can thiet B i n h chiia mau dugc hut chan k h o n g trong khoang 2 g i a truac k h i t h i nghiem Sau k h i b o m k h i vao binh mau, ap suat k h i trong b i n h mau se giam dan b o i v i k h i trong b i n h da dugc hap thu vao ben trong cac hat than nho cho den k h i dat den trang thai can bang A p suat trong b i n h dugc coi
la dat den trang thai can bang k h i ap suat trong b i n h khong thay d o i trong khoang thai gian
3 gia T h i i tuc tien hanh t u o n g t y doi v o i cac m i i c ap suat cao hon
t—i-BuSng in nhi-il
Binh thua miu Cam bifn ap suii Thiei bi thu du liiiu T: Cam bieh nhiii dV>
G: Binh thi
GC: May she ky khi
V: Bum chAn thong PC: May linh ca nh&n
i :
'iii:;:.; ~
GC
Hinh 1 He thong thiet bi do dac do hap thu khi
T i n h toan so m o i dugc hap thy tai m o i m i i c ap suat d y a vao p h u o n g t r i n h trang thai ciia k h i va dugc the hien bang cong thiic sau:
Trong do: na cjs = s6 m o i k h i dugc hap thy, m o i ; P\ = ap suat ban dau tai m o i mire ap suat, KPa; P eq = ap s u i t d trang thai can bang tai m o i m i i c ap suat, KPa; R= hang so khi R
= 8.31 ( c m3- K P a K "1 m o i "1) ; V = the t i c h trdng ciia binh, c m3; T = nhiet do trong binh chiia
mau K
B l d y doan l u g n g k h i h i p thy trong than tai ap suat bat k y , p h u o n g t r i n h hap thu dang nhiet dugc the hien sir dung phuong t r i n h L a n g m u i r n h u sau:
V a ds - VL PIP, i
Trong do: V a d s = t h i t i c h hap thy, c m3/ g ; P = ap s u i t can bang, M P a ; V L = thd tich
Langmuir hay kha nang hap thy, c m3/ g ; P L = hang so ap suat Langmuir, M P a hang so the tich V L la t h i t i c h h i p t h y t l i da tren mot d o n v i k h o i l u g n g khoang sang; P L = ap suat tai
Vi hang so the t i c h Langmuir
4 1 6
Trang 4Hoi nghi khoa hoc ki thuat md quoc te - 2010 Cong nghiep md tien tien vi su phat trien ben viing
3 Thi nghiem do tham thau khi
Hinh 2 Mau loi de thi nghiem do tham thau khi
Hinh 3.So do thiet bi do dac do tham thau khi cua than
Cac mau loi dugc khoan tir cac khoi than co kich thuoc khoang 3 0x3 Ocm (hinh 2)
Khoi than dugc lay tir m o than H a L a m va m o M a o Khe Sau k h i khoan, mau dugc p h i i mot lop Silicon va dugc bgc lai bang ong cao su Sau khoang 10 g i o , silicon se dong l a i , cat mau l o i phii hop v o i chieu dai can thiet cua t h i nghiem D l cho m a u l o i tranh b i v o k h i thi nghiem, hai dau ciia mau than phai dugc cat bang va song song v o i nhau
So do thiet b i xac dinh do tham thau k h i dugc the hien tren h i n h 3 He th6ng chii y l u bao gom bo phan g i u m a u Hassler de tao ra u n g s u i t ba c h i l u len mau, b o m k h i N2 cao ap diing de tao u n g suat ngang true, b o m thuy lire diing de tao irng s u i t dgc true ciia mau l o i Binh k h i v o i cac dong ho dieu chinh, van giam ap, dong ho do chenh ap, l u u l u g n g k l , 6ng noi va cac bo phan khac De loai bo anh h u d n g ciia nhiet do t d i t h i nghiem, toan bo he thong thi nghiem nen dat d trong phong on nhiet
Ong cao su Hassler cho phep gia irng suit ngang true doc lap vdi ung suit dgc true
Trang 5Hdi nghi khoa hoc kT thuat mo qudc te - 2010 Cong nghiep md tien tien vi su phat trien ben vung
K h i C O : dugc sir dung de do dac do tham thau k h i cua m a u than L u u l u o n g qua mau duoc
do dac bang 3 loai l u u l u o n g ke dau n o i tiep nhau Cac l u u l u o n g ke bao g o m Ueshima Brooks ( M o d e l 5893) v o i l u u lucmg toi da la 20 cm" phut, l u u l u o n g ke K O F L O C (Model
A C M - 1 A ) v o i l u n l u o n g t o i da la 500 c m3 phut D o i v o i t r u d n g hop liru l u o n g k h i qua nho l u n l u o n g ke chia vach de do l u u l u o n g nho hern 5 c m phut duoc sir dung Cac cam bien ap suat C H L N O ( M o d e l PD-5119) va 1 thiet b i do chenh ap Rosemount (Model 11510P6S12M1B1) dugc lap dat 6 dong k h i vao va dong k h i ra de do chenh lech ap suat
M a u l o i se dugc dat trong ong cao su 2 dau dugc chan bang thep co due 16 de cho
k h i d i qua tren toan bo be mat thang dung cua mau De dam bao tranh bi ro k h i , cho tiep giap giua dau bit va ong cao su Hassler can phai dugc l a m sach va b o i mot lop rod chan khong
De xac dinh su anh huong cua i m g suat den do tham thau k h i ung suat doc va ngang true len mau than dugc thay doi tir 1 M P a den 7 MPa B o m chan khong dugc sir dung de loai
bo khong k h i co trong he thong ong dan k h i K h i C O ; dugc diing de tao ra dong k h i di qua mau thi nghiem L u u l u g n g ciia dong k h i sau k h i di qua mau dugc do bang l u u lugng ke
D o tham thau k h i dugc xac d i n h bang p h u o n g trinh D a r c y n h u sau:
t 2Q °f P \ (3)
Trong do: k= do tham thau khi, m ; Qo = luu lugng khi tai dong khi ra nr s: u = do
nhat ciia k h i , P a s ; L = chieu dai mau m : PQ = ap suat k h i t r o i Pa: A = tiet dien ciia mau m": P\ = ap suat k h i dau vao, Pa: P ; = ap suat k h i dau ra Pa Trong bai bao nay, do tham thau k h i (k) dugc xac d i n h theo don v i chuan quoc te SI la m " Tuy nhien dem v i [ m D ] da
dugc sir dung r o n g rai tir lau nen tac gia se sir dung d o n v i m D ( m i n i D a r c y ) He so chuyen doi tir m sang m D dugc bieu thi n h u sau: 1 m D = 10"1" m
4 K e t qua v a n h a n xet
Khd nang hap thu khi cua than
K h a nang hap t h u k h i ciia mau than M K - 6 D - 7 D va - 9 D sir dung k h i C O ; va C I L dugc the hien tren h i n h 4 Tat ca cac t h i n g h i e m dugc thuc hien 6 nhiet do 24°C va ap suat tir 0.1 den 3.6 M P a N h i r n g ket qua t h i n g h i e m tren da chi ra rang C O ; co kha nang hap thu vao than cao h o n so v o i k h i C H4 Tai ciing mot ap suat la 3.54 M P a the tich hap thu ciia
C O ; cao gap 2.5 lan so v o i C H4 doi v o i mau than M K - 6 D T u o n g t u , con so nay la 1.9 lan doi v o i mau M K - 9 D va 2.4 lan doi v a i mau M K - 7 D N h u n g ket qua nay cung co gia tri tuong tir v o i nghien ciru ciia McPherson (1993) cho m o t so loai than 6 Hoa K y
M o i quan he giua the t i c h hap thu C O ; va ap suat can bang k h i nhiet do thay doi cho mau than M K - 6 D dugc the hien tren h i n h 5 Ket qua t h i n g h i e m cho thay rang kha nang hap thu k h i ciia than anh h u o n g b o i nhiet do The t i c h hap t h u g i a m dan k h i nhiet do tang tir 35 ° C den 60 ° C T r o n g t r u a n g hgp ap suat can bang la 3.38 M P a the t i c h hap thu giam xap x i 3 0 % k h i nhiet do tang tir 35 °C den 60 =C
Dp tham thau khi cua than
Do tham thau k h i ciia mau than dugc do dac trong dieu k i e n m o phong dieu kien thuc
te ciia dia tang n h u ap suat via, ap suat dong k h i qua k h o i than, loai k h i A p suat dong khi
418
Trang 6r r Hdi nghi khoa hoc kT thuat md quoc te Cong nghiep mo tien tien vi sit phat trien
- 2010 ben vung
qua mau luon g i u bang hang so cho tat ca cac t h i nghiem trong do ap suat v i a dugc tang tir 1.0 M P a den 7.0 M P a (trong t h i nghiem nay, ca u n g suat dgc true va ngang true dugc thiet lap bang nhau)
Ket qua do tham thau k h i C 02 (k) d o i v a i u n g suat l a m viec ( ce) cho cac mau than ciia Viet N a m dugc the hien tren h i n h 6 K e t qua chi ra rang gia t r i do tham thau k h i cua mau than rat khac nhau tiiy thuoc vao cau tao va t i n h chat ciia tirng mau cho du cac mau than dugc lay tir ciing m o t k h o i than M a u than co do tham thau k h i thap co the co sir phan
bo 16 rong, v i khe nut thap va chung rat nhay cam v a i viec thay d o i irng suat Trong khoang i m g suat tir 1 M p a den 7 M p a , do tham thau k h i giam theo h a m m u v a i irng suat bai v i cac v i 16 rong, v i khe nut da b i dong lai k h i tang ung suat
Ap suat can bang, MPa Ap suat can bang, MPa
Hinh 4 The tich hap thu cua mau than vai cdc Hinh 5.The tich hap thu cua mau MK-V6D
loai khi khdc nhau vdi nhiet dp khdc nhau
M o i quan he giua do tham thau k h i CO2 (k) v a i irng suat (o e ) d o i v a i cac mau than
dugc the hien bang p h u a n g trinh thuc nghiem n h u sau: &=AVexp(-/?ae) v a i ko la do tham thau k h i tai u n g suat bang k h o n g va (3 la he so giam ung suat Phuang trinh thuc nghiem
cho cac mau than sir dung trong t h i nghiem nay dugc the hien n h u sau:
fc= (0.14-4.7) exp[-(0.7~1.4)ce] (4)
Do tham thau k h i ciia mau than tai a e = 0 dugc goi la ko the hien m o i quan he t a i sir ton tai cua 16 rong va khe nut trong mau He so giam u n g suat (J3) nam a phan m u ciia ham
va thay doi tuy thuoc vao t i n h chat ciia mau than He so B ciia cac mau than trong t h i
nghiem nay co g i a i han tir 0.7 den 1.4 MPa"1 Sir giam u n g suat I o n trong nhung mau than
co do tham thau k h i thap co lien quan t a i sir phan bo cac 16 rong k i c h thuoc nho Somerton (1975) chi ra rang do tham thau k h i la ham bac 4 ciia d u o n g k i n h 16 rong Cac loai than co
do tham thau k h i thap thong t h u o n g chiia dung cac 16 rong va cac v i khe nirt V i the, k h i ung suat tang, cac kenh dan k h i la cac v i khe niit t r o len nho hep lai hoac trong mot s6 truang hap cac v i khe niit do co the dong lai hoan toan K e t qua la, do tham thau k h i giam nhanh k h i ting suat tang cao, va do tham thau k h i co the bang k h o n g k h i ting suat I o n h o n 5 MPa doi v o i t r u o n g hgp mau than M K - 1
Trang 7Hdi nghi khoa hoc kT thuat mo quoc te - 2010 Cong nghiep md tien tien vi su- phat trien ben vung
2
E
O
u
E
••a
a
o.oi
0.001
0.0001
3 4 5 Cfng suat (a.), MPa
5 K e t l u a n Cac t h i n g h i e m ve kha nang hap t h u k h i va do tham thau k h i cua m o t so mau than
v i i n g Quang N i n h , V i e t N a m da dugc thuc hien, sau day la mot
so ket luan:
• K h a nang hap thu khi
C 02 cua cac m a u than Ion gap
2 den 2.5 lan so v o i CFL
• K h a nang hap thu khi CO2 ciia cac m a u than trong thi
n g h i e m nay n a m trong khoang tir 12 den 22 c m3/ g tai ap suat can bang la 3.5 M P a D o i voi
Hinh 6 Mdi quan he giua dp tham thau khi
vd ung suat
ap suat cao h o n , kha nang hap thu k h i co the n o i suy dua vao cong thuc ( 2 )
• D o tham thau k h i CO2 cua cac mau than thay d o i tir 0.14 to 4.7 m D tai ung suat bang khong G i a t r i nay la t u o n g d o i thap, v i vay, can ap dung cac p h u o n g phap de lam tang do tham thau k h i ciia v i a than
• D o tham thau k h i ciia than tai i m g suat bat k y co the n o i suy theo cong thirc thuc nghiem (4)
• N h u n g ket luan tren cho thay cac v i a than v i i n g Quang N i n h co the sir dung de co lap k h i CO2 dong t h o i t h u h o i k h i CH4 T u y nhien, k h i da co lap k h i CO2 vao v i a than thi viing khoang sang do phai dugc co lap va k h o n g dugc k h a i thac do nguy co ro r i , phut khi CO2 bat ngo V i the, t h o n g t h u o n g cac d u an co lap k h i CO2 dugc thuc hien tai cac via than nam sau va k h o n g the k h a i thac
Tdi lieu tham khdo
1 P.Q H u y , Sasaki, K , Sugai, Y., K i g a , T., F u j i o k a , M , A d a c h i , T., 2009 Effects of SO2 and p H concentration on CO2 adsorption capacity i n coal seams f o r CO2 sequestration
w i t h considerations f o r f l u e gas f r o m coal-fired power plants Journal o f Canadian Petroleum and Technology 48 (10), 58-63
2 Phung Quoc H u y , K y u r o Sasaki, Y u i c h i Sugai, Satoshi I c h i k a w a , 2010 Carbon dioxide gas p e r m e a b i l i t y o f coal core samples and estimation o f fracture aperture width International Journal o f Coal Geology 83: 1-10
3 Somerton, W H , Soylemezoglu, I M D u d l e y , R.C., 1975 E f f e c t o f stress on permeability o f coal Int J Rock M e c h M i n Sci & Geomechi A n s t r 12: 129-145
4 N g u y e n X u a n Thao C o n g tac khoan va van de an toan p h o n g chong buc nuoc va
k h i trong cac m o than h a m 16 T h o n g t i n K h o a hgc Cong nghe m o , so 2+3/2005
5 N g u y e n X u a n Thao, N g u y e n Tran Tuan N g h i e n ciru cong nghe khoan thao khi nham thu h o i k h i M e t a n va ngan ngira chay no k h i trong cac m o than h a m 16 v i i n g Quang
N i n h Thdng tin Khoa hoc Cdng nghe mo, so 7/2004
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