Developing a Self assessment Model of Risk Management Maturity for Client Organizations of Public Construction Projects Indonesian Context Procedia Engineering 171 ( 2017 ) 274 – 281 1877 7058 © 2017[.]
Trang 1Procedia Engineering 171 ( 2017 ) 274 – 281
1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.335
ScienceDirect
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a RIHS-Agency for R & D, Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Panyawungan Cileunyi Wetan, Kab Bandung 40393, Indonesia
b Inspectorate General, Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Pattimura 20 Kebayoran Baru 12110, Jakarta, Indonesia
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© 2017 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
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