MAMG lirOMG BIEM H THUC TWnC TIHIC W TS DLTVANTOAN Nhung trai nghiem qui gia ve ndng lupng (NL) bien tren the gidi Cho din nay da ed nhilu thdnh cdng vd ti ln bd vupt bae v l phdt triln nghien eiiu va[.]
Trang 1MAMG lirOMG BIEM
H THUC TWnC TIHIC W
TS.DLTVANTOAN
Nhung trai nghiem qui gia ve ndng lupng
(NL) bien tren the gidi:
Cho d i n nay da ed nhilu thdnh cdng vd tiln
bd vupt bae v l phdt triln nghien eiiu va triln
khai san xuat dien tii cdc dang ndng lupng tren
biln nhu gid, mdt trdi, sdng, thiiy trilu Mdt sd
md hinh rat thdnh cdng vd canh tranh trdn thj
trudng nhu nhd mdy dipn thiiy trieu ddu tidn
Ranee (Phap), ndm 1967 vdi cdng sudt 240
MW, Sihwa (Han Qudc), 2011 vdi cdng suat
254 MW, vd hdng loat cde du dn nhd mdy dien
-ndng lupng biln tii nhd d i n ldn dang dupe
triln khai nghidn ciiu, thilt k l xdy dyng trdn
cdc viing biln, dpi duong t h i gidi Biln - Dpi
duong t h i gidi chilm g i n 70% didn tich b l mdt
trdi dat, edn rat nhieu khdng gian eho nen kinh
t l vd an todn ndng lupng t h i gidi
Vide ddu tu nghidn ciiu cdc cdng nghd biln
ndng lupng biln, dpi duong vdo cudc sdng da
cd nhilu tiln bp vupt bde tir ndm 2001, khi Uy
ban ndng lupng qudc t l (lEA) dd thilt lap Nhdm
qudc t l v l Ndng lupng dpi duong (Ocean
En-ergy Systems-OES) nhdm hd trp, chuyin giao,
thiie diy hpp tdc qudc t l v l cac dyan dipn bien
Thanh tyu cdng nghe dipn biln da lien tyc dupe
thuong mai hda, vdi gid thdnh sudt d i u tu/kW
gidm nhanh, vd khd ndng ddng gdp cua didn
biln vdo n i n kinh t l todn elu se rdt epnh tranh
so vdi cdc ngudn ndng lupng truyin thdng nhu
than da, d i u khi, thiiy didn, hat nhdn
Nguyen nhdn thiic diy phdt trien NL bien:
T h i ky 19-20, sy phdt triln cdng nghipp va
ndng lupng ehii y l u dya vdo hda thach (than
da vd dau khi) da phat thai lupng khi nhd kinh khdng Id, vd la nguyen nhdn chinh gdy ra hien tupng trdi dat am len todn edu, hay edn gpi la BOKH, vd thudng xuyen dupe coi trpng trong eae cudc ban thdo d p eao nhlt trdn ede diln dan qudc t l BOKH da, dang tac ddng xau d i n phdt triln kinh te xd hdi vd gdy nhilu thiet hai eho cdc qudc gia ven biln (trong dd cd Vidt Nam) khi muc nude biln ddng trong bdi canh BOKH todn elu gdy ngap lyt viing ddt thap ven biln vd hai ddo
Tdi nguyen ndng lupng tren dat lien cung dang bi thu hpp d i n , do ein khdng gian eho phat triln kinh t l xa hdi, thi vide triln khai ra khdng gian biln rdng ldn Id rat phii hpp Odng thdi gid nhien lipu - ndng lupng nhu xdng, diu, khi, than da tdng gid manh vd ngdn cung cung dang dang d i n can kidt budc t h i gidi phai quan tdm den vide nghien eiiu khai thdc eae ngudn NLTT, trong dd ngudn NL dpi duong Viet Nam Id qudc gia eung dang phai nhpp khau nhidn lipu nhu than dd, d i u khi cho cdc nhd may dipn, hon 3000 hai dao chua cd didn ludi qudc gia
Vidt Nam da xdy dyng Chiln lupe biln Vidt Nam den ndm 2020 vd xdc dinh phdt triln kinh
t l biln la mui nhpn Viet Nam cd didn tich biln rdng hon 1 tridu km' vd ed tilm ndng ldn v l ndng lupng biln nhu mdt trdi, gid, sdng, thiiy trilu, mudi , se cd ddng gdp hCru ich trong sy phat triln b i n viing kinh t l xd hpi vd bao ddm
an ninh qudc phdng Viet Nam Cdc ngudn dien dupe san xuat tu cdc ngudn ndng lupng biln
Trang 2cd t h i dat tdi hang trieu kW, ddng thdi edn han
c h l dupe cdc thien tai tren biln, va tai cac viing
hai ddo cdn giiip gidm sdt chii quyln qudc gia
Nd luc cua cac nha Khoa hoc Viet Nam
Tii khi dupe du hpc ben Lien Xd, tae gia da
ed tyu may md tidp cdn cac cdng trinh nghien
Cliu va img dung v l ndng lupng biln ddi vdi
thiiy trilu, sdng, gid vd da rit say sua nghien
cuu, cdp nhpt cdc thdng tin v l ITnh vyc nay
Ludn vdn tiln sy cung dd dupe chpn \0 y tudng
v l phdt triln img dyng cdc ngudn ndng lupng
biln Viet Nam vdo cudc sdng, vd d l tai "Ndng
lupng thuy trieu Biln Odng" dd dupe lya chpn
cimg vdi GS Nhekrasov A.V., ngudi da cd nhieu
kinh nghidm v l cdc dy an ndng lupng thuy trilu
cua Lidn Xd tai viing Biln Bde, vd biln 0 khdt
Khi v l nude nghidn cuu chinh tac gia da dupe
tdi trp 1 d l tdi Nghien eiiu co ban do Bd KHCN
tdi trp vdo ndm 2012 v l Ndng lupng thuy trieu
eho ede vimg ven biln Viet Nam va dua ra djnh
hudng vung tilm ndng Id cdc cua sdng Odng
Nam Bd- Vd hdng lopt cdng trinh bdi bdo lidn
quan din ndng lupng bien trdn eung dd dupe
cdng bd cdc bdo, tap chi
Tuy nhidn thi vipc nghien ciru vd img dyng
v l NLB tpi Vidt Nam vdn edn it dupe quan tam,
vd phai d i n ndm 2007, dudi sy img hd manh
me eiia GS Pham Huy Tiln, chu nhidm Chuong
trinh KHCN biln nhd nude thi Vien KHCN Viet
Nam dd td chiic mpt hpi thao KH qudc gia ddu
tidn v l iinh vyc NLB Hdi thao nay eung bit
ddu mdt giai doan mdi, vdi vipc ket ndi dupe
sd it cdc nhd KH tir Vien KHCNVN, Bd KHCN,
tap doan dipn lyc, vd ndu ra dupe nhilu van
d l c i n phai tilp tyc phdt triln nhu cd chl,
chinh sdch, tdi chinh, gid bdn didn Mdt d l
tdi nghidn ciiu, ddnh gia cdc ngudn Ndng lupng
biln do GS Nguydn Mpnh Himg thudc Vien Co
hpc lam chu nhipm, da so bd dua ra biic tranh
cac ngudn NL trdn viing biln Viet Nam vdo
ndm 2010
Trong cdc hdi nghj hdi thao vd didn dan v l
NLB ndm 2009, 2011 thi sy tranh ludn ve NLB
da trd ndn sdi ddng hon nhilu vd ddng y ring
trien vpng NLB eua Vidt Nam rat ldn Cde nha
KH tir Vidn KHCN VN, Bp Cdng thuang, Bp TNMT, Bd KHCN d i u rdt quan tdm vd mong mudn cde cdp quan ly quan tdm, xdy dyng chinh sach uu dai phuc vu phat triln NL biln, ddc biet sdm xem xet den ca che gid dien cho
NL tdi tao, NL biln vd sdm thanh lap Trung tdm nghien ciru NLB
Odng thdi VN nen sdm cd nghien ciru chi tiet them ve NL biln de ddng gdp eho an ninh ndng lupng qudc gia
Ndm 2011 dy an didn gid bien thuong mai dau tien tren bien Viet Nam dupe khdi cdng tai ven bien Bac Lieu, vdi sy d i u tu
Ndm 2012 da ed tiep cdn vdi Ban Dieu hanh OES vd hy vpng sdm hodn thanh thu tuc d l Viet Nam so tham gia sdm nhat Id thdnh vidn
td chuc ndy
Tinh hinh phat trien va thj truong KHCN dien-NL biln:
Tinh d i n thdng 12/2011, 19 qudc gia la thanh vidn OES: Dan Mach, Bd Odo Nha, Anh, Nhdt Ban, Ireland, Canada, Hoa Ky, Bi, Oiic,
Na Uy, Mexico, Tdy Ban Nha, Y, New Zealand, Thyy Diln, Australia, Han Qudc, Nam Phi, Trung Qudc (2011) Cae qudc gia dy kiln se tham gia trong nhung ndm tdi, bao gdm 7 nude Phin Lan, Phap, Brazil, An Od, Hd Lan, Chile
vd Indonesia Da cd 3 hiep djnh OES (2001-2005), (2006-2011) va (2012-2017) dupe ky ket va thyc hien K l hoach hang ndm trinh qua tilu ban eua Ban Dilu hdnh hien tai Id Anh, Ai Len, Dan Mach va My, sau dd trinh lEA Sd dyan nghien cuu, triln khai (RD) da phdt trien rat manh trdn todn vimg biln vd dpi duong, ddc bidt tai cdc vimg ven biln vdi nhihig canh ddng didn gid biln khdng Id tai Due, Dan Mach, Anh
OES cd t i m nhin ddi han Id ddn ndm 2050, vipc sii dyng ndng lupng biln vdi chi phi epnh tranh trdn co sd ben viing cung cap thi phin quan trpng de ddp iing nhu elu ndng lupng trong tuong lai Cy the Id ngdnh ndng lupng
12 Bien Viet Nam Thdng 8-2012
Trang 3dpi duong thi gidi din 2050 se lao ra 160.000
vide Idm, san xuat ra 748 GW, luu trir 5,2 ty tan
CO,
Sii mdnh OES la tao thudn Ipi vd phdi hpp
nghien ciiu, phat triln vd trinh diln ndng lupng
dai duong thdng qua hpp tac qudc te vd trao
ddi thdng tin, ddn din vide triln khai vd thuong
mai hda bin viing, hidu qua, dang tin cdy, cdng
nghe nang luong canh tranh ve chi phi va xem
xet ve an toan moi trudng dai duong
Theo hinh 2,3 viing bien Viet Nam rat tiem
nang nSng luang thuy trieu, nhiet do nuoc bien
15 000
12 000
9 000
^ 6000
3 000 ,
Hinh 1 Nhu cau cac loai nang lupng nang
luang tai tao theo cac kich ban (lEA 2011)
a***• C \
-) • •
Hinh 2 Ban do tiem nang nang luong thuy
trieu toan cau (theo OES, 2011)
Hinh 3 Bdn dd tilm ndng lupng nhidt biln
OTEC, (OES, 2011)
Hipn tai dd ed mdt sd dang ndng lupng biln
da dupe khai thdc thdnh didn ndng tir gid ngaoi khoi, sdng, thuy trieu, do mdn vd rat phd bien la cdng nghd dipn sdng biln Cd nhilu qudc gia
da phdt trien dien biln thdnh cdng nhu: Anh,
Na Uy, Thuy Diln, Canada, Dan Mach, Hdn Qudc, Tdy Ban Nha, Bd Dao Nha, Niu Di Ldn
Hinh 4 Nha may dien thuy tneu Ion nhat the giai Sihwa Han Quoc
ne^ leanir.gt/co -g Successful comt>'evo"c'p'0vings:3ge ^^«'• accelefatefl cos' reAjc: or (n-eoiur- ear - ^grates
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2C35
Hinh 5 So do gia thanh dien song tinh trung binh toan cau (OES 2011)
mo ;cis K;Z 2025 2^J: :•:;: ".:'- ^:-f
'-'-'-Hinh 6 So dd gid thdnh didn thuy trieu tinh trung binh todn cau (OES, 2011)
Trang 4Qua hmh 5, hmh 6 cho thay khi gia thanh
san xuat dien bien giam thi gia dien bien se
canh tranh, va phu hop vdi thi trudng Viet
Nam se co co hoi phat trien dien bien tot voi
toan cau
Cdng nghe dien sdng bien Pelamis (da
thuong mai hda tu2008)
Hinh 7 Cong nghe Pelamis (Ai len)
Pelamis hap thu nSng luong ciia song bien
va chuyen doi no thanh dien May co hinh "con
r§n" tren be mat ciia nuoc bien, bao gom mot
sd bo phan hinh tru ndi voi nhau bang cac khop
ban le Khi song di xuong theo chieu dai ciia
mdy nhiing phdn ndy udn lupn tuong ddi vdi
nhau Cdc chuyin dpng tpi mdi nhjp chdng
lai vdi xi lanh thuy lye cd bom chit Idng vao
bp chira dp suit cao cho phep phat dien dupe
thdng sudt, lien tuc Kiem sodt sy ddi khang
dupe dp dyng bdi cdc xi lanh thuy lue eho phdp
phat didn dupe tdi da khi sdng nhd, va ed nhung
phdn ung dl dupe giam thilu trong con bdo
Tdt cd cdc hd thdng phdt didn dupe ddng kin
vd ludn khd bdn trong may vd ngudn didn dupe
chuyin din bd biln bing cdch sir dyng ddy
cdp dudi biln vd cdc thilt bj theo tieu chuin
Pelamis Id mdt mdy ehuyin ddi ndng lupng
sdng ngodi khoi, hoat ddng d dd sdu ldn hon
50m, thudng cdch 2-10 km tir bd biln
Kl hopch phdt triln mpnh eua didn gid trdn
biln cua chdu Au
Anh, Dan Mpch, Due dang xdy dyng cdc dy
dn didn gid biln 200- 500 MW Hidn tpi didn gid
biln cua chdu Au da Id 10000MW, vd se tdng
nhanh ldn 70000 MW vdo ndm 2020
£
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1
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Hinh 8 So do phat trien dien gid biln
du kien cua chau Au
f r
Hinh 9 Tude bin gid ngodi khoi dao Samso, Dan Mach Hien trang nghien cuu ndng lupng bien tai Viet Nam
Hipn tpi nghien cuu NLB Viet Nam mdi d giai doan so khai, tuy chiing ta ed eac nghidn cuu so bd vd tgheo kit qud nghien cuu ciia
GS Nguydn Manh Himg da cd dupe mdt vai tai lieu v l mat dp cua cac dang ndng lupng biln chii ylu: buc xa mdt trdi vimg biln, gid bien, sdng biln vd thuy trilu (hinh 10-13) md chua
cd nhiing iing dyng cy thi phdt didn trdn biln
1 Tilm ndng Buc xa mdt trdi biln (dd img dyng tren 1 sd ddo): 2 Tilm ndng gid biln ( da ung dung trdn cdc dao va ven biln ddng bang sdng Cuu Long): 3 Tilm ndng sdng bien (dang cd cdc dy an thu nghipm tai cdc vimg ven biln):
4 Tiem ndng thuy trieu vd ddng chdy biln biln (dang thilt k l dy an, tai Cd Td, cira sdng tir Vung Tdu din Cd Mau):
14 Bien Viet Nam Thdng 8-2012
Trang 5Hinh 10 NL BXMT bien Viet Nam Hinh 11 NLgio bien Viet Nam (10m)
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Hinh T2 NL sdng biln Vidt Nam (mdu ddng) Hinh 13 NL thuy trilu Vidt Nam
Cdc kit qua nghidn cuu, ung dung, triln
khai NLB hidn nay trdn t h i gidi Id rit kha quan,
tpo cho cdc nude dang phdt triln vd cd biln
rdng nhu Vidt Nam, nhung dilu kidn thudn Ipi
d l phdt triln nhanh vide khai thdc, sir dyng cdc
ngudn ndng lupng biln, gdp phin ddm bdo an
ninh ndng lupng qudc gia, phyc vy cd hipu qua
cho phdt triln kinh t l xd hOi b i n viing ciia d i t
nude vd iing phd vdi BOKH
Mdt khde, vdi dja hinh duyen hai ddi (hon
3000 km) vd hpp (trung binh 20 km vd phin nhilu ndm giira day niii vd biln; ddc bipt vung Nam Trung Bp niii sdt biln), khdng cdn lya chpn ndo khde ngodi t i l n ra biln", ma trudc hit Id "ra ven bd", theo dd hpp ly Id phdt triln Didn Trilu d Blc vjnh Blc Bd vd biln Nam Bp; Didn Nlng, Didn Gid vd Didn Sdng d Nam Tmng Bd vd Nam Bd