Nghien cufu hoan thien quy trinh che tao modul va giai phap nang cao hieu qua he thdng dien mat tr6i Si Dmmg Ngpc Huyk'''''''', Nguyin Thuy Linh''''^, Nguyin Trong Tung'''' Le Van Truyin'''', Nguyin Trudng Minh'''' ''''Tr[.]
Trang 1Nghien cufu hoan thien quy trinh che tao modul
va giai phap nang cao hieu qua he thdng dien mat tr6i Si
Dmmg Ngpc Huyk'', Nguyin Thuy Linh'^, Nguyin Trong Tung'
Le Van Truyin', Nguyin Trudng Minh'
'Trudng Dai hoc Bach khoa Ha N6i 'Vi$n Nghien ciAi Chien laac, Chinh sach Cong nghiep, Bo Cong thuang
Ngay nhin bai 9.3.2015, ngay chuyen phan bien 16.3.2015, ngay nhan phan bien 20 4.2015, ngay chap nhan dSng 24.4.2015
Che d9 gia nhiet d nhiet do cao cd thi nit ngan duoc thM gian liru hoa keo ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA),
mis ra kha nang che tao hieu qua va giam gia thanh modul pin mat troi Si duofi 1,0 USDAVp Gia thanh
di|n nang thap nhat trong truung h ^ he pin mat trM ndi lirol c6 thi dirtM 0,15 USD/kWh o" dieu ki^n chieu sang trung binh, do do co the canh tranh dirtfc vol dien luol Doi vdi he dien mat trM dgc lap, hifu suat chuyin doi phu thuoc vao b6 phan tich tru nang luong Kit n6i hffp ly qua trinh chuydn doi trung gian theo che dd phu tai rieng biet da n§ng cao hieu suat, dua gia thanh dien nang cua hf dien m^t trM doc l^p nho tiep can vdi gia thanh dien mat troi noi liroi
Tu khoa: EVA, he thong dien mat trdi, modul pin mat trdi
Chi so phan loai 2.2
STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT OF
SOLAR MODULE MAKING PROCEDURE
AND EFFICIENCY ENHANCEMENT OF
OFF-GRID SOLAR POWER SYSTEM
Summary
The decrease in the curing time of ethylene vinyl \
acetate (EVA) as a result of thermal treatment at
high temperature effectively enables solar module i
production and reduces the module cost below 1.0 [
USD/Wp As consequence, the possible minimum \
electricity cost in the case of the grid-tie solar system \
with medium illumination could be below 0.15 USD/
kWh, which is comparable to that of normal grid
With respect to off-grid solar system, the overall
efficiency is mainly relied to the storage stage A
-programmed bypass conection set up in a small
off-grid solar system based on specific load has improved
the efficiency, brought the electricity cost of the small
off-grid system closer to that of the grid-tie system
Keyword: EVA, solar module, solar power system
Classification number 2.2
Dat van de
Mpt he thong bien doi nang lucmg mat troi vua phai dam bao thu duac nang lucmg t6i da tii pin mat troi, vira dam bao dieu ld?n hoa dong bg
he thong voi luai dien khi dien ap luoi ciing nhu tai thay doi Ben canh do, gia thanh dien mat trdi hien nay vln con cao nen viec nang cao hieu suat phat dien cua he thong dien mat trai tra thanh mpt van de dupc quan tam hang dau
Ve ung dung thuc te, m6t he thong dien mat troi CO ban gom cac thanh phan chinh sau (hinh 1): mang nguon gom cac modul pin mat troi; mang ket noi he thong bao gom cac bp phan dien
*Tacgia chfnh: Tel: 0912153128; Email: huyen.duongngoc@hust.edu.v
MANG K f T Hdi HE THdNG
mm
' B-' k h - '
nap dien
^^^^
3
- "
Tai
DC
%
MAHG HGUfiN
Hinh ] - mo hinh ca bdn cua mpi he thdng di^n mpt I
26
Trang 2bien d6i dien va bp phan tich trii (acquy); mang phu
tai Dua tren cac ca sa lap luan neu tren, nhom nghien
cuu da de xuat va dugc giao thuc hien de tai cSp nha
nuoc ma s6 KC05.07/11-15: "Nghien cuu, thilt k l va
che tao he thong chieu sang thong minh, tilt kiem nang
lugng su dung diot phat quang (LED) va nguon cdp
dien pin mat trai" vai muc dich nang cao hieu qua va
cai thien boat dpng ciia 3 mang neu tren
Noi dung nghien cuii
Doi vdi quy trinh che tao modul pin mat trM
Pin mat troi la nhiing thiet bj biln ddi true tilp nang
lugng anh sang thanh dien nang dugc che tao tu vat
lieu ban din c6 vung cam hep [trong khoang 1,0-2,0
eV nhu Si, CdTe, GaAs, CZSS (Cu/Zn/Sn/S), CIS (Cu/
In/S), CIGS (Cu/ln/Ga/S), CSS (Cu/Sn/S) hay huu
ca/polyme ban din (CPs) ] [1] Theo dac dilm vat lieu
va phuang phap che tao, pin mat trai c6 the dugc phan
loai theo cong nghe Si tinh the va mang mong; trong d6,
pin mat uai Si tinh the dang phd biln nhSt tren thi trudmg
hien nay (chiem khoang 90%) [2-5] l/u thi cua pin mat
troi Si la co the duy tri trong mot thai gian dai do su san
c6 cua vat hen va su hoan thien cua phuang phap che
tao, gia cdng tinh the Si thua hudng tir cdng nghe dien tir
Tim dieu kien ep gia nhiet thich hgp cho EVA (vat
lieu ket ndi cac thanh phan cua modul) la thdng so ca
ban de hgp ly hoa quy trinh che tao, nang cao chat lugng
modul Trong nghien cuu nay, phuang phap phan tich
nhiet vi sai DSC va phuang phap hda tan dung mdi dugc
sir dung de tim ra che dp gia nhiet phu hgp cho tung loai
EVA chuyen dung cho viec che tao modul pin mat trdi
Gidi phdp ndng cao hieu qud cua he thong dien
mat trdti
Tren ca sd phan tich dac diem ciia cac bp phan ca ban
trong he thdng dien mat trai, de tai da de ra muc tieu tich
hgp he thdng chieu sang modul den LED va pin mat
trdi mgt each linh boat theo phuang thuc hoat ddng
ddc lap hoac ndi lucri du phdng
Thiet bi thi nghiem gdm cac he han dien co dieu
khien nhiet do, may ep chan khdng gia rUiiet, thiet bi
phan tich nhiet vi sai
Ket qua va thao luan
Sau khi tien hanh nghien cuu, thuc nghiem va ling
dung cac van de nghien cuu neu tren trong viec lap dat
mpt be thdng dien mat trdi trong thuc te, chung tdi dua
Boi vci quy trinh che tao modul pin mat troi
Trong quy trinh che tao modul pin mat trdi bing phuang phap gia nhiet, cac phien pin mat trdi Si dugc kep giira cac tam EVA, sau do dugc gia nhiet va ep trong mdi tnidng chan khdng Dudi tac dung cua nhiet, vat lieu EVA se nong chay va ket ndi mach tao thanh keo Tuy theo che dp gia nhiet, ty le keo EVA (dp luu hda) thay ddi nhu hinh 2 Ngoai ra, cac thanh phan phu gia dugc bd sung ket hgp vdi keo EVA se lam tang tinh chat CO ly va kha nang chiu dung cua EVA
• - 1 3 0
• - 140
* - 150 -•^- 160
0 10 20 30
Thcrl gian [phut]
Hinh 2 dp luu hda xac dpih iheo phuang phdp hda lan
Hinh 2 cho thay, khi gia nhiet d nhiet dp cao han 130°C, su ket ndi mach xay ra va qua trinh tao keo (luu hda) bat dau xay ra trong vat lieu EVA Do luu hda phu thudc vao thdi gian va nhiet dp, nhiet do cang cao thi dp luu hda xay ra cang nhanh Tuy nhien, dp chay Idng ciia EVA ciing tang theo, lam giam chat lugng ciia modul Ket qua xac dinh ty le gel EVA bang phuang phap hda tan dung mdi dugc so sanh vdi nhiet chuyen pha xac dinh bang phucmg phap phan tich nhiet DSC cho biet dieu kien thich hgp de che tao modul pin mat trdi tuang ung vdi nhiet do 140-150°C va thdi gian trong khoang 15-30 phut Vdi dieu kien gia nhiet nhu vay, dp luu hda cua EVA dugc xac dinh trong khoang 60-85% Trong khudn khd cua de tai KC05.07/11-15, cac modul pin mat trdi dugc che tao thir nghiem vdi cac che dp gia nhiet 140°C (30 phut) va 150°C (15 phiit) deu dam bao tieu chuan ky thuat va da dugc kiem nghiem thuc te Nhu vay, viec lua chon che dp gia nhiet phu hgp cd the nit ngan dugc thdi gian che tao modul 20-30% va cho phep chu ddng thay ddi quy trinh mgt each hgp ly Dua
ISSS!»SiVietNam^'"'"-^°^=
Trang 3cung Cdng ty Cd ph§n ESOL Viet Nam dl xuit du an
hoan thien day chuyen chl tao modul pin mat fi-di cdng
sudt 60 MW nhim cung cap cho nhu clu trong nudc va
xuat khau
Gidi phdp ndng cao hieu qud eda he thong dien
mat troi
De danh gia hieu qua ciia he thdng dien mat trdi mdt
each toan dien, can cd su danh gia tren ca hai phuang
dien ky thuat va kinh te
Tren phuang dien nang lugng, tu md hinh co ban
cua he thong dien mat trdi ta cd the nhan thay cac bp
phan cua mang ket ndi he thdng lien quan den cac qua
trinh bien doi nang lugng (quang dien, dien hda,
DC-DC va DC-DC-AC) do dd dien nang nhan dugc tii modul
pm mat trdi se giam dan sau mdi qua trinh chuyen ddi
Sd qua trinh chuyen ddi cang nhieu thi hieu suat sii
dung ciia he giam cang ldn Nhu vay, de tang hieu qua
sir dung dien ciia he thdng can giam tdi da cac qua
trinh trung gian Tren co sd tinh toan hieu suat chuyen
ddi cua he thdng, each tiep can cua de tai la dieu chinh
linh boat che dp ket ndi theo dieu kien phu tai vdi cac
giai phap sau:
- Bien ddi dien mat trdi thanh dien xoay chieu true
tiep hda ludi
- Chon phu tai su dung dien mot chieu true tiep nhu
den LED khdng qua bd inverter trung gian
- Chpn phu tai hoat ddng ban ngay nhu cdng sd,
trudng hoc de sit dung dien mat trdi mdt each true tiep
qua inverter ma khdng can bp tich tru icquy nham
giam qua trinh bien ddi dien hda
- Ket hop dien mat trdi ddc lap va ndi ludi du phdng
nham bd sung dien nang cho phu tai de giam dien nang
tich trir bang qua trinh bien ddi dien hda
- Sir diing linh boat cac bd inverter DC/AC cd cai
dat che dp dieu khien nap va dieu chinh ddng/ngSt theo
bd tich trii va phy tai
Xet ve phuang dien kinh te, gia thanh dien nang la
yeu to CO ban de danh gia tinh hieu qua ciia he thdng
Mgt each tong quan, gia thanh dien nang dugc tmh theo
gia dau tu, gia nhien lieu, van hanh va sira chira, bao
duong tinh cho mgt chu ky boat ddng cua thilt hi [6]:
I(fiW)
CF Trongdd: P^^=Z-^^^.y
CF = Y.^F,^YJ<DT + NL + VH)
DT, NL, VH va DN lln lugt la kinh phi dau tu, nhien lieu, van hanh (sira chira, bao dudng) va dien nang (KWh) hang nam trong chu ky hoat ddng n nam ciia thilt bi, CF, la chi phi dau tu nam thii t, i la lai suit chilt khiu hang nam (%>/nam)
Tir cdng thuc (1) ta nhan thay, neu mdt trong cac chi phi tren giam se keo theo gia thanh dien nang giam
Ap dung thir nghiem cho he thdng dien mat udi theo cac hinh thiic boat ddng khac nhau (dpc lap, ddc lap co noi ludi du phdng, true tilp ndi ludi) vdi cac sd lieu da khao sat kit hgp vdi cac bien phap dugc de xuat d h-en cho cac ket qua tinh toan nhu sau:
Ddi vdi he ndi ludi true tiep (grid-tie), do khdng can cac bp phan trung gian (bp bien ddi, bp dieu khien nap
va bp tich triJ) hieu suat su dung nang lugng la cue dai (-100%) Tdng dau tu tinh theo cdng thiic (1) khoang 2,0 USD/Wp, chi phi hang nam (tinh theo khau hao thiet bi hang nam [7]) thi gia thanh dien nang dudi 0,1 USD/kWh (~ 0,04 USD/kWh) trong dieu kien chilu sang udc lugng 1600 h/nam d miln Bac Trong dieu kien chieu sang 2000 h/nam d mien Nam thi gia thanh
cd the thap hem Tuy nhien, he ndi ludi true tiep lai khdng boat dpng dugc khi khdng cd dien ludi hay khi khdng cd ngudn biic xa (chang han vao ban dem) Doi vdi he pin mat trdi hoat ddng ddc lap (off-grid), neu tich hpp day dii cac bd bien doi, bp dieu khien nap va
bd tich trii thi hieu suat sir dung nang lugng la cue tieu (-60%) Gia thanh dien nang eua he ddc lap do do tang len khoang 0,08 USD/kWh (do thanh phin diu hr tang len -4,0 USD/Wp trong khi dien nang giam 40%) Nhu vay, gia thanh dien nang phu thudc rat nhieu vao hieu qua cua mang ket ndi he thong, trong do chu yeu
la bd tich trii nang lugng
Tli CO sd phan tich tren day, giai phap ma nhdm nghien ciru dl xuit va thuc hien la giam tdi da qua trinh chuyen ddi trung gian dua Uen 2 each tilp can: 1) lira chpn phu tai thich hgp, ddng thdi dieu chinh linh boat che dp kit ndi nhim muc dich sii dung tdi da nguon
^ N G H i V i e t H lam'
Trang 4thdng Giai phap hudng den he thdng vdi cac tieu chi
sau:
Lua chon phu tdi thich hop: phu tai bao gdm den
chilu sang va tai su dung dien 220 VAC Phy tai la den
chieu sang sir dung den LED dl tang tdi da hieu suit sii
dung dien mat troi Phu tai sir dung dien 220 VAC cin
tich hgp them thiet bi inverter de chuyen ngudn DC ciia
pin thanh ngudn sin chuan 220 VAC Vi ly do hieu suat,
phu tai chieu sang dugc uu tien hon
Ddm bdo he thong hoat dong duac trong moi dieu
kien: sii dung ngudn du phdng la dien ludi, khi he pin
mat trdi khdng cung cap du cdng suat hoat ddng cho tai
thi he thdng tu ddng chuyen mach tai ve ludi dien
Su dving dcquy de tich chii ndng luong du thira: ddi
vdi cac he thdng yeu cau bat budc phai cd nguon du
phdng khi mat dien ludi, he thdng can tich hgp them
thiet bi nap acquy Ddi vdi he thdng hudng den tieu chi
khai thac dien mat trdi, acquy dugc sir dung de tich trii
nang lugng du thiia khdng diing bet va do dd cd the
khdng can thiet bi nap
Gidm sdt cong sudt cue dai co the cung cdp bai he
pin mgt troi: cdng suat ciia pin thay ddi theo dieu kien
chieu sang De khai thac nang lugng mat trdi tdi uu,
cdng suat nay can dugc do theo thdi gian thuc (thdng
qua do cudng dp biic xa mat trdi bang cam bien quang
dat cung vi tri lap dat pin) va dugc phan phdi tdi cac
phu tai bang bd chuyen doi tu ddng dugc lap trinh mdt
each tdi uu nhat: cdng suat cho phu tai chieu sang LED
sii dung true tiep ngudn DC tir pin; cdng suat cho phu
tai diing dien 220 VAC, sir dung qua inverter; va cdng
suat d l nap icquy Trong trudng hpp cdng suat dien tir
pin mat trdi khdng dung hit, nang lugng du thiia se
dugc nap vao acquy de su dung sau
Bd chuyin ddi tu dpng dugc lap trinh linh boat theo
nguyen tic sau: giam sat cdng suat cue dai P^ ciia pin
qua cam biln cudng dp sang lip dat ciing vi tri vdi he
pin Trong trudng hgp cdng suat P^ dii dap ling phu tai,
ddng dien DC tir pin dugc ndi tit tdi phu tai LED, phu
tai 220 VAC dugc ndi qua inverter, cdng suat du dugc
nap cho icquy Trong trudng hgp cdng suat P^ nhd ban
cdng suit tieu Uiu ciia phu tai LED, phu tai 220 VAC,
phin cdng suit thilu hut cd the bii bdi acquy, neu acquy
khdng dii dap ling thi phu tai dugc ndi tdi dien ludi, cdn
cdng suat dien mat trdi dugc nap cho acquy
<§)
1 ~"K-[.-v^J
B» chuydn dOl 1
w a o n g 1
1 '"'^' 1
c ^ > - 1
' k k ^ k k
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Mncfi rtao
«.,»
„.J,»
Ngu&n d ^ x <fd
/
.„,
HJSO,
Hinh 3 sa do khoi cua he tiiong di?n in il ludi dirphong
Bp chuyen ddi tu ddng dugc lap trinh uu tien su dung true tiep dien mat trdi mpt each tdi da va giam dung lugng cua bd tich trii den miic tdi thieu, se tu ddng ndi tit cac bd phan dieu khien nap, tieh trii va inverter
de ddng dien tir pin mat trdi sang mach tai mdt each linh hoat khi sii dung dien mat trdi true tiep (hinh 3), do chi phi cho phan tich trii giam nen gia thanh dien nang ciing giam theo Bd ket ndi linh boat dugc ap dung cho he chieu sang den LED bang pin mat trdi da dugc lap dat tai Trudng Dai hpc Bach khoa Ha Ndi va Bp KH&CN, giiip lam tang hieu suat ket ndi ciia he dpc lap khoang
80% va giam mdt niia he thong tich tm Gia thanh dien
nang udc tinh giam 50% so vdi gia thanh cua ngudn ddc lap Do do, mac dii gia thanh cdn cao nhung he ket ndi ludi du phdng (nhu hinh 3) cd the la giai phap gia tang
dp tin cay eho he ddc lap
Ket luan
Viec hoan thien ehe dp gia nhiet trong phuong phap Laminator md ra kha nang che tao hieu qua modul pin mat Udi Si Vdi gia modul dudi 1,0 USD/Wp, gia he thdng dudi 2,0 USD/Wp, gia thanh dien mat frdi true tilp hda ludi cd thi nhd ban 0,1 USD/kWh (vdi thdi gian ning binh quan 1600 h/nam d mien Bac va thdi gian ning binh quan 2000 h/nam d mien Nam) Nhu vay, khi dugc hda ludi, dien mat trdi cd the canh tranh vai cac ngudn dien khac ngay tai Viet Nam [8] Tuy nhien, ddi vdi he dien mat trdi ddc lap, gia thanh phu thude rit ldn vao hieu qua cua he tiidng ket ndi Vdi dilu kien chuyen ddi thdng qua bd tich tru trung gian (icquy), hieu suat cua he thdng dien mat h-di dpc lap la thip nhit, gia thanh dien nang khoang
Trang 5tich trii trung gian cd thi dugc giam bdt, hieu suat cua
he dien mat trdi tang len, dua gia thanh dien nang tiep
can dugc gia thanh dien nang hda ludi true tiep Tai
nhiing dja diem cd dien ludi, he thdng dien mat trdi
hda ludi true tiep hoac ndi ludi du phdng cd the la giai
phap bii dien nang cho ludi dien
Vdi gia thanh dien nang hien tai, he dien mat trdi
ddc lap cdn cao hon so vdi gia thanh dien ludi Tuy
nhien, xet ve phuang dien kinh te - xa hpi, he thong
dien mat trdi ddc lap cd y nghla ldn khi tien hanh lap
dat d eac dia phuang viing sau, vimg xa hoac ket ndi
ludi dien khd khan Giai phap ket ndi hgp ly qua trinh
trung gian theo che dp phu tai dugc de xuat trong de
tai KC05.07/11-15 da lam tang hieu suit chuyen ddi va
do dd lam giam gia thanh dien nang ciia he dien mat
trdi dpc lap
LM cdm ffn
Nhom nghien cim trdn trQng cdm an su ho tra ve
mgt kinh phi cua Chuong trinh KH&CN trong diem
cdp nhd nuac giai doan 2011-2015: Nghien cuu ung
dung vd phat trien cong nghe ndng luong (ma so
KC05/11'15)
[1] John Wiley & Sons Ltd (Edited by A Luque and S Hegedus)
(2003), Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
[2] M Bazilian, I Onyeji, M Liebreich, I MacGill, J Chase, J Shah,
D Gielen (2013), "Re-considering the Economics of Photovoltaic
power" Renewable Energy, S3
[3] Alan Goodrich, Peter Hacke, Qi Wang, Bhushan Sopon, Robert Margolis, Ted L James, Michael Wood House (2013), "A wafer-based monocrystalHne silicon photovoltaics roadmap: Utilizing known technology improvement opportunities for further reductions
in manufacturing costs" Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 114,
pp.110-135
[4] International E n e i ^ Agency (2014), Technology Roadmap
Solar Photovoltaic Energy
[5] Tatsuo Saga, NPG Asia Mater (2010), Advances in crystalline
silicon solar cell technology for industrial mass production,
pp.96-102
[6] Department of Energy, USA (2010), 2008 Solar Technology
Market Report
[7] Th6ng tu sa 45/2013/TT-BTC ngay 25.4.2013 ciia BO Tai chinh v^ hudng dan che do quan ly, sit dung va trich khau hao lai san
CO dinh
[8] Quylt dinh s6 8440/QD-BCT ngay 15.11.2013 ciia B9 Cong thuong ban hanh khunggiaphatdien nam 20)3
!Sl!SJlGSEViL'<"'"-^°'= 30